Selected References:

• Alexander EK, et al. 2017. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid, 27(3):315-389.
• Garsi JP, et al. 2008. Therapeutic administration of 131I for differentiated thyroid cancer: radiation dose to ovaries and outcome of pregnancies. J Nucl Med, 49(5):845-852.
• Hammami MM, et al. 1996. Radioiodine breast uptake in nonbreastfeeding women: clinical and scintigraphic characteristics. J Nucl Med, 37:26-31.
• Hyer S, et al. 2002. Testicular dose and fertility in men following I(131) therapy for thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 56:755-758.
• 2008. Radiation dose to patients from radiopharmaceuticals – Addendum 3 to ICRP Publication 53. ICRP Publication 106. Ann ICRP, 38(1-2):1-197.
• Iijima S, 2021. Effects of fetal involvement of inadvertent radioactive iodine therapy for the treatment of thyroid diseases during an unsuspected pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 259:54-58.
• Ko KY, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcome after I-131 therapy for patients with thyroid cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore), 95(5):e2685.
• LeideSvegborn S, et al. 2016. Excretion of radionuclides in human breast milk after nuclear medicine examinations. Biokinetic and dosimetric data and recommendations on breastfeeding interruption. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43:808-821.
• Masiuk S, et al. 2022. Assessment of internal exposure to 131I and short-lived radio iodine isotopes and associated uncertainties in the Ukrainian cohort of persons exposed in utero. Journal of Radiation Research, 63(3):364–375.
• Mattsson S, et al. 2021. X-ray and molecular imaging during pregnancy and breastfeeding when should we be worried? Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 195(3–4):339-346.
• Motavalli LR, et al. 2016. Fetal and maternal dose assessment for diagnostic scans during pregnancy. Phys Med Biol, 61(9):3596-3608.
• Radacic-Aumiler M, et al. 2016. No adverse effects after radioiodine treatment at 3 weeks of pregnancy. Clin Nucl Med, 41(12):964-965.
• Read CH Jr, et al. 2004. A 36-year retrospective analysis of the efficacy and safety of radioactive iodine in treating young Graves’ patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:4229-4233.
• Schlumberger M, et al. 1996. Exposure to radioactive Iodine-131 for scintigraphy or therapy does not preclude pregnancy in thyroid cancer patients. J Nucl Med, 37:606–612.
• Sioka C, 2011. Fotopoulos A. Effect of I-131 therapy on gonads and pregnancy outcome in patients with thyroid cancer. Fertil Steril, 95(5):1552-1559.
• Tatham LM, et al. 2002. Population exposures to I-131 releases from Hanford Nuclear Reservation and preterm birth, infant mortality, and fetal deaths. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 205:41-28.
• Zhang L, et al. 202. The effect of I-131 therapy on pregnancy outcomes after thyroidectomy in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Endocrine, 73:301-307.

Selected References:  

• AbbVie Inc. 2023. Orlissa product label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a86757b3-09c5-fd3b-1223-244e94f50a66&type=display. Accessed 23 September 2025.  
• AbbVie Inc. 2023. Oriahnn product label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=99f6eee7-7e52-6999-7eb8-488d06dd1710&type=display. Accessed 23 September 2025. 
• Archer DF, et al. 2019. Elagolix suppresses ovulation in a dose-dependent manner: results from a 3-month, randomized study in ovulatory women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(3): 821-832.  

Selected References: 

• Al-Aqeedi RF, et al. 2008. Drug-eluting stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy with use of glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitor, aspirin, and clopidogrel. J Invasive Cardiol. 20(5):e146-e149. 
• Arimura T, et al. 2009. Acute myocardial infarction associated with pregnancy successfully treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. Intern Med. 48(16):1383-1386. 
• Babic Z, et al. 2011. Successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the first trimester of pregnancy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 77(4):522-555. 
• Balmain S, et al. 2007. Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy successfully treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Int J Cardiol. 116(3):e85-e87.  
• Bauer MEB, et al. 2012. Peripartum management of dual antiplatelet therapy and neuraxial labor analgesia after bare metal stent insertion for acute myocardial infarction. Anesth Analg. 115(3):613-615. 
• Boztosun B, et al. 2008. Treatment of acute myocardial infarction in pregnancy with coronary artery ballon angioplasty and stenting: use of tirofiban and clopidogrel. It J Cardiol. 127(3):413-416. 
• De Santis M, et al. 2011. Clopidogrel treatment during pregnancy: a case report and a review of literature. Intern Med. 50(16):1769-1773. 
• Geveart S, Schaubroeck H. 2021. Original data on pregnancy and ACS. Int J Cardiol Congenit Heart Dis. 5, (Supp 1). 
• Klinzing P, et al. 2001. Case report: successful pregnancy and delivery after myocardial infarction and essential thrombocytopenia treated with clopidogrel. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 28(4):215-216. 
• Llinares Tello F, et al. 2007. [ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy: a case report and review of therapeutic options] (Article in Spanish). Med Intensiva. 31(1):29-35. 
• Martin M, et al. 2003. [Acute myocardial infarction during pregnancy. Treatment with clopidogrel] (Article in Spanish). Med Clin (Barc). 121(7):278-279. 
• Myers GR, et al. 2011. Clopidogrel use throughout pregnancy in a patient with a drug-eluting coronary stent. Obstet Gynecol. (2 Pt 2):432-433. 
• Nana M, et al. 2021. Antiplatelet therapy in pregnancy: A systematic review. Pharmacol Res. 168:105547.  
• Nallamothu BK, et al. 2005. Clinical problem solving. Double jeopardy. N Engl J Med. 353(1):75-80.  
• Narouze S, et al. 2018. Interventional spine and pain procedures in patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications: guidelines from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the International Neuromodulation Society, the North American Neuromodulation Society, and the World Institute of Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 43(3):225–262. 
• O’Shanahan N, et al. 2006. [Acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation during pregnancy].(Article in Spanish). Med Intensiva. 30(4):180-182.  
• Reilly CR, et al. 2014. Successful gestation and delivery using clopidogrel for secondary stroke prophylaxis: a case report and literature review. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 290(3):591-594. 
• Santiago-Diaz P, et al. 2009. [Platelet antiaggregants in pregnancy] (Article in Spanish). Rev Esp Cardiol. 62(10):1197-1198. 
• Sanofi-aventis US. 2022. Plavix prescribing information. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=de8b0b67-eb25-4684-83b5-7ad785314227&type=display#section-8.2. [Accessed April 2026]. 
• Shah P, et al. 2004. Spontaneous dissection of the left main coronary artery. Can J Cardiol. 20(8):815-818.  
• Van Neste M, et al. 2025. Clopidogrel transfer into human milk: case series – a contribution from the ConcePTION project. Front Pharmacol. 16:1499243.  

Selected References:

• Bailey DN, Briggs JR. 2002. Carisoprodol: an unrecognized drug of abuse. Am J Clin Pathol. 117(3):396-400. \
• Briggs GG, et al. 2008. High dose carisoprodol during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Pharmacother. 42(6):898-901. 
• Grizzle TB, et al. 1995. Carisoprodol: reproductive assessment by continuous breeding in Swiss mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 24(1):132-139. 
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group. 357-65. 
• Nordeng H, et al. 2001. Transfer of carisoprodol to breast milk. Ther Drug Monit. 23:298-300. 
• Nostrum Laboratories. 2021. Carisoprodol prescribing information. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ab22f1be-16c8-45b6-adaf-09e08bf7a545&type=display. Accessed 10 August 2026. 
• Prescribing Label for Soma. 2019. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6297cf20-830a-11dc-94c8-0002a5d5c51b. Accessed 10 August 2026. 

Selected References

• Balevic SJ, et al. 2024. Abatacept Pharmacokinetics and Exposure Response in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Secondary Analysis of the ACTIV-1 IM Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 7(4):e247615.  
• Bhimraj A, et al. 2025. 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Pemivibart for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, Vilobelimab for Critical Illness, and Abatacept or Infliximab for Severe or Critical Illness. Clin Infect Dis. 81(Supplement_3):i1-i5.  
• Chin A, et al. 2025. Recommendations for the Use of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Pregnancy and Reproductive Health for Patients With Rheumatic Disease: A Scoping Review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 77(10):1273-1281.  
• Dernoncourt A, et al. 2023. Fetal and neonatal adverse drug reactions associated with biologics taken during pregnancy by women with autoimmune diseases: Insights from an analysis of the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®). BioDrugs. 37(1):73-87. 
• E.R. Squibb and Sons, L.L.C. (Last updated: October 30, 2023). Orencia drug label. Source: National Library of Medicine. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/druginfo.cfm?setid=0836c6ac-ee37-5640-2fed-a3185a0b16eb. Accessed 31 July 2026. 
• Ghalandari N, et al. 2022. Reported congenital malformations after exposure to non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor biologics: A retrospective comparative study in EudraVigilance. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 88(12):5378-5388.  
• Kumar M, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to abatacept during pregnancy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 45(3):351-356. 
• Makol A, et al. 2011. Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: safety considerations in pharmacological management. Drugs. 71(15):1973-1987. 
• Nadig N, et al. 2025. 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Abatacept. Clin Infect Dis. 81(Supplement_3):i17-i21.  
• Ojeda-Uribe M, et al. 2013. Exposure to abatacept or rituximab in the first trimester of pregnancy in three women with autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 32(5):695-700. 
• Ostensen M, Förger F. 2011. Treatment with biologics of pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 23(3):293-298. 
• Partlett R, Roussou E. 2011. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. Rheumatol Int. 31(4):445-449. 
• Pham T, et al. 2012. Abatacept therapy and safety management. Joint Bone Spine. 79 Suppl 1:3-84.  
• Saito J, et al. 2019. Abatacept concentrations in maternal serum and breast milk during breastfeeding and an infant safety assessment: a case study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 58(9):1692-1694.