Selected References:  

• Bowman, J. D., Kim, H., & Bustamante, J. J. 2012. Drug‐Induced gynecomastia. Pharmacotherapy the Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, 32(12), 1123–1140. 
• Carone, L., Oxberry, S. G., Twycross, R., Charlesworth, S., Mihalyo, M., & Wilcock, A. 2016. Spironolactone. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 53(2), 288–292. 
• de Arriba G, Sanchez-Heras M, Basterrechea MA. 2009. Gitelman syndrome during pregnancy: a therapeutic challenge. Arch Gynecol Obstet 280(5):807-809.  
• Delgado, D., Stellwagen, L., McCune, S., Sejane, K., & Bode, L. 2023. Experience of induced lactation in a transgender woman: analysis of human milk and a suggested protocol. Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(11), 888–893.  
• Forestiero, V., Sconfienza, E., Mulatero, P., & Monticone, S. 2022. Primary aldosteronism in pregnancy. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 24(1), 39–48.  
• Groves TD, Corenblum B. 1995. Spironolactone therapy during human pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 172(5):1655-1656.  
• Liszewski W, Boull C. Lack of evidence for feminization of males exposed to spironolactone in utero: A systematic review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(4):1147-8. 
• Loriaux, D. L. 1976. Spironolactone and endocrine dysfunction. Annals of Internal Medicine, 85(5), 630.  
• Nagi, S., & Virgo, B. B. 1982. The effects of spironolactone on reproductive functions in female rats and mice.
• Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 66(2), 221–228.  
• Phelps, D. L., & Karim, A. 1977. Spironolactone: Relationship between Concentrations of Dethioacetylated
• Metabolite in Human Serum and Milk. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66(8), 1203.  
• Pugashetti, R., & Shinkai, K. 2013. Treatment of acne vulgaris in pregnant patients. Dermatologic Therapy, 26(4), 302–311. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12077.
• Reisman, T., & Goldstein, Z. 2018. Case report: Induced lactation in a transgender woman. Transgender Health, 3(1), 24–26.  
• Rigo J Jr, Glaz E, Papp Z/ 1986. Low or high doses of spironolactone for treatment of maternal Bartter’s syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174(1 Pt 1):297, 1996.  
• Spironolactone Product Label. 2022. Retrieved February 2025 from https://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=12861%20.   
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Spironolactone. Retrieved February 2025 from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/012151s075lbl.pdf. 

Selected References:

• Berkovitch M, et al. 2002. Sore throat treatment during pregnancy: a prospective, controlled, pilot study. Clin Drug Invest, 22(2):135-139. 
• Lezhepekova YA et al. 2024. Methemoglobinemia in a child with congenital epidermolysis bullosa. Вестник анестезиологии и реаниматологии, 21(1): 95-99. 
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Publ Sci Group, Inc, Littleton, MA, 357-365.. 
• US Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Risk of serious and potentially fatal blood disorder prompts FDA action on oral over-the-counter benzocaine products used for teething and mouth pain and prescription local anesthetics. https://www​.fda.gov/drugs​/drug-safety-and-availability​/risk-serious-and-potentially-fatal-blood-disorder-prompts-fda-action-oral-over-counter-benzocaine.    

Selected References:

• Amory JK, et al. 2007. Miglustat has no apparent effect on spermatogenesis in normal men. Hum Reprod; 22(3):702-707.  
• Bone W, et al. 2007. The sensitivity of murine spermiogenesis to miglustat is a quantitative trait: a pharmacogenetic study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol; 5:1.  
• Granovsky-Grisaru, S et al. 2011. The management of pregnancy in Gaucher disease. Thromb Haemost, 156:3-8. 
• Hollak, C et al. 2009. Miglustat (Zavesca®) in type I Gaucher disease: 5-year results of a post-authorisation safety surveillance programme. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 18:770-777. 
• Miglustat (Zavesca®) Product Label. 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/021348s010lbl.pdf 
• Suganuma R, et al. 2005. Alkylated imino sugars, reversible male infertility-inducing agents, do not affect the genetic integrity of male mouse germ cells during short-term treatment despite induction of sperm deformities. Biol Reprod; 72(4):805-813.  

Selected References:

• Longstreth GF, et al. 2006. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology, 130(5):1480-1491.
• Mearin F, et al. 2016. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology, S0016-5085(16)00222-5.
• Shi W, et al. 2015. Epidemiology and risk factors of functional constipation in pregnant women. PLoS One, 10(7):e0133521.

Selected References:  

• Auerbach JG, Hans SL, Marcus J, Maeir S. 1992. Maternal psychotropic medication and neonatal behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14:399-406.
• Chan J, Alldredge BK, Baskin LS. 1991. Perphenazine-induced priapism. DICP 24:246-9
• FDA https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf
• FDA Drug Safety Communication. 2011. Antipsychotic drug labels updated on use during pregnancy and risk of abnormal muscle movements and withdrawal symptoms in newborns: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm243903.htm.
• Handal M, Matheson I, Bechensteen AG, Lindemann R. 1995. [Antipsychotic agents and pregnant women. A case report]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen;115:2539-40.
• Harer WB: Tranquilizers in obstetrics and gynecology. 1958. Studies with Trilafon. Obstet Gynecol 11:273-9.
• Idapaan-Heikkila J, Saxen L. 1973. Possible teratogenicity of imipramine/chloropyramine. Lancet 2:282-4.
• Liu X, Trabjerg BB, Munk-Olsen T, Christensen J, Dreier JW. 2022. Association of Maternal Antipsychotic Prescription During Pregnancy With Standardized Test Scores of Schoolchildren in Denmark. JAMA internal medicine. 182(10):1035-43.
• Olesen OV, Bartels U, Poulsen JH. Perphenazine in breast milk and serum. 1990. Am J Psychiatry;147:1378–9.
• Reis M, Kallen B. 2008. Maternal use of antipsychotics in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology;28(3):279–88.
• Slone D et al. 1977. Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:486-8.
• Wertelecki W et al. 1980. Amitriptyline/perphenazine maternal overdose and birth defects. Teratology 21:74A.