Selected References

• Andersen AN, et al. 2002. Fever in pregnancy and risk of fetal death: a cohort study. The Lancet360: 1552-1556.
• Antoun S, et al. 2021. Fever during pregnancy as a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Autism. 12: 1-13.
• Auger N, et al. 2017. Risk of congenital heart defects after ambient heat exposure early in pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect; 125(1):8-14.
• Basagaña X, et al. 2021. Low and high ambient temperatures during pregnancy and birth weight among 624,940 singleton term births in Israel (2010–2014): an investigation of potential windows of susceptibility. Environmental Health Perspectives 129.10: 107001.
• Botto LD, et al. 2013. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Congenital heart defects after maternal fever. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 210(4):359. e1-359.e11.
• Chambers CD, et al. 1998. Maternal fever and birth outcome: a prospective study. Teratology. 58:251-257.
• Chambers CD 2006. Risks of hyperthermia associated with hot tub or spa use by pregnant women. Birth Defects Reseach (part A) 76:569-573.
• Dreier JW, et al. 2014. Systematic review and meta-analyses: fever in pregnancy and health impacts in the offspring. Pediatrics.133(3):e674-688.
• Duong, et al. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2011. Maternal use of hot tub and major structural birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 91(9):836-841.
• Edwards MJ, et al. 1995. Hyperthermia and birth defects. Reprod Toxicol 9(5):411.
• Evenson DP, et al. 2000. Characteristics of human sperm chromatin structure following an episode of influenza and high fever: a case study. J Androl. 21:739–46.
• Graham JM Jr, et al. 1998. Teratogen update: gestational effects of maternal hyperthermia due to febrile illnesses and resultant patterns of defects in humans. Teratology; 58:209-21.
• Graham JM Jr 2020. Update on the gestational effects of maternal hyperthermia. Birth Defects Research 112.12:943-952.
• Harvey MAS, et al. 1981. Suggested limits to the use of hot tub and sauna by pregnant women. CMAJ 125:50.
• Hashmi, SS et al 2009. Maternal fever during early pregnancy and the risk of oral clefts. Birth Defects Research (part A) 88:186-194.
• Hornig M, et al. 2018. Prenatal fever and autism risk. Molecular Psychiatry. 23.3: 759-766.
• Keister, et al. 2008. Strategies for breastfeeding success. Am Fam Physician 78(2): 225-232.
• Kerr S, Parker SE, et al. 2017. Preconceptional maternal fever, folic acid intake and the risk for neural tube defects.  Annals of Epidemiology 27:777.
• Layde PM, et al. 1980. Maternal fever and neural tube defects. Teratology 21:105.
• Lawrence RM and Lawrence RA (2001). Given the benefits of breastfeeding, what contraindications exist? Pediatric Clinics of North America 48(1):235-251.
• Leshtsinski I, et al. 2022. Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Offspring Following Exposure to Maternal Fever during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Progress in Medical Sciences. 6(2):1-8.
• Lipson A, et al. 1985. Saunas and birth defects. Teratology 32:147.
• Lyndberg MC, et al. 1994. Maternal flu, fever, and the risk of neural tube defects: A population based case-control study. Am J Epidemiol 140(3):244.
• Milunsky A, et al. 1992. Maternal heat exposure and neural tube defects. JAMA 268(7):882.
• Moretti ME, et al. 2005. Maternal hyperthermia and the risk for neural tube defects in offspring: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol.16:216-219. NCRP. 1983. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report No 74, Bethesda, MD, 72.
• Nybo Anderson, AM 2002. Fever in pregnancy and risk of fetal death: a cohort study. Lancet 360:1152-1556.
• Ridge BR and Budd GM. 1990. How long is too long in a spa pool? NEJM 323(12):835.
• Ravanelli N, et al. 2019. Heat stress and fetal risk. Environmental limits for exercise and passive heat stress during pregnancy: a systematic review with best evidence synthesis. British journal of sports medicine 53(13): 799-805.
• Sass L, et al. 2017. Fever in Pregnancy and the Risk of Congenital Malformations: a Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 17:413
• Sandford MK, et al. 1992. Neural tube defect etiology: Evidence concerning maternal hyperthermia, health and diet. Dev Med Child Neurol 34:661.
• Sun S, et al. 2019. Ambient temperature and markers of fetal growth: a retrospective observational study of 29 million US singleton births. Environmental Health Perspectives 127.6: 067005.
• Thonneau P, et al. 1998. Occupational heat exposure and male fertility: a review. Human reproduction 13(8):2122-2125.
• Vahedian-Azimi A, et al. Does SARS-CoV-2 Threaten Male Fertility? Clinical, Biological and Molecular Aspects of COVID-19. 139-146.
• Warkany J. 1986. Teratogen Update. Hyperthermia. Teratology 33:365.
• Werenberg Drier J, Nybo Andersen AM, et al. 2014. Systematic Review and Meta-analyses: Fever in Pregnancy and Health Impacts in the Offspring. Pediatrics 133(8):e675
• Wertheimer N and Leeper E. 1986. Possible effects of electric blankets and heated waterbeds on fetal development. Bioelectromagnetics 7:13.
• Zhang MH et al, 2018. Impact of a mild scrotal heating on sperm chromosomal abnormality, acrosin activity and seminal alpha-glucosidase in human fertile males. Andrologia. 50:1–12.

Selected References:  

• Absalan, F., Ghannadi, A., & Zabihi, A. (2014). The effects of different doses of ketamine on quality of normal ejaculated sperm. International journal of fertility & sterility, 8(2), 207–214.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. Committee Opinion No. 753: Assessment and Treatment of Pregnant Women with Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. Obstet Gyn. 132(4):e169-e173.
• Andrade C. 2017. Ketamine for Depression, 2: Diagnostic and Contextual Indications. J Clin Psychiatry. 78(5):e555-e558.  
• Bai X, et al. 2013. Ketamine enhances human neural stem cell proliferation and induces neuronal apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondrial pathway. Anesth Analg. 116(4):869-80.  
• Baraka A, et al. 1990. Maternal awareness and neonatal outcome after ketamine induction of anaesthesia for caesarean section. Can J Anaesth 37:641-4.  
• Brambrink AM, et al. 2012. Ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis in the fetal and neonatal rhesus macaque brain. Anesthesiology. 116(2):372-84.  
• Capitanio JP, et al. 2012. Behavioral effects of prenatal ketamine exposure in rhesus macaques are dependent on MAOA genotype. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 20(3):173-80.  
• Cheung HM, et al. 2017. How Ketamine Affects Livers of Pregnant Mice and Developing Mice? Int J Mol Sci. 18(5). pii: E1098. 
• Cheung, HM, & Yew, D. T. W, et al 2019. Effects of Perinatal Exposure to Ketamine on the Developing Brain. Frontiers in neuroscience, 13, 138.  
• Chomchai S, et al. 2019. Effects of unconventional recreational drug use in pregnancy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. pii: S1744-165X (19)30019-8.  
• Corssen G. 1974. Ketamine in obstetric anesthesia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 17:249-58.  
• Dong C, et al. 2016. Ketamine exposure during embryogenesis inhibit cellular proliferation in rat fetal cortical neurogenic regions. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 60(5): 579-587. 
• Galbert MW, Gardner AE. 1973. Ketamine for obstetrical anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 52:926-30.  
• Galloon S. 1976. Ketamine for obstetric delivery. Anesthesiology 44:522-4. 
• Gilder, M. E., Tun, N. W., Carter, A., Tan, F. F. S. L., Min, A. M., Eh, H., Aye, P., Carrara, V. I., Angkurawaranon, C., & McGready, R. (2021). Outcomes for 298 breastfed neonates whose mothers received ketamine and diazepam for postpartum tubal ligation in a resource-limited setting. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 21(1), 1
• Janeczko GF, et al. 1974. Low-dose ketamine anesthesia for obstetrical delivery. Anesth Analg. 53:828-31. 
• Ketalar. Product labeling. 2020. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/016812s046lbl.pdf   
• Kocum A, et al. 2012. Spinal anesthesia under sedation using propofol and ketamine for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient during 13th week of gestation. J Anesth. 26(4):634-635.  
• Krissel J, et al. 1994. Thiopentone, thiopentone/ketamine, and ketamine for induction of anaesthesia in caesarean section. Eur J Anaesthesiol 11:115-22. 
• Little B, et al. 1972. A study of ketamine as an obstetric anesthetic agent. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 113:247.  
• Majdinasab, E., Datta, P., Krutsch, K., Baker, T., & Hale, T. W et. 2023. Pharmacokinetics of Ketamine Transfer Into Human Milk. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology, 43(5), 407–410.  
• Meer FM, et al. 1973. An intravenous method of anaesthesia for caesarean section. Part II: ketamine. Br J Anaesth. 45:191-6. 
• Moore J, et al. 1971. Preliminary report on ketamine in obstetrics. Br J Anaesth 43:779-82, 1971. 
• Ortega D, et al. 1999. Excretion of lidocaine and bupivacaine in breast milk following epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 43:394-7. 
• Oats JN et al. 1979. Effects of ketamine on the pregnant uterus. Br J Anaesth 51:1163-6. 
• Potter J, et al. 2019. A combination of inhaled nitrous oxide and low-dose ketamine infusion for labor analgesia. J Clin Anesth. 12;57:64-65. 
• Sassano-Higgins S, et al. 2016. A Review of Ketamine Abuse and Diversion. Depress Anxiety. 33(8):718-27.  
• Slikker W Jr, et al. 2007. Ketamine-induced neuronal cell death in the perinatal rhesus monkey. Toxicol Sci. 98(1):145-158.  
• Su PH, et al. 2010. Infant with in utero ketamine exposure: quantitative measurement of residual dosage in hair. Pediatr Neonatol. 2010. 51(5):279-84.  
• Talahma M, et al. 2018. Ketamine infusion used to successfully control refractory status epilepticus in a pregnant patient. Case Rep Neurol Med. 3041279.  
• Wolfson P, et al. 2022. The pharmacokinetics of ketamine in the breast milk of lactating women: Quantification of ketamine and metabolites. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2022:1-5. 

Selected References:

• Alwan NA, et al. 2015. Maternal iron status in early pregnancy and birth outcomes: insights from the Baby’s Vascular health and Iron in Pregnancy study. Br J Nutr 113(12):1985-1992.
• Baker et al, 2010. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics 126(5):1040-1050.
• Blot I, et al. 1999. Iron deficiency in pregnancy: effects on the newborn. Curr Oin Hematol 6:65-70.
• Chavarro JE, et al. 2006. Iron intake and risk of ovulatory infertility. Obstet Gynecol 108:1145-1152.
• Georgieff MK, et al. 1994. Reduced neonatal liver iron stores following prenatal uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI). Pediatr Res 35:312A.
• Haider BA, et al. 2013. Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 346:f3443.
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy, Littleton, Publishing Sciences Group.
• Kasperczyk A, et al. 2016. Influence of iron on sperm motility and selected oxidative stress parameters in fertile males – a pilot study. Ann Agric Environ Med 23(2):292-296.
• Kullander S, Kallen B. 1976. A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. 4. Miscellaneous drugs. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 55:287-295.
• Kundak AA, et al. 2017. Do toxic metals and trace elements have a role in the pathogenesis of conotruncal heart malformations? Cardiol Young 27(2): 312-317.
• Martinex-Galiano JM, et al. 2019. Maternal iron intake during pregnancy and the risk of small for gestational age. Matern Child Nutr 15(3): e12814.
• McElhatton PR, et al. 1991. The consequences of iron overdose and its treatment with desferrioxamine in pregnancy. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:251-259.
• National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. 2023. Iron: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 22 July 2024.
• Nelson MM, Forfar Jo. 1971. Associations between drugs administered during pregnancy and congenital anomalies of the fetus. Br Med J 1:523-527.
• Olenmark M, et al. 1987. Fatal iron intoxication in late pregnancy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 25:347-360.
• Singla PN, et al. 1996. Fetal iron status in maternal anemia. Acta Paediatr 85: 1327-1330.
• Tran T, et al. 2000. Intentional iron overdose in pregnancy–management and outcome. J Emerg Med 18:225-228.
• United States Department of Agriculture. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy for Iron. Available at: https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/page-files/iron.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2024.
• World Health Organization. Guideline: Daily Iron Supplementation in adult women and adolescent girls. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/204761/9789241510196_eng.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2024.

Selected References:  

• Ban L, et al. 2014. First trimester exposure to anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs and the risks of major congenital anomalies: a United Kingdom population-based cohort study. PLoS One; 9(6):e100996. 
• Dusci LJ, et al. 1990. Excretion of diazepam and its metabolites in human milk during withdrawal from combination high dose diazepam and oxazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 29:123-6.  
• Kanto JH. 1982. Use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy, labour and lactation, with particular reference to pharmacokinetic considerations. Drugs 23:354-80.  
• Kargas GA, et al. 1985. Perinatal mortality due to interaction of diphenhydramine and temazepam. N Eng J Med 313:1417-8. 
• Kelly LE, et al. Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 161:448-51. 
• Lebedevs TH, et al. 1992. Excretion of temazepam in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 33:204-6. 
• Restoril Prescribing Information. Available online at www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/018163s064lbl.pdf. [Accessed May 2025]. 
• Sheehy O, et al. 2019. Association between incident exposure to benzodiazepines in early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. JAMA psychiatry, 76(9): 948-57.
• Szpunar MJ, et al. 2022. Risk of major malformations in infants after first‐trimester exposure to benzodiazepines: Results from the Massachusetts General Hospital National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. Depression and Anxiety 39.12: 751-9. 

Selected References:  

• Aldridge TD, et al. 2014. First-trimester antihistamine exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion or preterm birth. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 23(10):1043-50.
• Aselton P, et al. 1985. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 65(4):451-455. 
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2003. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a prospective controlled cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(6):1239-1243. 
• Etwel F, et al. 2017. The Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome After First Trimester Exposure to H1 Antihistamines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drug Saf, 40(2):121-132. 
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13(12):1667-98. 
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85(2):137-150.  
• Hansen C, et al. 2020. Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res, 112(16):1234-1252. 
• Hellbom E. 2005. Chlorpheniramine, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and over-the-counter (OTC) treatment. Med Hypotheses. ;66(4):689-90. 
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 168:1393-1399. 
• Jick H, et al. 1981: First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. JAMA 246(4):343-346. 
• Koh YP, et al. 2019. New Change in pregnancy and lactation labeling: Review of dermatologic drugs. Int’l J of Women’s Dermatology, 5(4):216-226 
• Li Q et al. 2013. Assessment of antihistamine use in early pregnancy and birth defects. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 1(6):666-74.  
• Nelson MM and Forfar JJ. 1971. Associations between drugs administered during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities of the fetus. Br Med J. 1;523-527.   
• Ngo E, et al. 2022. Antihistamine use during breastfeeding with focus on breast milk transfer and safety in humans: A systematic literature review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 130(1):171-181.