Selected References:

• Bro SP, et al. 2015. Adverse pregnancy outcomes after exposure to methylphenidate or atomoxetine during pregnancy. Clin Epidemiol; 7:139-47. 
• Bröms G, et al. 2023. Atomoxetine in Early Pregnancy and the Prevalence of Major Congenital Malformations: A Multinational Study. J Clin Psychiatry 16, 84(1). 
• Brown JT, et al. 2019. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 Genotype and Atomoxetine Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther; 106(1):94-102.  
• Cohen JM, et al. 2017. Placental complications associated with psychostimulant use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 130(6):1192-201. 
• Kallen B, et al. 2013. The Use of Central Nervous System Active Drugs During Pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals; 6(10):1221-86.  
• Naguy A, et al. 2020. Atomoxetine in-focus! Asian J Psychiatr; 49:101634.  
• Perugi G, et al. 2015. The use of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults with comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother.;16(14):2193-204. 
• Strattera Product Label. 2022 https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=132852a6-5bff-15dd-255c-98309dd83630&type=display [accessed Mar 2025]. 

Selected References:

• Bove R, et al. 2014. Management of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the reproductive years: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 124:1157-68. PMID: 25415167 
• Ciplea AI, et al. 2020. Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-beta or glatiramer acetate: One-year infant outcomes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 7(4) e757. 
• Ciplea AI, et al. 2022. Eighteen-month safety analysis of offspring breastfed by mothers receiving glatiramer acetate therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis – COBRA study. Mult Scler. 2022 Sep;28(10):1641-1650. 
• Comi G. and Moiola L. 1997. Copolymer-1. Baillieres Clin Neurol. 6(3):495-509. 
• Fragoso YD, et al. 2013. Long-term effects of exposure to disease-modifying drugs in the offspring of mothers with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective chart review. CNS Drugs. 27(11):955-61. 
• Fragoso YD, et al. 2010. Long-term use of glatiramer acetate by 11 pregnant women with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective, multicentre case series. CNS Drugs. 24(11):969-76. 
• Fragoso YD, et al. 2013. The effects of long-term exposure to disease-modifying drugs during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115:154-9. PMID: 22633835 
• Giannini M, et al. 2012. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes after glatiramer acetate exposure in patients with multiple sclerosis: a prospective observational multicentric study. BMC neurology 12.1, 124. 
• Hellwig K, Gold R. 2011. Glatiramer acetate and interferon-beta throughout gestation and postpartum in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol.258(3):502-3.  
• Herbstritt S, et al. 2016. Glatiramer acetate during early pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22.6: 810-816. 
• Kaplan S, Dragut CF, Ghimpeteanu A. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes following paternal exposure to glatiramer acetate. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024 May;40(5):821-825.  
• Kaplan, S., Zeygarnik, M. & Stern, T. 2022. Pregnancy, Fetal, and Infant Outcomes Following Maternal Exposure to Glatiramer Acetate During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Drug Saf 45, 345–357.  
• Lopez-Leon S, et al. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analyses of pregnancy and fetal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: a contribution from the IMI2 ConcePTION project. J Neurol. 267(9):2721-2731. 
• Lu E, et al. 2014. Birth outcomes in newborns fathered by men with multiple sclerosis exposed to disease-modifying drugs. CNS Drugs 28(5): 475-82. 
• Sandberg-Wollheim M, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes from the branded glatiramer acetate pregnancy database. Int J MS Care. 20:9-14. 
• Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2009. Multiple sclerosis, immunomodulators, and pregnancy outcome: a prospective observational study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15.9: 1037-1042. 
• Varytė G, et al. 2021. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: an update. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 33(5):378-383 
• Ziemssen T, et al. 2001. Risk-benefit assessment of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Drug Safety; 24:979-90.   

Selected References:  

• AbuRaya B, Sadarangani M. 2018. Meningococcal vaccination in pregnancy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 14(4):1188-1196.  
• Becerra-Culqui, T. A., et al. 2020. Safety of MenACWY-CRM vaccine exposure during pregnancy. Vaccine, 38(12), 2683–2690. 
• Becerra-Culqui TA. et al. 2020. Safety of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers 2 to 23-months old. Vaccine 38(2), 228-234.  
• Becerra-Culqui TA, et al. 2021. Real-world evidence of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine safety in the United States: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 17(5):1432-1441. 
• Clark, D. R., et al. 2020. Influenza or Meningococcal Immunization During Pregnancy and Mortality in Women and Infants: A Pooled Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 39(7), 641–644. 
• Crum-Cianflone, N., & Sullivan, E. 2016. Meningococcal Vaccinations. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 5(2), 89–112. 
• Findlow H, et al. 2019. Kinetics of maternally-derived serogroup A, C, Y and W-specific meningococcal immunoglobulin G in Malian women and infants. Vaccine, 37(18), 2477–2481. 
• GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. 2020. Menveo product labeling. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2dc730d5-55fd-4e98-8c8a-daa7d8f872b0. Accessed 16 May 2025.    
• Letson GW, et al. 1998. Meningococcal vaccine in pregnancy: an assessment of infant risk. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17:261-263.  
• Mbaeyi SA, et al. 2020. Meningococcal Vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 69(9), 1–41. 
• Myers TR, et al. 2020. Adverse events following quadrivalent meningococcal diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (Menactra®) reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2005–2016. Vaccine, 38(40), 6291–6298. 
• Nasser R, et al. 2020. Are all vaccines safe for the pregnant traveler? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2). 
• National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 2011. General recommendations on immunization — recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 28;60(2):1-64. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep; 60:993. 
• Psarris A, et al. 2019. Immunizations during pregnancy: How, when and why. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 240, 29–35. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mening/index.html. Acessed 16 May 2025. 
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2015. Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance, February 2015. Weekly epidemiological record. No. 8, 90: 57-62. 
• Zheteyeva Y, et al. 2013. Safety of meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in pregnancy: a review of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Obstet Gynecol.; 208(6):478.e1-6.  

Selected References:

• Asada H. 2022. Recent topics in the management of herpes zoster. J Dermatol. 50(3):305-310. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Shingles: Signs & Symptoms. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. Shingles: Breastfeeding and Special Circumstances. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/shingles.html.  
• Frederick IB, et al. 1986. Excretion of varicella-herpes zoster in breast milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 154:1116-7. 
• Hayward K, et al. 2018. Management of herpes zoster (shingles) during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 38(7):887-894.  
• Ion A, et al. 2025. Varicella Zoster Virus Infection and Pregnancy: An Optimal Management Approach. Pathogens. 14(2):151.  
• Nanthakumar MP, et al. 2021. Varicella Zoster in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 258:283-287. 
• Rosamilia LL. 2020. Herpes Zoster Presentation, Management, and Prevention: A Modern Case-Based Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 21(1):97-107.  
• Schafer R, et.al. Herpes Zoster in Pregnancy. 2019 J Midwifery Womens Health. Mar;64(2):230-235.  
• Singal A, et al. 2024. Herpes zoster infection in pregnancy: features and consequences. Arch Dermatol Res. 316(4):107.  
• Werner RN, et al. 2017. European consensus-based (S2k) Guideline on the Management of Herpes Zoster – guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), Part 2: Treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(1):20-29.  

Selected References:

• Barcz E, et al. 2007. Influence of Echinacea purpurea intake during pregnancy on fetal growth and tissue angiogenic activity. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 45:Supp. 1; 35-39.
• Chow G, et al. 2006. Dietary echinacea purpurea during murine pregnancy: Effect on maternal hemopoiesis and fetal growth. Biol Neonate; 89: 133-138.
• Gallo M, et al. 2000. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea. Arch Intern Med. 160:3141-3143.
• Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcome after prenatal exposure to echinacea: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 72(5): 623-630.
• Huntley AL, et al. 2005. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species. Drug Saf 28(5):387-400.
• Lewicka A, et al. 2019. Supplementation of plants with immunomodulatory properties during pregnancy and lactation—maternal and offspring health effects. Nutrients 11(8):1958.
• Linde K, et al. 2009. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2(2):CD000530
• Matthias A, et al. 2008. Bioavailability of Echinacea alkamides in human breast milk. Planta Med; 74-SL59.
• Natural Standard (Ed). Herbs & Supplements – Echinacea (E. angustifolia DC, E. pallida, E. purpurea). Nature Medicine Quality Standard. [Retrieved on November 2014]. naturalstandard.com
• Ondrizek RR, et al. 1999. Inhibition of human sperm motility by specific herbs used in alternative medicine. J Assist Reprod Genet. 16(2):87-91.
• Perri D, et al. 2006. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea and E. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 13(3):e261-7.
• Peprah P, et al 2019. ‘We are nothing without herbs’: a story of herbal remedies use during pregnancy in rural Ghana. BMC 19(1):65.
• Sarecka-Hujar B, Szulc-Musioł B. 2022 Herbal Medicines—Are They Effective and Safe during Pregnancy? Pharmaceutics; 14(1):171.