Selected References:

• Alwan S, et al. 2005. Angiotensin II receptor antagonist treatment during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 73:123-130.
• Bass JK, Faix RG. 2006. Gestational Therapy with an Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist and Transient Renal Failure in a Premature Infant. Am J Perinatol. 23:313-318.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Facts about craniosynostosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available oneline at https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/craniosynostosis.html. [Accessed Jan 2023].
• Daikha-Dahmane F, et al. 2006. Foetal kidney maldevelopment in maternal use of angiotensin II type I receptor antagonists. Pediatr Nephrol. 21(5):729-32.
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Reprod Toxicol. 31(4):540-545.
• Gersak K, et al. 2009. Angiotensin II receptor blockers in pregnancy: a report of 5 cases. Reprod Toxicol. 28(1):109-12.
• Lambot M, et al. 2001. Angiotensin-II-receptor inhibitors in pregnancy. Lancet. 357:1619-1620.
• Marin EC, et al. 2014. The role of oxidative stress in renal injury induced in rats by losartan exposure during lactation. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 15(4): 362-377.
• Martinovic J, et al. 2001. Fetal toxic effects and angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists. Lancet. 358:241-242.
• Mulla S, Siddiqui WJ. Losartan. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
• Saji H, et al. 2001. Losartan and fetal toxic effects. Lancet. 357:363.
• Schaefer C. 2003. Angiotensin II-receptor-antagonists: further evidence of fetotoxicity but not teratogenicity. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol. 67:591-594.
• Sergesketter AR, et al. 2019. Characterization of Perinatal Risk Factors and Complications Associated with Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg; 30(2):334-338.
• Serreau R, et al. 2005. Developmental toxicity of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists during human pregnancy: a report of 10 cases. BJOG. 112(6):710-712.
• Sica DA, et al. 2005. Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 44(8):797-814.
• Spaggiari E, et al. 2012. Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers Study Group, Muller F. Prognosis and outcome of pregnancies exposed to renin-angiotensin system blockers. Prenat Diagn. 18:1-6.
• Spence SG, et al. 1995. Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of the AT1-selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan in rats. Teratology. 51:383-97.
• Stevenson KM, et al. 1996. Effects of losartan on the cardiovascular system, renal haemodynamics and function and lung liquid flow in fetal sheep. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 23:125-33.
• Wei Q, et al. 2021. Use of angiotensin II receptor blocker during pregnancy: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 22;100(3):e24304.
• Xie M, et al. 2023. Efficacy of single-pill combination in uncontrolled essential hypertension: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol, 46:886-898.American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. Committee Opinion No. 753: Assessment and Treatment of Pregnant Women with Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. Obstet Gyn 132(4):e169-e173.

Selected References:  

• Andrade C. 2022 Psychotropic drugs with long half-lives: implications for drug discontinuation, occasional missed doses, dosing interval, and pregnancy planning. J Clin Psychiatry, 83:22f14593. 
• Athinarayanan P, et al. 1976. Chlordiazepoxide withdrawal in the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 124:212-213. 
• Crombie DL, et al. 1975. Fetal effects of tranquilizers in pregnancy. New Eng J Med, 293:198-199. 
• Czeizel A. 1988. Lack of evidence of teratogenicity of benzodiazepine drugs in Hungary. Reprod Toxicol, 1:183-188. 
• Czeizel AE, et al. 1997. Teratologic evaluation of 178 infants born to mothers who attempted suicide by drugs during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 90:195-201. 
• Czeizel AE, et al. 2004. A population-based case-control study of oral chlordiazepoxide use during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities. Neurotoxicology & Teratology, 26(4):593-598. 
• Czeizel AE, Mosonyi A. 1997. Monitoring of early human fetal development in women exposed to large doses of chemicals. Environ Mol Mutagen, 30:240-244.  
• Gidai J, et al. 2008. A study of the teratogenic and fetotoxic effects of large doses of chlordiazepoxide used for self-poisoning by 35 pregnant women. Toxicol Ind Health, 24(1-2):41-51. 
• Hartz SC, et al. 1975. Antenatal exposure to meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide in relation to malformations, mental development and childhood mortality. New Eng J Med, 292:726-728. 
• Hughes JM. 1964. Failure to ejaculate with chlordiazepoxide. Am J Psychiatry, 121:610-611. 
• Martino V, Mas M, Davidson JM. 1987. Chlordiazepoxide facilitates erections and inhibits seminal emission in rats. Psychopharmacology, 91:85-89. 
• Milkovich L, Van den Berg BJ. 1974. Effects of prenatal meprobamate and chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride on human embryonic and fetal development. New Eng J Med, 291:1268-1271.  
• Stirrat GM, et al. 1974. Transplacental passage of chlordiazepoxide. Br Med J, 2:729. 

Selected References:

• Flurazepam Drug Label. 2023. https://www.drugs.com/pro/flurazepam.html
• Gentile, S. 2015. Pharmacological management of borderline personality disorder in a pregnant woman with a previous history of alcohol addiction: a case report. Clin Drug Investig, 35(11):761-763.
• Kelly LE, et al. 2012. Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr, 161:448-451.

Selected References:

• Athinarayanan P, et al. 1976. Chlordizaepoxide withdrawal in the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:212-3.
• Brunaud M, et al. 1970. Pharmacological, toxicological, and teratological studies on dipotassium-7-chloro-3-carboxy-1, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dihydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepine-cloraz-epate (dipotassium chlorazepate, 4306 CB), a new tranquilizer. Arzneim Forsch 20:123-5.
• Cole AP, Hailey DM: Diazepam and active metabolites in breast milk and their transfer to the neonate. Arch Dis Child 50:741, 1975.
• Corwin H, DeMyer W. 1980. Failure of chlorazepate to cause malformations or fetal wastage in the rat. Arch Neurol 37:347-9.
• Rey E, et al. 1979. Pharmacokinetics of the placental transfer and distribution of clorazepate and its metabolite nordiazepam into the feto-placental unit and in the neonate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 15:181-5.
• Wesson DR, et al. 1975. Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam in breast milk. J Psychoactive Drugs 17:55-6.

Selected References:

• ACOG Committee Opinion 90: Asthma in Pregnancy, December 2008
• Baker ER,Flanagan MF. 1997. Fetal atrial flutter associated with maternal beta-sympathomimetic drug exposure. Obstet Gynecol 89:861.
• Freysz H, et al. 1977. A long term evaluation of infants who received a beta-mimetic drug while in utero. J Perinat Med 5:94-99.
• Howley MM, et al. (2020). Asthma medication use and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 8(10):3490-3499.
• Kirkland SW, et al. 2017. Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1(1):CD001284.
• Kallen B, Otterblad Olausson P. 2007 Use of anti-asthmatic drugs during pregnancy. 3. Congenital malformations in the infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 63(4):383-388.
• Lin S, et al. 2012. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal asthma medication use and the risk of selected birth defects. Pediatrics 129 (2):e317-324.
• Munsie JPW, et al. 2011. Maternal bronchodilator use and the risk of orofacial clefts. Hum Reprod 26(11):3147-3154.
• National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Working Group. 2004. Report on managing asthma during pregnancy: Recommendations for pharmacologic treatment. Update 2004. NIH publication NO.05-5236. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
• Rayburn WF, et al. 1994. Short-term effects of inhaled albuterol on maternal and fetal circulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:770-773.
• Sottas CE, et al. 2016. Salbutamol has rapid onset pharmacodynamics as a bronchodilator. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 60(9):1328-31.
• Schatz M, et al. 1998. The safety of inhaled (beta)- agonist bronchodilators during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82:686-695.
• Van Zutphen AR, et al. 2015. Maternal asthma medication use during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 103(11):951-61.