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• Banihani SA, Khasawneh FH. 2018. Effect of lansoprazole on human sperm motility, sperm viability, seminal nitric oxide production, and seminal calcium chelation. Res Pharm Sci.13:460‐468.
• Dağlı U, Kalkan IH. 2017. Treatment of reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec;28(Suppl 1):S53-S56.
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2005. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy: A multicenter prospective controlled trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 21:269-75.
• Escoffier, J, Arnaud, B, Kaba, M, et al. 2020. Pantoprazole, a proton‐pump inhibitor, impairs human sperm motility and capacitation in vitro. Andrology. 8: 1795– 1804.
• Hastie R et al. 2019. Proton Pump Inhibitors and Preeclampsia Risk Among 157 720 Women. Hypertension. 73(5):1097-1103. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12547.
• Kallen BA. 2001. Use of omeprazole during pregnancy–no hazard demonstrated in 955 infants exposed during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 96(1):63-68.
• Mahadevan U, Kane S. 2006. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the use of gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy. Gastroenterology.131(1):283-331
• Majithia R, Johnson DA. 2012. Are proton pump inhibitors safe during pregnancy and lactation? Evidence to date. Drugs. 72(2):171-179.
• Marshall JK, et al. 1998. Omeprazole for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Gastroenterol. 12(3):225-7.
• Matok I, et al. 2012. The safety of fetal exposure to proton-pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Dig Dis Sci.. 57(3):699-705.
• Pasternak B, Hviid A. 2010. Use of proton pump inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Egl J Med. 363(22): 2114-2123.
• Plante L, et al. 2004. Excretion of pantoprazole in human breast. J Reprod Med. 2004;49:825-7.
• Saito J, et al. 2020. Esomeprazole During Pregnancy and Lactation: Esomeprazole Levels in Maternal Serum, Cord Blood, Breast Milk, and the Infant’s Serum. Breastfeed Med. 15(9):598-601. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2020.0175. Epub 2020 Jul 7.
• Ruigomez A, et al. 1999. Use of cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine in pregnant women and pregnancy outcomes. Am J Epidemiol. 150(5):476-481.
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Selected References: 

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• Bowie AC, et al. 2022. Prescribed opioid analgesics in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital anomalies: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 194(5):E152-E162. 
• Ferrer E, et al. 2025. Tramadol during pregnancy: risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and major congenital anomalies. A comparative study in the EFEMERIS database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 34(4):e70143. 
• Hartenstein S, et al. 2010. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) after intrauterine exposure to tramadol. J Perinat Med 38: 695–6. 
• Ilett KF, et al. 2008. Use of a sparse sampling study design to assess transfer of tramadol and its o-desmethyl metabolite into transitional breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 65:661-6. 
• Kallen B & Reis M. 2015. Use of tramadol in early pregnancy and congenital malformation risk. Reprod Toxicol. 23;58:246-251.  
• Kaur Makkar J, et al. 2015. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and tramadol for pain relief in active labor. Clin Anesth. 27(2):159-63.  
• Meyer FP, et al. 1997. Tramadol withdrawal in a neonate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 53: 159–60. 
• O’Mara K, et al. 2010. Treatment of neonatal withdrawal with clonidine after long-term, high-dose maternal use of tramadol. Ann Pharmacother 44: 1342–4. 
• Sawaddiruk P. 2011. Tramadol hydrochloride/acetaminophen combination for the relief of acute pain. Drugs Today (Barc). 47(10):763-772.  
• Schuckit MA. 2016. Treatment of opioid-use disorders.  N Engl J.Med. 375:357–68 
• Sørensen AMS, et al. 2022. Exposure to tramadol during early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion or major congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol.139(4):545-553.  
• Subedi A. et al. 2013. Analgesic effects of intrathecal tramadol in patients undergoing caesarean section: a randomised, double-blind study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 22(4):316-21.  
• U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Updated 10/2023. FDA drug safety communication: FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against the use in breastfeeding women. Available from URL: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm549679.htm  
• Willaschek C, et al. 2009. Tramadol withdrawal in a neonate after long-term analgesic treatment of the mother. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65: 429–30. 

Selected References:

• Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol, 70(3):417 e1-10.
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• Tiboni GM et al. 2008. Teratogenic effects in mouse fetuses subjected to the concurrent in utero exposure to miconazole and metronidazole. Reprod Toxicol, 26(3-4):254-61.

Selected References

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• Shen Q, et al. 2021. Efficacy and safety of domperidone and metoclopramide in breastfeeding: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breastfeed Med. 16:516–29.
• Shenhav S, et al. 1997. Acute intermittent porphyria precipitated by hyperemesis and metoclopramide treatment in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand;76:484-5.
• Suarez, E. A et al. 2021. Ondansetron use in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 30(2), 103–113.
• Sun, L, et al. 2021. Use of metoclopramide in the first trimester and risk of major congenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 16(9), e0257584.
• Tabrizi SO, et al. 2017. The effect of metoclopramide on prolactin levels in breastfeeding mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Pediatr (Mashhad). 5:5827–38.
• Winterfeld U, et al. 2012. Management of deficient lactation in Switzerland and Canada: A survey of midwives’ current practices. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7:317–8.

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• American Academy of Dermatology. Indoor tanning. Available at https://www.aad.org/media/stats/prevention-and-care
• Bareford D, Cumberbatch M, Derrick Tovey L. 1984. Plasma discolouration due to sun-tanning aids. Vox Sanguinis, 46(3):180-182.
• Beaulieu RA, et al. 2013. Canthaxanthin retinopathy with visual loss: A case report and review. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, Article ID 40901.
• European Commission. 2010. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Opinion on dihydroxyacetone. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_048.pdf
• Lapunzina P. 1996. Ultraviolet light-related neural tube defects? Am J Med Genet, 67:106.
• Meadows M. 2003. Don’t be in the dark about tanning. FDA Consumer Magazine, 37:6.
• United States Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Sunless tanners and bronzers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Products/ucm134064.htm
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• Yourick JJ, et al. 2004. Fate of chemicals in skin after dermal application: Does the in vitro skin reservoir affect the estimate of systemic absorption? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 195:309-320.