Selected References

• Agache I, et al. 2020. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines – recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 75(5):1023-1042.
• Manetz S, et al. 2020. Successful pregnancy in setting of eosinophil depletion by benralizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. S2213-2198(20)31335-0.
• Middleton PG, et al. 2020. ERS/TSANZ Task Force Statement on the management of reproduction and pregnancy in women with airways diseases. Eur Respir J. 55:1901208.
• National Center for Biotechnology Information. «PubChem Compound Summary for , Benralizumab» PubChem, Accessed 7 Oct 2024.
• S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. Fasenra® Prescribing Information. Available online at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761070s000lbl.pdf. Accessed on 9 Dec 2024.

Selected References:

• Anh, N., et al. 2020. Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 6:12(1):157. 
• Briggs GG, Freeman RK. 2014. The reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk: Drugs in pregnancy and lactation. Wolters Kluwer, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.  
• Choi JS, et al. 2015. Assessment of fetal and neonatal outcomes in the offspring of women who had been treated with dried ginger (Zingiberis rhizome siccus) for a variety of illnesses during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 35(2): 125-130.  
• Fischer-Rasmussen, et al. 1991. Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 38(1):19-24. 
• Heitmann K, et al. 2013. Safety of ginger use in pregnancy: results from a large population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 69(2):269-77. 
• Laekeman GM, et al. 2021 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root Extract During Pregnancy: A Clinical Feasibility Study. Planta Med. 87(10-11):907-912. 
• Matthews, A, et al. 2014. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3. 
• McLay JS, et al. 2017. Pregnancy, prescription medicines and the potential risk for herb-drug interactions: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Complement Altern Med 17(1):543. 
• Shalaby MA and Hamowieh AR. 2010. Safety and efficacy of Zingiber officinale roots on fertility of male diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 48(10):2920-4.  
• Tiani K, et al. 2024. The Use of Ginger Bioactive Compounds in Pregnancy: An Evidence Scan and Umbrella Review of Existing Meta-Analyses. Advances in Nutrition, 15(11), 100308 
• Tiran D. 2012. Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012 Feb;18(1):22-5.  
• Viljoen, E., et. al. 2014. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J. 13(20):1-14. 
• Weidner, M. S., and Sigwart, K. 2000. Investigation of the teratogenic potential of a Zingiber officinale extract in the rat. Reproductive Toxicology, 15(1):75-80. 

Selected References:

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• Auger N, et al. Congenital anomalies during Covid-19: artifact of surveillance or a real TORCH? Eur J Epidemiol. 39(6):613-621.
• Carlson J, et al. Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and health outcomes during delivery hospitalization. Obstet Gynecol. 143(1):131-138.
• Chambers, et al. 2020. Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from 18 infected women. JAMA 324(13):1347-1348.
• Che BW, et al. Effects of mild/asymptomatic COVID-19 on semen parameters and sex-related hormone levels in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 25(3):382-388.
• Chen H, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 395(10226):809-815.
• Delahoy MJ, et al. 2020. Characteristics and maternal and birth outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 13 states, March 1–August 22, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1347–1354.
• DeSisto C, et al. 2021. Risk for stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization – United States, March 2020-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1640–1645.
• Edlow AG, et al. 2022. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in infants of mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open 5(6):e2215787.
• Edlow AG, et al. 2023. Sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 1;6(3):e234415.
• Ellington S, et al. 2020. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:769–775.
• Engjom HM, et al. 2024. Perinatal outcomes after admission with COVID-19 in pregnancy: a UK national cohort study. Nat Commun. 15;15(1):3234.
• Fajardo-Martinez V, et al. 2024. Neurodevelopmental delay in children exposed to maternal SARS-CoV-2 in-utero. Sci Rep. 24;14(1):11851.
• Firestein MR, et al. 2023. Assessment of neurodevelopment in infants with and without exposure to asymptomatic or mild maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 6(4):e237396.
• Galang RR, et al. 2021. Risk factors for illness severity among pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection – Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Mothers and Babies Network, 22 state, local, and territorial health departments, March 29, 2020 -March 5, 2021. Clin Infect Dis May 22:ciab432.
• Gilbert G.G. et al. 2021. Sperm quality and absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen after COVID-19 infection: a prospective, observational study and validation of the SpermCOVID test. Fertility and Sterility 117(2):287-296.
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• Gurol-Urganci I, et al. 2021. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: national cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol May 20:S0002-9378(21)00565-2.
• Harel L, et al. 2021. Does the presence of symptoms affect pregnancy outcomes in third trimester in women with SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 35(25):7582–7589.
• Hernández-Díaz S, et al. 2022. First trimester COVID-19 and the risk of major congenital malformations–international registry of coronavirus exposure in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 1;114(15):906-914.
• Holtmann N, et al. 2020. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen – a cohort study. Fertility and Sterility 114 (2):233-238.
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• Jaswa EG, et al. 2024. In utero exposure to maternal COVID-19 and offspring neurodevelopment through age 24 months. JAMA Netw Open. 7(10):e2439792.
• Jering K, et al. 2021. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized women giving birth with and without COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 181(5):714-717.
• Karasek D, et al. 2021. The association of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy with preterm birth: A retrospective cohort study in California. The Lancet Regional Health – Americas Volume 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100027
• Khoury R, et al. 2020. MD Characteristics and outcomes of 241 births to women with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection at five New York City medical centers. Obstetrics & Gynecology 136(2):273-282.
• Krogstad P, et al. 2022. No infectious SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from a cohort of 110 lactating women. Pediatr Res. Published online January 19, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01902-y
• Kummer J, et al. 2024. Covid-19 during pregnancy – Histopathological lesions of the placenta. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 228(1):49-56.
• Lai J, et al. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent development of preeclampsia and preterm birth: evidence of a dose-response relationship supporting causality. AJOG 225(6):689-693.e1.
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• Li Y, et al. 2020. Lack of vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, China. Emerg Infect Dis 26(6):1335-1336.
• Ludvigsson JF, et al. 2024. Three Scandinavian countries did not see the same increase in foetal situs inversus observed in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Paediatr. 113(4):751-752.
• Maeda MFY, et al. 2021. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV2 during pregnancy: a high-risk cohort. Prenat Diag Jul;41(8):998-1008.
• Magnus MC, et al. 2024. Covid-19 infection and vaccination during first trimester and risk of congenital anomalies: Nordic registry based study. BMJ. 386:e079364.
• Metz TD, et al. 2022. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with serious maternal morbidity and mortality from obstetric complications. JAMA 327(8):748-759.
• Neelam V, et al. 2022. Pregnancy and infant outcomes by trimester of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy – SET-NET, 22 jurisdictions, January 25, 2020 - December 31, 2020. Birth Defects Research, 1– 15.
• Newton SM, et al. Preterm birth among pregnant persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection. J Perinatol 42:1328–1337.
• Norman M, et al. 2021. Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy with neonatal outcomes. JAMA May 25;325(20):2076-2086.
• Piekos SN, et al. 2022. The effect of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection timing on birth outcomes: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. Lancet 4(2):E95-E104.
• Reeves EL, et al. 2024. Pregnancy and infant outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy during delta variant predominance – Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Pregnant People and Infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 6(2):101265.
• Ren H, et al. 2024. The association of increased incidence of congenital heart disease in newborns with maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Sci Rep. 22;14(1):24866.
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• Salvatore CM, et al. 2020. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COIVD-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. Lancet Child & Adol Health 4(10):721-727.
• Santos CAD, et al. 2024. Developmental impairment in children exposed during pregnancy to maternal SARS-COV2: A Brazilian cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 139:146-152.
• Sardinha TG, et al. 2024. The effect of body mass index on maternal and perinatal outcomes in COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and postpartum: Secondary analysis from the REBRACO cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 164(3):1019-1027.
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• Schulte A, et al. 2024. COVID-19 in pregnancy: prevalence, management, and outcomes in a single large health system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 37(1):2409360.
• Shlomai NO, et al. 2021. Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in breastfeeding mothers. Pediatrics May;147(5):e2020010918.
• Shuffrey LC, et al. 2021. Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Pediatr 176(6):e215563.
• Smith ER, et al. 2023. Adverse maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 8(1):e009495.
• Stock S, et al. 2022. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland. Nat Med 28, 504–512.
• van Baar JAC, et al: PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium. 2024. COVID-19 in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk and prevalence of pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update. 1;30(2):133-152.
• Villar J, et al. 2021. Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID multinational cohort study. JAMA Pediatr Apr 22:e211050.
• Vivanti AJ, et al. 2020. Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 11, 
• Wei SQ, et al. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Apr 19;193(16):E540-E548.
• Wang Y, et al. 2023. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection during early weeks of gestation with situs inversus. N Engl J Med. 2;389(18):1722-1724.
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• Wong YP, et al. 2021. The effects of COVID-19 on placenta and pregnancy: what do we know so far? Diagnostics (Basel) Jan 8;11(1):94.
• Zambrano LD, et al. 2020. Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:769–75.
• Zeng L, et al. 2020. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr 174(7):722-725.
• Zhou SM, et al. 2024. COVID-19 and pregnancy: a comprehensive study of comorbidities and outcomes. BMC Public Health. 24(1):3157.

Selected References: 

• Abernathy A, et al. 2017. Transient fetal tachycardia after intravenous diphenhydramine administration. Obstet 130(2):374-376.
• Aldridge T, et al. 2014. First-trimester antihistamine exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion or preterm birth. Phamacoepidemiol Drug Saf. Oct 23 (10):1043-50. 
• Anderka M, et al, and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2012. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res (Part A) 94:22-30.
• Aselton P, et al. 1985, First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 65(4):451-455.
• Brost BC, et al. 1996. Diphenhydramine overdose during pregnancy: Lessons from the past. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:1376-7.
• Black RA, et al. 2003. Over-the-Counter Medications in Pregnancy. Am Fam 67(12):2517-2524.
• Brzezińska-Wcisło L, et al. 2017. Pregnancy: a therapeutic dilemma. Adv Dermatol Allergol:XXXIV (5): 433-438.
• Chaudhry SK & Susser LC. 2018. Considerations in treating insomnia during pregnancy: a literature review. Psychosomatics, 59(4), 341-348. 
• Cohen F, et al. 2021. A randomized study of IV prochlorperazine plus diphenhydramine versus IV hydromorphone for migraine-associated symptoms: A post hoc analysis. Headache. 61(8):1227-1233. 
• Friedman BW, et al. 2016.  Diphenhydramine as Adjuvant Therapy for Acute Migraine: An Emergency Department-Based Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 67(1):32-39.
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85(2):137-150. 
• Hansen C, et al. 2020. Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011. Birth Defects Research, 112(16), 1234-1252.
• Hara GS, et al. 1980. Dramamine in labor: potential boon or a possible bomb? J Kans Med Soc 81(3):134-136, 155.
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1393-9.
• Kargas GA, et al. 1985. Perinatal mortality due to interaction of diphenhydramine and temazepam. N Eng J Med 313:1417-8. 
• Li Q, et al. 2013. Assessment of antihistamine use in early pregnancy and birth defects. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 1(6):666-e1. 
• McLafferty LP, et al. 2018. Pharmacologic treatment of sleep disorders in Sleep medicine clinics, 13(2), 243-250.
• Miller MA, et al. 2020. Sleep pharmacotherapy for common sleep disorders in pregnancy and lactation. Chest, 157(1), 184-197.
• Moraes AP, et al. 2004. Maternal exposure to diphenhydramine during the fetal period in rats: effects on physical and neurobehavioral development and on neurochemical parameters. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(5):681-692.
• Moretti ME, et al. 1995. Adverse events in breastfed infants exposed to antihistamines in maternal milk. Reprod Toxicol 9: 588. 
• O’Brien TE. 1974. Excretion of drugs in human milk. Am J Hosp Pharm 31:844-54.
• Parken DE. 1974. Probably Benadryl withdrawal manifestations in a newborn infant. J Pediatr 85:580. 
• Saldanha IJ, et al. 2021. Management of primary headaches during pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding: A systematic review. Headache, 61(1):11-43.
• Saxen I. 1974. Cleft palate and maternal diphenhydramine intake.  Lancet 1(7854):407-408.
• Shenai N, et al. 2018. Fetal outcomes in intentional over-the-counter medication overdoses in Psychosomatics 4:400-404.
• So M, et al. 2010. Safety of antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation. Can Fam Physician 56(5):427-429.
• Spencer JP, et al. 2001. Medications in the Breast-feeding Mother. Am Fam Physician 64(1): 119-127. 
• Wolfson AR, et al. 2022. Diphenhydramine: Time to Move on? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 10(12):3124-313.

Selected References:  

• Andersen JT, et al. 2014. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol 124: 655-661. 
• Anderson KN, et al. 2020. Maternal use of specific antidepressant medications during early pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. JAMA Psychiatry. 77(12):1246-1255
• Bérard A, et al. 2017. SSRI and SNRI use during pregnancy and the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 83(5):1126-1133. 
• Berle JO, et al. 2004. Breastfeeding during maternal antidepressant treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant exposure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome P450 genotypes. J Clin Psychiatry. 65:1228-1234.
• Bonari L, et al. 2004. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 49(11):726-
• Chambers CD, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 354:579-587.
• Colvin L, et al. Dispensing patterns and pregnancy outcomes for women dispensed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology 91:142-152
• Cornet MC, et al. Maternal treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and delayed neonatal adaptation: a population-based cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 18;109(3):294-300.
• Den Besten-Bertholee D, et al. Sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine in lactation: passage into breastmilk and infant exposure. Front Pharmacol 22(15):1414677.
• Desaunay P, et al. 2024. Antidepressants and fetal death: A systematic review and disproportionality analysis in the WHO safety database (VigiBaseⓇ). Psychiatry Res 339: 
• Einarson A, et al. 2009. Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study. Can J Psychiatry 54(4):242-246.
• Ericson A, et al. 1999. Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 55:503-508.
• Gao SY, et al. 2018. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of more than 9 million births. BMC Med 16(1):205.
• Gram MA, et al. Antidepressant exposure patterns during pregnancy and risk of adverse newborn outcomes. Psychiatry Res 342:116274.
• Grigoriadis S, et al. 2013. The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry.74(4):e309-20.
• Heikkinen T, et al. 2002. Citalopram in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 72:184-191.
• Jimenez-Solem E, et al. 2012. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ Open:2e001148 doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001148. 
• Jordan AE, et al. 2008. Serotonin reuptake inhibitor use in pregnancy and the neonatal behavioral syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 21(10):745-751.
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2014. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med. 370(25):2397-407.
• Kallen BAJ and Otterblad Olausson P. 2007. Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and infant congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 79(4):301-308.
• Kallen B and Otterblad Olausson P. 2008. Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17:801-806.
• Kieler H, et al. 2012. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of persistend pulmonary hypertension in the newborn: population based cohort study from the five Noridc BMJ; 344:d8012.
• Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr. 104(4):384-91.
• Louik C, et al. 2007. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 356:2675-2683.
• Milosavljević JZ, et al. 2022.The effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on male and female fertility: a brief literature review. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 26(1):43-49. 
• Morales DR, et al. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: systematic review of observational studies and methodological considerations. BMC Med. 16:1–14.
• Moses-Kolko, EL, et al. 2005. Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors:  Literature review and implications for clinical applications. JAMA 293:2372-2383.
• Newport DJ, et al. 2002. The treatment of postpartum depression: Minimizing infant exposure. J Clin Psychiatry  63(Suppl 7): 31-44.
• Rampono J, et al. 2006. Transfer of escitalopram and its metabolite demethylescitalopram into breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 3:316-22.
• Reefhuis J, et al. 2015. Specific SSRIs and birth defects: bayesian analysis to interpret new data in the context of previous Bmj. 351:h3190.
• Reis M and Kallen B. 2010. Delivery outcome after maternal use of antidepressant drugs in pregnancy: an update using Swedish data. Psychol Med 40(10):1723-1733. 
• Sivojelezova A, et al. 2005. Citalopram use in pregnancy: prospective comparative evaluation of pregnancy and fetal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 193:2004-9.
• Sjaarda LA, et al. Urinary selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors across critical windows of pregnancy establishment: A prospective cohort study of fecundability and pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril 114:1278-1287.
• Tabacova SA, et al. 2004. Adverse developmental events reported to FDS in association with maternal citalopram treatment in Birth Defects Res 70:361.
• Wang S, et al. 2015. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the risk of congenital heart defects: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of the American Heart Association. 4(5).
• Weissman AM, et al. 2004. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry. 161:1066-1078.