Selected References:

• Alder SP and Nigro G. 2013. Prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S189-S192.  
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2015. Practice bulletin no. 151: Cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 125(6):1510-25. 
• Azam A, et al. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Obstet Gynecol 97:443-448.  
• Balegamire SJ, et al. 2024. Association Between Maternal Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity, Preterm Birth, and Preeclampsia in Two Cohorts From Quebec, Canada: A Mediation Analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol.;92(4):e13941. 
• Barlinn R, et al. 2022. Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and delayed language development in children at 3 years of age–a nested case-control study in a large population-based pregnancy cohort. PLoS ONE 17(12):e0278623. 
• Boppana SB et al. 2013. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S178-181.  
• Carlson A, et al. 2010. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: Should all women be screened? Reviews in OB & GYN; 3(4):172-179. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2016. Handwashing. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/clinical/features.html.  
• Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. About cytomegalovirus and congenital CMV infection. 
• Chatzakis C, et al. 2020. Timing of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection and rates of vertical transmission and fetal consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(6):870-883.e11. 
• Chiopris G, et al. 2020. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms Oct 1;8(10):1516.  
• Cito G, et al. 2020. Can cytomegalovirus infection affect male reproductive function? Results of a retrospective single-centre analysis. Andrologia; 52(9):e13699. 
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2003. Cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: primary versus secondary infection: a prospective cohort study on 208 pregnancies. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol;67:392. 
• Demmler-Harrison GJ, Miller JA. 2020. Houston Congenital Cytomegalovirus Longitudinal Study Group. Maternal cytomegalovirus immune status and hearing loss outcomes in congenital cytomegalovirus-infected offspring. PLoS One.15(10):e0240172. 
• Enders G, et al. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 189 pregnancies with known outcome. Prenat Diag 21: 362-377.  
• Grazia Revello M, et al. 2014. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. NEJM; 370:14: 1316-26. 
• Farsimadan M, Motamedifar, 2021. The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy. Br J Biomed Sci;78(1):1-11. 
• Feldman DM, et al. 2010. Toxoplasmosis, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus in pregnancy. Clin Lab Med 30(3):709-720.  
• Foulon I, et al. 2008. Hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal trimester in which the maternal primary infection occurred. Pediatrics 122(6):e1123-e1127.  
• Fowler KB, et al. 2003. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Probl Pediatr Adoles Health Care 33:70-93.  
• Fowler KB. 2013. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: audiologic outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S182-S184. 
• Harnprecht K, et al. 2001. Epidemiology of transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to preterm infant by breastfeeding. Lancet 357:513-8.  
• Hughes BL, et al. 2021. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network. A Trial of Hyperimmune Globulin to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. N Engl J Med. 385(5):436-444.  
• Iwasenko JM, et al. 2011. Human cytomegalovirus infection is detected frequently in stillbirths and is associated with fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 203(11):1526-1533. 
• James SH, Kimberlin DW. 2016. Advances in the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Pediatr. 28(1):81-5. 
• Kagan KO, et al. 2021. Outcome of pregnancies with recent primary cytomegalovirus infection in first trimester treated with hyperimmunoglobulin: observational study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 57(4):560-567.  
• Kirschen GW, Burd I. 2023. Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges. Front Virol; 3:1106634. 
• Leruez-Ville M, et al. 2020. Quantifying the Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection With Long-term Sequelae in Subsequent Pregnancies of Women Seronegative at Their First Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 71(7):1598-1603. 
• Lipitz S, et al. 2002. Outcome of pregnancies with vertical transmission of primary cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 100:428-33. 
• Mocanu AG, et al. 2024. The Impact of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection on Spontaneous Abortion History and Pregnancy Outcomes in Romanian Pregnant Women. Microorganisms.;12(4):731.  
• Mestas E. 2016. Congenital cytomegalovirus. Adv Neonatal Care. 16(1):60-5.  
• National CMV Foundation. 2023. For healthcare providers. Physician and OB-GYN Resources, National CMV Foundation, National CMV Foundation.   
• National CMV Foundation. 2023. Possible outcomes. Congenital CMV Outcomes, National CMV Foundation, National CMV Foundation.  
• Nigro G, et al. 2005. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 353:1350-1362.  
• Nigro G. 2017. Hyperimmune globulin in pregnancy for the prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 15(11):977-986.  
• Nigro G and Alder SP. 2013. Hyerimmuneglobulin for prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S193-S195.  
• Ornoy A and Diav-Citrin O. 2006. Fetal effects of primary and secondary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 21:399-409.  
• Oliveira GM, et al. 2019. Detection of cytomegalovirus, herpes virus simplex, and parvovirus b19 in spontaneous abortion placentas. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.32(5):768-775.  
• Page JM, et al. 2019. Stillbirth Associated With Infection in a Diverse U.S. Cohort. Obstet Gynecol 134(6):1187-1196. 
• Pereira L, et al. 2014. Intrauterine growth restriction causes by underlying congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Disease 209: 1573-1584. 
• Pesch MH, et al. 2021. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy: Prevention, Presentation, Management and Neonatal Outcomes. J Midwifery Womens Health. 66(3):397-402. 
• Pesch MH, et al. 2024. Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features. Viruses; 16(10):1552. 
• Picone O, et al. 2013. A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: description and outcomes. Prenatal Diag 33: 751-758. 
• El-Qushayri AE, et al 2020. Hyperimmunoglobulin therapy for the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Nov 30;1-9.  
• Saade GR  2020. The effect of treatment of maternal CMV infection on the development of placental syndrome. AJOG 222(1) Supp:S2-3. 
• Seidenari A, et al. 2024. Follow-Up of Infants With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Following Maternal Primary Infection in the First Trimester and Normal Fetal Brain Imaging at Midgestation. Prenat Diagn; 45(2):178-184. 
• Simonazzi G, et al. 2018. Perinatal outcomes of non-primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection: A 15-year experience. Fetal Diagn Ther. 43(2):138-142. 
• Sorrenti S, et al. 2025. Diagnosis and management of congenital Cytomegalovirus: Critical Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 306:172-180. 
• Williams EJ, et al. 2013. Viral infections: contributions to late fetal death, stillbirth, and infant death. J Pediatr 163(2): 424-428. 
• Yinon T et al. 2010. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 32(4):348-354. 

Selected References:

• Ackerman JP, et al. 2010. A review of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure among school-aged children. Pediatrics 125(3):554-565.  
• Akyuz N, et al. 2014. Structural brain imaging in children and adolescents following prenatal cocaine exposure: preliminary longitudinal findings. Dev Neurosci. 316-28. 
• Behnke M, et al. 2001. The search for congenital malformations in newborns with fetal cocaine exposure. Pediatrics 107(5):E74.  
• Bracken MB, et al. 1990. Association of cocaine use with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Fertil Steril 53:315-322  
• British Columbia Reproductive Care Program. 1999. Substance Use Guideline 5B: Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Care of the Newborn. Retrieved from: www.perinatalservicesbc.ca/Documents/Guidelines-Standards/Newborn/CocaineExposureNewbornCareGuideline.pdf.  
• Cestonari, C, et al. 2022. Infants of mothers with cocaine use: Review of clinical and medico-legal aspects. Children 9(1):67-84. 
• Chiriboga C, et al. 2007. Prenatal cocaine exposures and dose-related cocaine effects on infant tone and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol29: 323-330.  
• Chiriboga CA, et al. 2009. Prenatal cocaine exposure and prolonged focus attention. Poor infant information processing ability or precocious maturation of attentional systems? Dev Neurosci 31(1-2):149-158.  
• Cone EJ, et al. 1996. Cocaine excretion in the semen of drug users. J Anal Toxicol 20:139-140.  
• De Genna, N. M., Goldschmidt, L., & Richardson, G. A. (2022). Prenatal cocaine exposure, early cannabis use, and risky sexual behavior at age 25. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 89, 107060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107060 
• Dos Santos JF, et al. 2018. Maternal, fetal and neonatal consequences associated with the use of crack cocaine during the gestational period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 298(3):487-503. 
• Hoyme HE, et al. 1990. Prenatal cocaine exposure and fetal vascular disruption. Pediatrics 85:743-747.  
• Jufer RA, et al. 2000. Elimination of cocaine and metabolites in plasma, saliva, and urine following repeated oral administration to human volunteers. Journal of analytical toxicology; 24(7), 467–477. 
• Karpova N, 2021. Prenatal drug exposure and executive function in early adolescence. Neurotoxicology and teratology; 88, 107036.  
• Landi N, et al. 2017. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Impacts Language and Reading Into Late Adolescence: Behavioral and ERP Evidence. Dev Neuropsychol. 42(6):369-386.  
• Levine TP, et al. 2008. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education in school-aged children. Pediatrics 122 (1): e83-91.  
• Lewis BA, et al. 2007. Prenatal cocaine and tobacco effects on children’s language trajectories. Pediatrics 120(1):e78-85.  
• Mayer LC, Nicholls S. 2007. Neurocognitive development in middle-school age and adolescent prenatally cocaine-exposed children. Birth Def Res (Part A) 79:381-394.  
• Modernel XD, et al. 2017. Use of crack in pregnancy: repercussions for the newborn.Invest Educ Enferm. 35(3). 
• Montgomery DP, et al. 2008. Using umbilical cord tissue to detect fetal exposure to illicit drugs: a multicentered study in Utah and New Jersey. J Perinatol 28(11):750-753.  
• Morie KP, et al. 2020. Alexithymia, Emotion-Regulation Strategies, and Traumatic Experiences in Prenatally Cocaine-Exposed Young Adults. The American journal on addictions; 29(6), 492–499.  
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Substance Use While Pregnant and Breastfeeding.” National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020, 
• National Library of Medicine (US), 2006. “Cocaine” 
• Ness RB, et al. 1999. Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl Med 340(5):333-339.s 
• Oliveira TA, et al. 2016. Perinatal outcomes in pregnant women users of illegal drugs. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 38(4):183-188. 
• Pires A, et al 2012. Repeated inhalation of crack-cocaine affects spermatogenesis in young and adult mice. Inhal Toxicol. 24(7):439-446.  
• Reece-Stremtan S, Marinelli KA. 2015. ABM clinical protocol #21: guidelines for breastfeeding and substance use or substance use disorder, revised 2015. Breastfeed Med. 10(3):135-41. 
• Richardson GA, et al. 2007.Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth: a longitudinal analysis. Pediatrics. 120(4): e1017-1027.  
• Richardson GA, et al. 2010. Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children. Neurotoxicol Teratol.  
• Richardson GA, et al. 2015. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on adolescent development. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 49:41-8. 
• Roussotte F, et al. 2010. Structural, metabolic, and functional brain abnormalities as a result of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: evidence from neuroimaging. Neuropsychol Rev.  
• Salzwedel A, et al. 2020. Functional dissection of prenatal drug effects on baby brain and behavioral development. Human brain mapping; 41(17), 4789–4803. 
• Semet M, et al. 2017. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology 5:640-63.  
• Serino D, et al. 2018. Psychological Functioning of Women Taking Illicit Drugs during Pregnancy and the Growth and Development of Their Offspring in Early Childhood. J Dual Diagn. 25:1-13. 
• Singer LT, et al. 2000. Neurobehavioral outcomes of cocaine-exposed infant. Neurotoxical Teratol 22(5):653-666.  
• Singer LM, et al. 2008. Prenatal cocaine exposure: drug and environmental effects at 9 years. J Pediatr 153(1): 105-111.  
• Van Gelder MMHJ, et al. 2009. Maternal periconceptional illicit drug use and the risk of congenital malformations. Epidemiology 20(1):60-66.  
• Weathers WT, et al. 1993. Cocaine use in women from a defined population: prevalence at delivery and effects of growth in infants. Pediatrics 91(2):326-239.  
• Yazigi RA, et al. 1991. Demonstration of specific binding of cocaine to human spermatozoa. JAMA 266:1956-1959. 

• Akorn Operating Company LLC. 2023. Olopatadine product label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=f42d26f8-c583-411b-b17f-b3ca9eaba7a2. Accessed 30 September 2024.

Selected References:

• Aselton P, et al. 1985. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 65:451-5.
• Check J, et al. 1982. Improvement of cervical mucus factor with guaifenesin. Fertility and Sterility, 37(5): 707-708.
• Briggs GG, et al. 2017. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 11th ed. Cao Y, et al. 2021. Maternal use of cough medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: a US multisite, case-control study. BMJ Open, 11: e053604.
• Check JH, et al. 1982. Improvement of cervical factor with guaifenesin. Fertil Steril 37:707-8.
• Dicpinigattis, et al. 2003. Effects of guaifenesin on cough reflex and sensitivity. Chest Journal, 126(6): 2178-2181.
• Dude C, et al. 2021. Assessment of the Safety of Common Medications Used During Pregnancy. JAMA, 326(23):2421-2422.
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group.
• Means G, et al. 2010. Guaifenesin and increased sperm motility: a preliminary case report. Int J Gen Med, 4: 13-14.
• PDR.Net. 2024. Guaifenesin-Drug Summary. PDR.Net Accessed December 10, 2024. https://www.pdr.net/drug-summary/Mucinex-guaifenesin-1275.
• Servey J, et al. 2014, Over-the-Counter Medications in Pregnancy. Am Fam Physician, 90(8):548-55.
• Shaw G, et al. 1998. Maternal illness, including fever, and medication use as risk factors for neural tube defects. Teratology, 57: 1-7.
• Silva R, Lee J, et al. 2007. Is guaifenesin safe during pregnancy? J. Family Practice 56 (8): 669-670.

Selected References:

• Amato MP, et al. 2015. Fertility, pregnancy and childbirth in patients with multiple sclerosis: Impact of disease-modifying drugs. CNS Drugs. 29:207–220.
• Andersen JB, et al. 2023. Pregnancy outcomes after early fetal exposure to injectable first-line treatments, dimethyl fumarate, or natalizumab in Danish women with multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 30(1):162-171.
• Bridel C, et al. 2014. Update on multiple sclerosis treatments. Swiss Med Wkly. 144:w14012.
• Ciplea AI, et al. 2020. Dimethyl fumarate transfer into breast milk. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 13:1756286420968414.
• Gold R, et al. 2015. Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate and pregnancy: Preclinical studies and pregnancy outcomes from clinical trials and postmarketing experience. Neurol Ther. 4(2):93-104.
• Hellwig K, et al. 2024. Final analysis of 379 pregnancy outcomes after exposure to dimethyl fumarate in a prospective international registry. Mult Scler 30(2):209-215.
• Landi D, et al. 2024. Maternal and fetal outcomes in an Italian multicentric cohort of women with multiple sclerosis exposed to dimethyl fumarate during pregnancy. Mult Scler 30(11-12):1503-1513.
• Leroy C, et al. 2015. Immunosuppressive drugs and fertility. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 10:136.
• Lu E, et al. 2014. A review of safety-related pregnancy data surrounding the oral disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs; 28(2):89-94.
• Moccia M, et al. 2023. Fertility, pregnancy and childbirth in women with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study from 2018 to 2020. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.94(9):689-697.
• Tecfidera prescribing information. 2024. Available online at: https://www.tecfiderahcp.com/content/dam/commercial/multiple-sclerosis/tecfidera/hcp/en_us/pdf/Tecfidera_PI.pdf.
• Van Neste M, et al. 20 Very low monomethyl fumarate exposure via human milk: a case report-a contribution from the ConcePTION project. Front Public Health. 2;12:1393752.
• Yeh WZ, et al. 2021. Natalizumab, fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate use and pregnancy-related relapse and disability in women with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 96(24):e2989-e3002.