Selected References:

• Acs N, et al. 2009. Senna treatment in pregnant women and congenital abnormalities in their offspring- a population-based case-control study. Reproductive Toxicology Jul 28(1):100-104. 
• Avery GS, et al. 1972. Lactulose: a review of its therapeutic and pharmacologic properties with particular reference to ammonia metabolism and its mode of action in portal systemic encephalopathy. Drugs 4:7-48. 
• Baldwin WF. 1963. Clinical study of senna administration to nursing mothers: assessment of effects on infant bowel habits. Canadian Medical Association Journal 89:566-568. 
• Body C, et al. 2016. Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy: Nausea, Vomiting, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Constipation, and Diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 45(2):267-83. 
• Concin N, et al. 2008. Mineral oil paraffins in human body fat and milk. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(2):544-552. 
• Danhof IE. 1982. Pharmacology, toxicology, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of calcium polycarbophil, an enteral hydrosorptive agent. Pharmacotherapy 2:18-28. 
• Friedrich C, et al. 2011. Lack of excretion of the active moiety of bisacodyl and sodium picosulfate into human breast milk: an open-label, parallel group, multiple dose study in healthy lactating women. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5):458-464. 
• Gattuso JM, Kamm MA. 1994. Adverse effects of drugs used in the management of constipation and diarrhoea. Drug Safety 10:47-65. 
• Hagemann TM. 1998. Gastrointestinal medications and breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation 14:259-262. 
• Rude RK, Singer FR. 1981. Magnesium deficiency and excess. Annual Review of Medicine 323:245-259. 
• Samavati R, et al. 2017. Herbal laxatives and antiemetics in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 72:153-158. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.041 
• Schindler AM. 1984. Isolated neonatal hypomagnesaemia associated with maternal overuse of stool softener. Lancet 2:822. 
• The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN (ed). 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, 88-89. 
• Trottier M, et al. 2012. Treating constipation during pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician 58:836-838. 
• Werthmann MW, Jr., Krees SV. 1973. Quantitative excretion of Senokot in human breast milk. The Medical Annals of the District of Columbia 42(1):4-5. 

Selected References:

• Amir LH, et al. 2006. A case-control study of mastitis: nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Family Practice; 7:57.  
• Behari P, et al. 2004. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to preterm infants through breast milk. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol; 25(9):778-780.  
• Briggs G. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 7th Ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Williams.  
• De Rose, et al. 2023. Staphylococcal infections and neonatal skin: data from literature and suggestions for the clinical management from four challenging patients. Antibiotics; 12(4):632. 
• Elston DM. 2007. Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol; 56(1):1-16.  
• Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. 2020. Bacterial infection of the male reproductive system causing infertility. J Reprod Immunol; 142:103183.  
• Frank A, et al. 1999. Community-acquired and clindamycin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Ped Inf Dis J; 18:993-1000.  
• Gastelum DT, et al. 2005. Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 24(12):1122-1124. 2  
• Goto H, et al. 2003. Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics. Jpn J Antibiot. 58(3):326-58.  
• Inukai K, et al. 2025. Infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in the infant of a mother with diabetes: a case report. Tokai J Exp Clin Med; 50(1): 21-24. 
• Kawada M, et al. 2003. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between healthy, lactating mothers and their infants by breastfeeding. J Hum Lact; 19(4):411- 417.  
• Kriebs JM. 2016. Staphylococcus Infections in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Risks. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs; 30(2):115-23. 
• Laibl V, et al. 2005. Clinical Presentation of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 106 (3):461- 5.  
• Leshem E et al. 2012. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from mothers to newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 31(4):360-3.  
• Lazenby GB, et al. 2012. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among women admitted for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 206(4):329.e1-5. 
• Maglio D, et al. 2005. Simulation of antibiotic pharmacodynamic exposure for the empiric treatment of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a report from the OPTAMA program. Clin Ther; 27(7):1032-42.  
• Piva S, Mariella J, et al 2021. Epidemiologic case investigation on the zoonotic transmission of Staphylococcus aureus infection from goat to veterinarians. Zoonoses Public Health; 68(6):684-690. 
• Price M, et al. 1998. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatology outpatient population. South Med J; 91:369-71.  
• Salmanov AG, et al. 2021. Bacterial infection causes of pregnancy loss and premature birth in the women in Ukraine. Wiad Lek; 74(6):1355-1359.  
• Saravolatz L, et al. 1982. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med; 96:11-16.  
• Sheffield JS. 2013. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. Am J Perinatol; 30(2):125-9. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Staph food poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/staph-food-poisoning/about/index.html [Accessed 4/2026]. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2026. Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevent MRSA in higher risk settings. https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html#cdc_prevention_when_traveling-prevent-mrsa-in-higher-risk-settings [Accessed 4/2026]. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Strategies to prevent hospital-onset Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in acute care facilities. https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/hcp/prevent-in-acute-care-facilities/index.html [Accessed 4/2026]. 
• Tong SY, et al. 2015. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev; 28(3):603-61.  
• Younger Meek, American Academy of Pediatrics, et al. 2022. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics; 150(1):e2022057988. 

Selected References:

• Abraham K, 2021. Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes of Influenza in Pregnancy after Treatment with Oseltamivir. J Glob Infect Dis. 13(1):20-26. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. Committee Opinion No. 753: Assessment and treatment of pregnant women with suspected or confirmed influenza. Obstet Gyn, 132(4):e169-e173. 
• Antiviral drugs for influenza for 2023-2024. 2023. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 65(1689):177-182. 
• Aoki FY, et al. 2013. The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: A foundation document for practitioners. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 24(Suppl C):1-15. 
• Beau A-B, et al. 2014. Safety of oseltamivir during pregnancy: a comparative study using the EFEMERIS database. BJOG; 121(7):895-900.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza. MMWR; 60(No. RR-1):1-25. 
• Chambers CD, et al, OTIS Collaborative Research Group. 2019. Oseltamivir use in pregnancy: Risk of birth defects, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants. Birth Defects Res; 111(19):1487-1493. 
• Chow EJ, et al. Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Antivirals for Influenza in Pregnancy. Open Forum Infect Dis; 8(6):ofab138. 
• Cizeron A, et al. 2021. Low rate of oseltamivir prescription among adults and children with confirmed influenza illness in France during the 2018-19 influenza season. J Antimicrob Chemother; 76(4):1057-1062. 
• Dunstan H, et al. 2014. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of zanamivir or oseltamivir during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic: a national prospective surveillance study. BJOG; 121(7):901-906. 
• Fodor E, et al. 2023. An Observational Study on the Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir in Lactating Influenza Patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther; 115(2):318-323.  
• Graner S, et al. 2017. Neuraminidase inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes and congenital malformations: population based European register study. BMJ; 356:j629. 
• Greer LG, et al. 2010. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after antepartum treatment of influenza with antiviral medications. Obstet Gynecol; 115(4):711-716.  
• Greer LG, et al. 2011. Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in breast milk and maternal plasma. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 204: 524.e1-4.  
• Laibl VR and Sheffield JS. 2005. Influenza and pneumonia in pregnancy. Clinics in Perinatology; 32:727-738.  
• Lian J, et al. 2022. Neonatal outcomes after neuraminidase inhibitor use during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 88(3):911-918. 
• Mancilla-Galindo J, et al. 2021. All-cause mortality among patients treated with repurposed antivirals and antibiotics for COVID-19 in Mexico City: A real-world observational study. EXCLI J; 20:199-222. 
• Saito S, et al. 2013. Outcomes of infants exposed to oseltamivir or zanamivir in utero during pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 209 (2): 130.e1-9.  
• Siston A, et al. 2010. Pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA; 3030(15):1517-1525.  
• Svensson T, et al. 2011. Birth outcomes among women exposed to neuraminidase inhibitors during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 20(10): 1030-1034.  
• Tanaka T, et al. 2009. Safety of neuraminidase inhibitors against novel influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant and breastfeeding women. CMAJ; 181(1-2):55-58.  
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Treating flu with antiviral drugs. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/antiviral-drugs.html.  
• The CDC. 2026. Influenza antiviral medications: Summary for clinicians. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/antivirals/summary-clinicians.html  [Accessed April 2026].  
• Van Bennekom CM, Kerr SM, Mitchell AA. 2019. Oseltamivir exposure in pregnancy and the risk of specific birth defects. Birth Defects Res; 111(19):1479-1486.  
• Wentges-van Holthe N, et al. 2008. Oseltamivir and breastfeeding. Int J Infect Dis; 12:451.  
• Wollenhaupt M, et al. 2014. The safety of oseltamivir in pregnancy: an updated review of post-marketing data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 23(10):1035-1042.  
• Xie H-Y, et al. 2013. Infant outcomes among pregnant women who used oseltamivir for treatment of influenza during the H1N1 epidemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 208:293.e1-7. 

Selected References:

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2020. Prelabor Rupture of Membranes: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 217. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 135(3):e80-e97. 
• Baklouti S. et al. 2025. Population pharmacokinetic modelling of amoxicillin in human breast milk-a contribution from the ConcePTION project. Br J Clin Pharmacol, doi: 10.1002. Epub ahead of print. 
• Benyamini L, et al. 2005. The safety of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefuroxime during lactation. Ther Drug Monit; 27:499-502.  
• Berkovitch M, et al. 2004. First-trimester exposure to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid: a prospective controlled study. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 58:298-302. 
• Boissiere-O’Neill T, et al. 2025. Exposure to systemic antimicrobials during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: a population-based registry study. BJOG; doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.18155. Epub ahead of print.  
• Campbell AC, et al. 1991. The excretion of amoxicillin in breastmilk and its effect on the suckling infant. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 31:230. 
• Czeizel AE, et al. 2001. Augmentin treatment during pregnancy and the prevalence of congenital abnormalities: a population-based case-control teratologic study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 97:188-192.  
• Daniel S, et al. 2019. The safety of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid use in the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 85:2856-2863. 
• Grantham J, et al. 2002. Association between co-amoxiclav used antenatally with necrotising enterocolitis in the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 187:S90.  
• Jepsen P, et al. 2003. A population-based study of maternal use of amoxicillin and pregnancy outcome in Denmark. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 55:216-221.  
• Kafetzis D, et al. 1981. Passage of cephalosporins and amoxicillin into the breast milk. Acta Paediatr Scand; 70:285-288. 
• Kenyon SL, et al. 2001. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for preterm, prelabour rupture of fetal membranes: the ORACLE I randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet; 357:979-988.  
• Kenyon SL, et al. 2001. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for spontaneous preterm labour: the ORACLE II randomised trial. ORACLE Collaborative Group. Lancet; 357:989-994. 
• Kenyon S, et al. 2002. ORACLE–antibiotics for preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes: short-term and long-term outcomes. Acta Paediatr Suppl; 437:12-15. 
• Kenyon S, et al. 2008. Childhood outcomes after prescription of antibiotics to pregnant women with spontaneous preterm labour: 7-year follow-up of the ORACLE II trial. Lancet; 372 (9646):1319-1327.  
• Kenyon S, et al. 2013. Preterm Labour, Antibiotics and Cerebral Palsy. Scientific Impact Paper No.33, Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecologists. 
• Kwasneiwski M, et al. 2025. Identification and characterization of anaerobic bacteria in human semen: a retrospective study. Anaerobe, 94:102977.  
• Laspro M, et al. 2024. Association of commonly prescribed antepartum medications and incidence of orofacial clefting. Sage Journals, 62(7):1164-1174. 
• Lin KJ, et al. 2012. Maternal exposure to amoxicillin and the risk of oral clefts. Epidemiology; 23(5):699-705.  Marlow N, et al. 2017. The ORACLE Children Study:
• educational outcomes at 11 years of age following antenatal prescription of erythromycin or co-amoxiclav. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed; 102(2):F131-F135.  
• Meeraus WH, et al. 2015. Association between antibiotic prescribing in pregnancy and cerebral palsy or epilepsy in children born at term: a cohort study using the health improvement network. PLoS ONE; 10(3):e0122034.  
• Mercer BM, et al. 1997. Antibiotic therapy for reduction of infant morbidity after preterm premature rupture of the membranes. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA; 278:989-995.  
• Merkel TA, et al. 2014. Predicting disease severity of necrotizing enterocolitis: how to identify infants for future novel therapies. J Clin Neonatol; 3(1):1-9. 
• Morawiec E, et al. 2022. Semen dysbiosis-just a male problem? Front Cell Infect Microbiol; 12:815786.  
• Padberg, S. 2015. Anti-infective Agents. In C Schaefer, P Peters, R Miller (Eds.), Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment. Pg 116. London: Elsevier. 
• Puho EH, et al. 2007. Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary. Cleft Palate Craniofac J; 44:194-202. 
• Trahan J, et al. 2025. Antibiotic regimens for the management of preterm prelabour rupture of membranes: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 47(7):102922. 
• Tran A, et al. 2025. First-trimester exposure to macrolides and risk of major congenital malformations compared with amoxicillin: a French nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med, 22(4):e1004576. 

Selected References:

• Anderson CA, Lieser C. 2015. Prenatal depression: Early intervention. Nurse Pract; 40(7):38-46. 
• Bennett HA, et al. 2004. Depression during Pregnancy. Clin Drug Invest; 24 (3): 157-179. 
• Bennett HA, et al. 2004. Prevalence of Depression during Pregnancy: Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol; 103: 698-709 
• Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformation in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 7:e013372. 
• Björvang R, et al. 2024. Association of Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and Perinatal Depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 86(1):52-58. 
• Bonari L et al. 2004. Perinatal Risks of Untreated Depression during Pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry; 49:726-735. Bränn E, et al. 2024 Perinatal depression and its health impact. BMJ; 384: p2777.
• Braverman A, et al. 2024. Depression, anxiety, quality of life, and infertility: A global lens on the last decade of research. Fertility and Sterility, 121(3), 379–383. 
• Burt VK & Stein K. 2002. Epidemiology of Depression throughout the female life cycle. J Clin Psych; 63 (suppl 7): 9-15. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Depression Among Women of Reproductive Age: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Depression/ Chisolm MS, Payne JL. 2016. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ; 532:h5918.
• Chan J, et al. 2014. Risks of untreated depression in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 60(3):242-3. 
• Coburn SS, et al. 2018. Prenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms Predict Early Infant Health Concerns. Matern Child Health J; 22(6):786-793. 
• Cohen LS, et al. 2006. Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment. JAMA; 295: 499-507. 
• Committee on Obstetric Practice. 2015. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol; 125(5):1268-71. Dalke KB, et al. 2016. Depression and Anxiety during Pregnancy: Evaluating the Literature in Support of Clinical Risk-Benefit Decision-
• Making. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(6):59. 
• Depression in pregnant women and mothers: How children are affected, Paediatrics & Child Health, Volume 9, Issue 8, October 2004, Pages 584–586. 
• Dias CC, et al. 2015. Breastfeeding and Depression. A systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord; 171:142-54. 
• Einarson A. 2005. The Safety of Psychotropic Drug Use during Pregnancy. Medscape General Medicine; 7 (4): 3. 
• Evans-Hoeker et al. 2018. Major depression, antidepressant use and male and female fertility. Fertility and Sterility Vol 109 Issue 5, pp 879-887. 
• Galbally M, et al. 2017. Neonatal adaption following intrauterine antidepressant exposure: assessment, drug assay levels, and infant development outcomes. Ped Res; 82(5): 806-813. 
• Gavin NI, et al. 2005. Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence. Obstet Gynecol; 106 (5 pt 1): 1071-83. 
• Glasser S, Lerner-Geva L. 2018. Focus on fathers: paternal depression in the perinatal period. Perspect Public Health. 2018 Jul 25:1757913918790597. doi: 10.1177/1757913918790597. [Epub ahead of print] Gustafsson HC, et al. 2018.
• Major depressive disorder during pregnancy: Psychiatric medications have minimal effects on the fetus and infant yet development is compromised. Dev Psychopathol. 2018 Aug;30(3):773-785. 
• Hagatulah N, et al. 2024. Perinatal depression and risk of mortality: nationwide, register based study in Sweden. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 384, e075462. 
• Hahn-Holbrook J, et al. 2013. Does Breastfeeding Offer Protection Against Maternal Depressive Symptomology? Arch Women’s Ment Health; 16:411-422. 
• Hermans A, et al. 2026. Prenatal maternal depression and child behavioural and developmental outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis in 76,514 children from the EU Child Cohort Network. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 63, Article 101595 
• Jablensky AV, et al. 2005. Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women with Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 162: 79-91. 
• Jahan N, et al. 2021. Untreated Depression During Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 13(8), e17251.  
• Jiang W, et al. 2018. The relationship of dietary diversity score with depression and anxiety among prenatal and post-partum women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. doi: 10.1111/jog.13728. [Epub ahead of print] 
• Kelly RH, et al. 2002. Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders as Risk factors for low birth weight and Preterm Delivery. Obstet Gynecol; 100 (2): 297-304. 
• Kurki T, et al. 2000. Depression and Anxiety in Early Pregnancy and Risk for Pre-eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol; 95 (4): 487-490. 
• Liu Y, et al. 2021. Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Psychiatry; 21(1):487. 
• McLearn KT, et al. 2006. Maternal Depressive Symptoms at 2 to 4 Months Post-Partum and Early Parenting Practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 160: 279-284. 
• Mughal S, et al. Postpartum Depression. [Updated 2022 Oct 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/ 
• Muzik M, Hamilton SE. 2016. Use of Antidepressants during Pregnancy? What to consider when weighing treatment with Antidepressants against Untreated Depression. Matern Child Health J. 
• National Institute of Mental Health. Perinatal Depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression 
• Nillni YI, et al. 2016. Depression, anxiety, and psychotropic medication use and fecundability. Am J Obstet Gynecol.;215(4):453.e1-453.e4538. 
• Nillni YI, et al. 2022. The association between time-to-pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms in a North American prospective cohort study. Ann Epidemiol.;74:51-57. 
• Okun ML. 2016. Disturbed Sleep and Postpartum Depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(7):66. 
• Ogunyemi D, et al. 2018. The Contribution of Untreated and Treated Anxiety and Depression to Prenatal, Intrapartum, and Neonatal Outcomes. AJP Rep; 8(3):e146-e157. 
• Pan J, et al. 2025. Effects of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression on miscarriage among pregnant women: a multi-center prospective observational study. Transl Psychiatry 15, 131. 
• Pajulo M, et al. 2001. Antenatal Depression, Substance Dependency and Social Support. J Aff Disorders; 65:9-17. 
• Pao C, et al. 2019. Postpartum depression and social support in a racially and ethnically diverse population of women. Archives of women’s mental health, 22(1), 105–114. Rath K, & Mv S. 2025. Association Between Gestational
• Robertson E, et al. 2004. Antenatal Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Synthesis of Recent Literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry; 26 (4): 289-95. 
• Romero-Gonzalez B, et al. 2018. Newborn infants’ hair cortisol levels reflect chronic maternal stress during pregnancy. PLoS One; 13(7):e0200279. 
• Sanz EJ, et al. 2005. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Pregnant Women and Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome: A Database Analysis. Lancet; 365: 482-487. 
• Stewart AL, Payne JL. 2023. Perinatal Depression: A Review and an Update. Psychiatr Clin North Am; 46(3):447-461. 
• Vigod SN, et al. 2016. Depression in pregnancy. BMJ; 352:i1547. 
• Vintzileos AM, et al. 2002. The Impact of Prenatal Care in the United States on Preterm Births in the Presence and Absence of Antenatal High-Risk Conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 187: 1254-1257. 
• Wdowik A et al 2017. Impact of emotional disorders on semen quality in men treated for infertility. Neuro Endocrin Lett. Feb; 38(1):50-58. 
• Xu F, et al. 2014. Does Infant Feeding Method Impact on Maternal Mental Health? Breastfeeding Medicine; 9(4). 
• Zielińska M, et al. 2023. Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018-2023). Nutrients, 15(11), 2433.