Selected References:  

• Barr DB, et al. 2010. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ​,​ 408(4):790-795.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20​22​. Prevent Mosquito Bites. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html.  
• Hall JG, et al. 1975. Coarctation of the aorta in male cousins with similar maternal environmental exposure to insect repellant and insecticides. Pediatrics 55:425-427.  
• Koren G, et al. 2003. DEET-based insect ​repellents​: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. CMAJ​,​ 169(3):209-212.  
• Kuhlmann RS, et al. 1981. N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide: embryonic sensitivity. Teratology​,​ 23:48a.  
• McGready R, et al. 2001. Safety of the insect repellant N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg​,​ 65:285-​28​9.  
• Özokan G et al. 2024. Comparison of the cytotoxicity and zebrafish embryo toxicity of insect repellent ingredients: p-Methane-3, 8-diol synthesized by green chemistry from Eucalyptus citriodora and N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6): 1193-1294. 
• Schaefer C and Peters PW. 1992. Intrauterine diethyltoluamide exposure and fetal outcome. Reprod Toxicol​,​ 6:175-​17​6.  
• Schoenig GP, et al. 1994. Teratologic evaluations of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in rats and rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol​,​ 23:63-​6​9.  
• Segal TR, et al. 2017. Urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA), a major metabolite of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Hum Reprod​,​ 32(12):​     ​2532-2539. 
• Selim S, et al. 1995. Absorption and metabolism of DEET following dermal application to human volunteers. Fundam Appl Toxicol​,​ 25:95-100.  
• Snodgrass RL, et al. 1982. Dermal penetration and potential for placental transfer of the insect repellant, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J​,​ 43:747-753.  
• Sudakin DL, Trevathan WR. 2003. DEET: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41(6):831-9.  
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ​​20​22​. DEET. Available at URL: https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet. 
• Wickerham EL, et al. 2012. Reduced birth weight in relation to pesticide mixtures detected in cord blood of full-term infants. Environmental International​,​ 47:80-85.  
• Wright DM, et al. 1992. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol​,​ 19:33-42.  
• Wylie BJ, et al. 2016. Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika virus. Obstet Gynecol​,​​     ​ 128(5):1111-1115.  

Selected References:

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2013. ACOG committee opinion no. 558: Integrating immunizations into practice. Obstet Gynecol 121(4):897-903. 
• Angelo MG, et al. 2014. Pooled analysis of large and long-term safety data from the human papillomavirus-16/18-AS04-adjuvanted vaccine clinical trial programme. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 23(5):466-79.  
• Baril L, et al. 2015. Risk of spontaneous abortion and other pregnancy outcomes in 15-25 year old women exposed to human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in the United Kingdom. Vaccine 33(48):6884-91. 
• Bukowinski AT, et al. 2020. Maternal and infant outcomes following exposure to quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccine. 18;38(37):5933-5939.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hpv.html   
• Chen W, et al. 2019. Safety of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial among Chinese women during 90 months of follow-up. Vaccine 37(6):889-97.  
• Dousti R, Allahqoli L, Ayar Kocaturk A, Hakimi S. 2023. Can human papillomavirus vaccination during pregnancy result in miscarriage and stillbirth? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Midwifery. 2023;7:9.  
• Faber MT, et al 2019. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and infant mortality after quadrivalent HPV vaccination during pregnancy. Vaccine 37(2)265-271. 
• Garland SM, et al. 2009. Pregnancy and infant outcomes in the clinical trials of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine: a combined analysis of five randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol 114(6):1179-1188.  
• Garolla A et. Al. 2013. Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. J Reprod Immunol 100(1):20-9.  
• Goss MA, et al. 2015. Final report on exposure during pregnancy from a pregnancy registry for quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine. Vaccine 33(29): 3422-3428. 
• Forbes N, Montroy J, Salvadori MI, Dubey V. 2024. Summary of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Statement: Updated guidance on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Can Commun Dis Rep. 50(12):419-425.  
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2018. Risk of spontaneous abortion after inadvertent human papillomavirus vaccination in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 132:34-44. 
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2021. Association of Inadvertent 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Pregnancy With Spontaneous Abortion and Adverse Birth Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open 4(4): e214340. 
• Landazabal CS, et al. 2019. Safety of 9- valent human papillomavirus vaccine administration among pregnant women: Adverse event reports in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2014-2017. Vaccine 37:1229-1234. 
• Lawton B, et al. 2018. Association of prior HPV vaccinations with reduced preterm birth: a population based study. Vaccine 36: 134-140. 
• Lipkind HS, et al. 2017. Maternal and infant outcomes after human papillomavirus vaccination in the periconceptional period or during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 130(3):599-608.  
• Mammas IN, et al. 2011. Can ‘high-risk’ human papillomaviruses (HPVs) be detected in human breast milk? Acta Paediatr 100(5):705-7. 
• Markowitz LE, et al. 2007. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 56 (RR-2):1-24.  
• Matys K, et al. 2012. Mother-infant transfer of anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) antibodies following vaccination with the quadrivalent HPV (type 6/11/16/18) virus-like particle vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol Jun; 19(6):881-5.  
• McDonnold M, et al. 2014. High risk human papillomavirus at entry to prenatal care and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 210(2):138.e1-5. 
• Moreira ED, E et al. 2016. Safety profile of the 9-valent HPV vaccine: A combined analysis of 7 phase III clinical trials. Pediatrics. 138(2):e20154387. 
• Muscianisi F, Foresta C, Garolla A. Role of HPV vaccination for prevention of male infertility. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2022 Mar;47(1):70-76.  
• Panagiotou OA, et al. 2015. Effect of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination on pregnancy outcomes: long term observational follow-up in the Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial. BMJ 7; 351:h4358.  
• Segal L, et al. 2011. Evaluation of the intramuscular administration of Cervarix vaccine on fertility, pre- and post-natal development in rats. Reprod Toxicol 31(1):111-20.  
• Scheller NM, et al. 2017. Quadrivalent HPV vaccination and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 376:1223-1233. 
• Wacholder S, et al. 2010. Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials. BMJ 340:C712.  
• Wang A, et al. 2020. Pregnancy Outcomes After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Periconceptional Period or During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 3;16(3):581-589.  
• Wise LD, et al. 2008. Lack of effects on fertility and developmental toxicity of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Birth Defects Res (B) 83:561-572. 
• Yan X, Li H, Song B, et al. 2023. Association of periconceptional or pregnancy exposure of HPV vaccination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1181919  
• Zhang J, Lian Z, Xue X, et al. 2024. Does HPV vaccination during periconceptional or gestational period increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes?-An updated systematic review and meta-analysis based on timing of vaccination. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 103(10):1943-1954.  

Selected References:

• Adane AA, et al. 2016. Diabetes in pregnancy and childhood cognitive development: a systematic review. Pediatrics,137(5):e20154234.  
• American Diabetes Association. 2024. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 47(Supplement_1):S282-S294. 
• Bhattacharyya A, et al. 2001. Insulin lispro and regular insulin in pregnancy. QJM. 94(5):255-260. 
• Bytoft B, et al. 2016. Long-term cognitive implications of intrauterine hyperglycemia in adolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM Study). Diabetes Care, 39:1356-1363. 
• Chehab RF, et al. 2022. Glycemic control trajectories and risk of perinatal complications among individuals with gestational diabetes. JAMA Netw Open, 5(9):e2233955. 
• Chen K-R, et al. 2023. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 65:933–941. 
• Coetzee EJ and Levitt NS. 2000. Maternal diabetes and neonatal outcome. Seminars in Neonatology. 5(3):221-229. 
• Feleke BE, et al. 2022. Maternal and newborn effects of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Prim Care Diabetes, 16(1):89-95.  
• Kinnunen J, et al. 2023 Gestational diabetes is associated with the risk of offspring’s congenital anomalies: a register-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23(1):708. 
• Landon MB. 2000. Obstetric management of pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(1):65-74. 
• Langer O, et al. 2000. A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(16):1134-1138. 
• Leth-Møller M, et al. 2024. Effect of gestational diabetes on fetal growth rate and later overweight in the offspring, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. dgae428. 
• Meek CL. 2023. An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia. 66:1961–1970. 
• Nagasawa M, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and risk of offspring congenital heart diseases: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Environ Health Prev Med. 29:23. 
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2011. Managing Gestational Diabetes: A Patient’s Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/product/211. [Accessed February 2023]  
• Ornoy A. 2005. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to mothers with pregestational and gestational diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 3(2):104–113.  
• Papazoglou AS, et al. 2022. Maternal diabetes mellitus and its impact on the risk of delivering a child with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonata. Med, 35(25):7685-7694. 
• Pectasides M and Kalva S. 2011. Diabetes revealed: multisystem danger. American Journal of Roentgenology, 196(2): 274-286.  
• Preda A, et al.  2021. Analysis of maternal and neonatal complications in a group of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicina, 57(11):1170. 
• Rizzo TA, et al. 1995. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173(6):1753-1758. 
• Rosenn BM and Miodovnik M. 2000. Medical complications of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(1):17-31. 
• Santos JDC, et al. 2023. Diabetes among women with preterm births: outcomes of a Brazilian multicenter study. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 21:eAO0515. 
• Sells CJ, et al. 1994. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr, 125(1):S9-17.  
• Serlin D and Last R. 2009. Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. American Family Physician, 80(1): 57-62. 
• Sweeting A, et al. 2024. Relationship between early-pregnancy glycemia and adverse outcomes: findings from the TOBOGM study. Diabetes Care. 47(12): 2085–2092. 

Selected References:  

• Adam DN, et al. 2023. Expert consensus on the systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis in special populations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 37(6):1135-1148. 
• Balakirski G, et al. 2022. Atopic dermatitis and pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 149(4):1185-1194. 
• Hamann CR, et al. 2019. Pregnancy complications, treatment characteristics and birth outcomes in women with atopic dermatitis in Denmark. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Mar;33(3):577-587.  
• Horev, A., Shalom, G., Weintraub, A. Y., Freud, T., & Cohen, A. D. 2022. Atopic Dermatitis and Infertility: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 238(2), 313–319.  
• Kim J, et al. 2019. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications. Allergy Asthma Proc. 40(2):84-92. 
• Koutroulis I, et al. 2011. Atopic dermatitis in pregnancy: current status and challenges. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 66(10):654-663.  
• Munera-Campos M, et al. 2024. Atopic Dermatitis: Fertility, Pregnancy, and Treatment Perspectives. Am J Clin Dermatol. 25(1):55-66. 
• Napolitano M, et al. 2021. New emergent therapies for atopic dermatitis: A review of safety profile with respect to female fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Dermatol Ther. 34(1):e14475.  
• Pfaller B, et al. 2020. Biologicals in atopic disease in pregnancy: an EAACI position paper. Allergy. 76(1):71-89. 
• Ramos CL, et al. (2023). Monoclonal Antibodies (Biologics) for Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis During Pregnancy and Lactation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 43(1):187-197.  
• Schuler CF, et al. 2023. Novel insights into atopic dermatitis. Allergy Clin Immunol. 151(5):1145-1154.  
• Silverberg J. I. 2018. Associations between atopic dermatitis and other disorders. F1000Research, 7, 303.  
• Sroka-Tomaszewska J, et al. 2021. Molecular Mechanisms of Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 22(8):4130. 
• Torres T, et al. 2019. Update on Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Med Port. 32(9):606-613. 
• Vaughan Jones SA, et al. 1999. A prospective study of 200 women with dermatoses of pregnancy correlating the clinical findings with hormonal and immunopathological profiles. Br J Dermatol. 141:71–81. 
• Vestergaard C, et al. 2019. European task force on atopic dermatitis position paper: treatment of parental atopic dermatitis during preconception, pregnancy and lactation period. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 33(9):1644-1659 
• Wollenberg A. et al.2022. European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema – part II: non-systemic treatments and treatment recommendations for special AE patient populations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Nov;36(11):1904-1926. 

Selected References:

• Achong N, et al. 2018. The physiological and glycaemic changes in breastfeeding women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 135:93-101.  
• American Diabetes Association. 2024. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 47(Supplement_1):S282–S294. 
• Ballesteros M, et al. 2024. Prematurity and congenital malformations differ according to the type of pregestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 24(1):335. 
• Bhattacharyya A, et al. 2001. Insulin lispro and regular insulin in pregnancy. QJM. 94(5):255-260. 
• Boinpally T and Jovanovic L. 2009. Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy. Mount Sinai Journal of medicine. 76: 269-280.  
• Bytoft B, et al. 2016. Long-term Cognitive Implications of Intrauterine Hyperglycemia in Adolescent Offspring of People With Type 1 Diabetes (the EPICOM Study). Diabetes Care. 39:1356. 
• Brydon P, et al. 2000. Pregnancy outcome in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus needs to be addressed. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 54(7):418-419. 
• Capobianco E, Pirrone I. 2023. Paternal programming of fetoplacental and offspring metabolic disorders. Placenta. 141:71-77. 
• Chen K-R, et al. 2023. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 65:933–941 
• Chen LJ, et al. 2023.  Maternal diabetes mellitus and birth defects in Taiwan: A 5-year nationwide population-based cohort study. J Chin Med Assoc. 86(6):589-595. 
• Coetzee EJ and Levitt NS. 2000. Maternal diabetes and neonatal outcome. Seminars in Neonatology. 5(3):221-229. 
• Cyganek K, et al. 2017. Risk of macrosomia remains glucose-dependent in a cohort of people with pregestational type 1 diabetes and good glycemic control. Endocrine. 55(2):447-455. 
• Durnwold, C. (2021). Patient education: Care during pregnancy for people with type 1 or 2 diabetes (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate.  
• ElSayed NA, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 2023. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 46 (Suppl 1):S254-S266. 
• Glatstein MM, et al. 2009. Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation. Canadian Family Physician. 55: 371-373. 
• Hadden DR and McCance DR. 1999. Advances in management of type 1 diabetes and pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 11(6):557-562. 
• Hagay Z & Reece EA. 1992. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and periconceptional genetic counseling. American Journal of Perinatology. 9(2):87-93. 
• Jaffar F, et al. 2022.Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review of Complications and Management. Curr Diabetes Rev. 18(7):e051121197761. 
• Jangir RN, Jain GC. 2014. Diabetes mellitus induced impairment of male reproductive functions: a review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 10(3):147-57.  
• Jovanovic L. 1999. Role of diet and insulin treatment of diabetes in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):46-55. 
• Jovanovic L, et al. 2015. Trends in the incidence of diabetes, its clinical sequelae, and associated costs in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 31(7):707-16. 
• Kitzmiller JL, et al: 2010. Preconception care for people with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 88(10):791-803.  
• La Vignera S, et al. 2015. Reproductive function in male patients w/ type 1 diabetes mellitus. Andrology. 3(6):1082-7.  
• Landon MB. 2000. Obstetric management of pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):65-74. 
• Lemaitre M, et al. 2023. Pre-gestational diabetes and the risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring: A French nationwide study. Diabetes Metab. 49(4):101446. 
• Mank E, et al. 2021. Insulin concentration in human milk in the first ten days postpartum: Course and associated factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 73:e115–e119. 
• Meek CL. 2023. An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia. 66:1961–1970. 
• Miao S, Yang L. 2024. Association between diabetes mellitus and miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage: A meta-study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 50(11):2029-2037. 
• Nagasawa M, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and risk of offspring congenital heart diseases: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Environ Health Prev Med. 29:23. 
• Nasri HZ et al. 2018. Malformations among infants of mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes: Is there a recognizable pattern of abnormalities? Birth Defects Res. 110(2):108-113. 
• Owens LA, et al. 2015. Comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy- similar conditions or is a separate approach required? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 15:69. 
• Oyen N, et al. 2016. Prepregnancy Diabetes and Offspring Risk of Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Circulation. 133(23):2243-53. 
• Pectasides M and Kalva S. 2011. Diabetes Revealed: Multisystem Danger. American Journal of Roentgenology. 196: 274-286.  
• Reece EA and Homko CJ. 2000. Why do diabetic people deliver malformed infants? Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):32-45. 
• Ringholm L, et al. 2019. Improving pregnancy outcomes in women with diabetes mellitus: modern management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15(7):406-416. 
• Ringholm L, et al. 2020. Diabetes Management During Breastfeeding in People with Type 1 Diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 20(8), 34.  
• Rizzo TA, et al. 1995. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 173:1753. 
• Rotem RS, et al. 2024. Maternal periconception hyperglycemia, preconception diabetes, and risk of major congenital malformations in offspring. Hum Reprod. 39(12):2816-2829. 
• Santos JDC, et al. 2023. Diabetes among women with preterm births: outcomes of a Brazilian multicenter study. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 21:eAO0515. 
• Seah JM, et al. 2021 Risk factors for pregnancy outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Intern Med J. 51(1):78-86. 
• Sells CJ, et al. 1994. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr. 125:S9. 
• Sønnichsen-Dreehsen AS, et al. 2025. The association between paternal diabetes mellitus and successful pregnancy-Examined in a nationwide population undergoing reproductive treatment. Andrology. 13(3):485-493. 
• Temple R and Murphy H. 2010. Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy-An increasing problem. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology  & Metabolism. 24: 591-603.  
• Thorius, IH, et al. 2024. Glycemic control and risk of congenital malformations in women with type 1 diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 144(5):p 725-732. 
• Turunen R, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and overweight and congenital heart defects in offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 7(1):e2350579. 
• Yanit KE et al 2012. The impact of chronic hypertension and pregestational diabetes on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 207(4):333.e1-6.