Selected References:

• Ali, R, et al. 2022. Review of recent evidence on the management of heartburn in pregnant and breastfeeding women. BMC gastroenterology; 22.1: 1-10. 
• Anderka M, et al. 2012. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol; 94:22-30. 
• Andersen ABT, et al. 2012. Prenatal exposure to acid-suppressive drugs and the risk of toddler asthma: a population-based Danish cohort study. Alim Pharmacol Ther; 35:1190-1198. 
• Anderson P. 2018. Treating gastroesophageal reflux and heartburn while breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med;13(7):463–4. 
• Bank, T, et al. 2024. Challenges in Conducting Clinical Trials for Preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep 26, 59–68.  
• Bor S, et al. 2017. The levels of pantoprazole in human breast milk and plasma: two compartment model. Neurogastroenterol Motil; 29:79–80. 
• Dehlink E, et al. 2009. First evidence of a possible association between gastric acid suppression during pregnancy and childhood asthma: a population-based register study. Clin Exp Allergy 39:246-53. 
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2005. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy: a multicentre prospective controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 21:269-75. 
• Erichsen R, et al. 2014. Maternal use of proton pump inhibitors during early pregnancy and the prevalence of hypospadias in male offspring. Am J Ther; 21: 254-259.  
• Gill SK et al. 2009. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol; 104(6): 1541-1545.  
• Hastie R, et al. 2019. Proton pump inhibitors and preeclampsia risk among 157 720 women: a Swedish population register–based cohort study. Hypertension; 73(5):1097–103. 
• Huijgen NA. 2016. Are proton-pump inhibitors harmful for the semen quality of men in couples who are planning pregnancy? Fertility and Sterility, 106(7), 1666-1672. 
• Kallen B. 1998. Delivery outcome after the use of acid-suppressing drugs in early pregnancy with special reference to omeprazole. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 105:877-881. 
• Kallen B. 2001. Use of omeprazole during pregnancy—no hazard demonstrated in 955 infants exposed during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 96:63-68. 
• Keihani, S. et al. 2018. Proton-pump inhibitor use does not affect semen quality in subfertile men. Asian journal of andrology, 20(3), 290. 
• Lalkin A, et al. 1998. The safety of omeprazole during pregnancy: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 179(3 Pt 1): 727-730.  
• Li, C, et al. 2020. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the risks of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics; 51.4: 410-420. 
• Mahadevan, Uma. 2007. “Gastrointestinal Medications in Pregnancy.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology; 21(5): 849–77. 
• Majithia, R., & Johnson, D. A. (2012). Are Proton Pump Inhibitors Safe during Pregnancy and Lactation? 10. 
• Marshall JK, et al. 1998. Omeprazole for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Gastroenterol; 12: 225-227.  
• Matok I, et al. 2012. The safety of fetal exposure to proton-pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Dig Dis Sci; 57:699-705. 
• Mills K, et al. 2024. The effects of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy on treatment of preeclampsia and related outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM; 6(10):101478.  
• Mumtaz, N, et al. 2022. Harmful Consequences of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Male Fertility: An Evidence from Subchronic Toxicity Study of Esomeprazole and Lansoprazole in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Endocrinology; 2022:4479261. 
• Nikfar S, et al. 2002. Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci; 47:1526-9. 
• Neuman R, et al. 2022. Omeprazole Administration in Preterm Preeclampsia: a Randomized Controlled Trial to Study Its Effect on sFlt-1 (Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1), PlGF (Placental Growth Factor), and ET-1 (Endothelin-1). Hypertension; 79(6):1297-1307.  
• Pasternak B, Hviid A. 2010. Use of proton-pump inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med; 363:2114-2123.  
• Saito J, et al. 2020. Esomeprazole During Pregnancy and Lactation: Esomeprazole Levels in Maternal Serum, Cord Blood, Breast Milk, and the Infant’s Serum. Breastfeeding Medicine; 15(9):598-601. 
• Thélin CS, & Richter JE. 2020. Review article: the management of heartburn during pregnancy and lactation. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics; 51(4), 421–434. 
• Yitshak-Sade M, et al. 2016. Prenatal exposure to H2 blockers and to proton pump inhibitors and asthma development in offspring. J Clinic Pharmacol; 56: 116-123. 

Selected References:

• Amstrong, C. 2008. ACOG Guidelines on Psychiatric Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation. Am Fam Physician; 78(6):772-778. 
• Eberhard-Gran MM, et al. 2006. Use of psychotropic medications in treating mood disorders during lactation: practical recommendations. CNS Drugs; 20(3):187-98. 
• Frey OR, et al. 1999. Adverse effects in a newborn infant breast-fed by a mother treated with doxepin. Ann Pharmacother; 33(6):690-3. 
• Iqbal M. 1999. Effects of Antidepressants During Pregnancy and Lactation. Ann Clin Psychiatry; 11(4):237-56. 
• Kemp J, et al. 198. Excretion of doxepin and N-desmethyldoxepin in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 20:497-9. 
• Kirchheiner J, et al. 2005. Impact of the CYP2D6 ultra-rapid metabolizer genotype on doxepin pharmacokinetics and serotonin in platelets. Pharmacogenet Genomics; 15(8):579–87. 
• Matheson I, et al. 1985. Respiratory depression caused by N-desmethyldoxepin in breast milk. Lancet 2: 1124. 
• McElhatton PR, et al. 1996. The outcome of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeutic doses of antidepressants. A collaborative study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). Reprod Toxicol; 10:285-94. 
• Miller M, et al. 2020. Sleep Pharmacotherapy for Common Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy and Lactation. Chest; 157(1):184-197.  
• Nulman I, et al. 1997. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. N Engl J Med; 336:258-62. 
• Steiner M. 2012. Prenatal exposure to antidepressants: how safe are they? Am J Psychiatry; 169(11): 1130–1132. 
• Venkatesh KK, et al. 2017. Impact of antidepressant treatment during pregnancy on obstetric outcomes among women previously treated for depression: an observational cohort study. J Perinatol; 37(9):1003-1009. 

Selected References:

• Benyamini L, et al. 2005. The safety of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefuroxime during lactation. Ther Drug Monit. 27(4):499–502. 
• Boissiere-O’Neill T, et al. 2026. Exposure to Systemic Antimicrobials During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage: A Population-Based Registry Study. BJOG 133(7):1394–1404. 
• Chu YN, et al. 2019. Toxic epidermal necrolysis in an infant induced by drug intake through breast milk. Dermatologica Sinica. 37(2):86–89. 
• Crider KS, et al. 2009. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163(11), 978–985. 
• Czeizel AE, et al. 2001. Use of cephalosporins during pregnancy and in the presence of congenital anomalies: a population-based, case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 184(6):1289-1896. 
• Ilett KF, et al. 2006. Transfer of probenecid and cephalexin into breast milk. Ann Pharmacother. 40(5):986–989. 
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 168(5):1393–1399. 
• Kafetzi D, et al. 1981. Passage of cephalosporins and amoxicillin into the breast milk. Acta Paediatr Scand. 70(3):285-288.  
• Rau A, et al. 2024. Management of Acne in Pregnancy, Am J Clin Dermatol. 25(3):465-471.  
• Saad AF, et al. 2025. Prophylactic Oral Cephalexin and Metronidazole Compared With Placebo After Cesarean Delivery to Reduce Infection Complications in Women With Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol. 146(1):113-120.  
• Teva Pharmaceuticals. 2020. Cephalexin product label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=19307ff0-71de-477b-965d-ea243e5ede3a. [Accessed April 4 2026] 

Selected References:

• Anderson PO. 2021. Monoclonal antibodies during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine. 16(8): 591-93. 
• Noseda R, et al. 2024. Safety of Monoclonal Antibodies Inhibiting PCSK9 in Pregnancy: Disproportionality Analysis in VigiBase®. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 116(2)346-350. 
• Praluent® Prescribing Information. Available online at: https://www.regeneron.com/downloads/praluent_pi.pdf. Accessed April 1, 2026 
• Vuignier Y, et al. 2021. Exposure to alirocumab during the first trimester of pregnancy: A case report. Birth Defects Research. 113(15): 1156–60.  

Selected References:

• ACOG. 1993. Hepatitis in pregnancy. ACOG Technical Bulletin Number 174–November 1992. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 42(2):189-98. 
• Celzo F et al. 2020. Safety evaluation of adverse events following vaccination with Havrix, Engerix-B or Twinrix during pregnancy. Vaccine; 38(40):6215-6223. 
• Chilaka VN, Konje JC. 2020. Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 256:287-296. 
• Cho GJ, et al. 2013. Hepatitis A virus infection during pregnancy in Korea: Hepatitis A infection on pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol Sci; 56(6):368-374.  
• D’Acremont V, et al. 2008. Impact of vaccines given during pregnancy on the offspring of women consulting a travel clinic: a longitudinal study. J Travel Med; 15(2):77-81.  
• Daudi N, et al. 2012. Breastmilk hepatitis A virus RNA in nursing mothers with acute hepatitis A virus infection. Breastfeed Med; 7:313-315. 
• Dionne-Odom J, et al. 2022. Treatment and prevention of viral hepatitis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 226(3):335-346.  
• Duff P. 1998. Hepatitis in Pregnancy. Semin Perinatol; 22(4):277-283.  
• Elinav E, et al. 2006. Acute hepatitis A infection in pregnancy is associated with high rates of gestational complications and preterm labor. Gastroenterology; 130(4):1129-1134.  
• Groom HC, et al. 2019. Uptake and safety of hepatitis A vaccination during pregnancy: A Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Vaccine; 37(44):6648-6655. 
• Lemon SM. 1997. Type A viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Clin Chem; 43(8 Pt 2):1494-1499.  
• Motte A, et al. 2009. Acute hepatitis A in pregnant women at delivery. Int J infect Dis; 13(2):e49-51.  
• Ornoy A, Tenenbaum, A. 2006. Pregnancy outcome following infections by coxsackie, echo, measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio, and encephalitis viruses. Reprod Toxicol; 21(4):446-457.  
• Panagiotou OA, et al & Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial (CVT) Group. 2015. Effect of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination on pregnancy outcomes: long term observational follow-up in the Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial. BMJ 351:h4358457. 
• Selander B, et al. 2009. No evidence of intrauterine transmission of hepatitis A virus from a mother to a premature infant. Acta Paediatr, 98(10):1603-1606 
• Seto MT, et al. 2020. Management of viral hepatitis A, C, D, and E in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 68:44-53.  
• Tang J, et al. 2024. Screening for viral hepatitis carriage. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol; 96:102523.  
• Terrault NA, et al. 2021. Viral hepatitis and pregnancy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol; 18(2):117-130.  
• Van Damme P, et al. 2023. Hepatitis A virus infection; Nat Rev Dis Primers. 9(1):51.