Syphilis

Selected References:

Adhikari EH. 2026. Diagnosis and Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 147(3):323-35.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2024. Screening for syphilis in pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2024/04/screening-for-syphilis-in-pregnancy/.[Accessed 03/2026].
Appak O, et al. 2019. [A case of congenital syphilis and prozone phenomenon]. Mikrobiyol Bul 53(3): 336-342. Article in Turkish with English abstract.
Brookings C, et al. 2013. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility. Korean J Urol. 54(3):149-56.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About syphilis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/index.html. [Accessed 03/2026]
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. STD facts – congenital syphilis. https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/about-congenital-syphilis.html. [Accessed 03/2026]
Chevalier FJ, et al. 2025. Syphilis: A Review. JAMA. 334(21):1927-40. Erratum in: JAMA. 334(21):1955.
da Silva HBM, et al. 2024. Syphilis in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A nationwide longitudinal study in Brazil. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 166(1): 80-9.
Desjardins AA, et al. 2025. FIGO Committee on Infections During Pregnancy and FIGO Committee on Health Systems Strengthening. Syphilis in pregnancy: A practical guide for prenatal care providers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 171(2):601-10. 
Gulersen M, et al. 2023. Risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 5(6):100957. Hegde A, et al. 2023. Congenital syphilis: a rare presentation of a forgotten infection. J Infect
Dev Ctries 17(1): 135-138.
Kimberlin DW, et al. 2021. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics; Itasca, IL, USA.
Mascola L, et al. 1985. Congenital syphilis revisited. Am J Dis Child 139:575-80.
Mavrov GI, Goubenko TV. 2001. Clinical and epidemiological features of syphilis in pregnant women: the course and outcome of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest; 52:114-8.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2024. Syphilis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756. [Accessed 03/2026]
Office on Women’s Health. 2024. Sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Accessed 03/2026).
https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/stis-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding
Papp JR, et al. 2024. CDC Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 73(1):1–32.
Peeling RW, et al. 2023. Syphilis. Lancet. 402(10398):336-46.
Rac MW, et al. 2017. Syphilis during pregnancy: a preventable threat to maternal-fetal health. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 216(4): 352-363.
Sankaran D, et al. 2023. Congenital Syphilis-An Illustrative Review. Children (Basel).; 10(8):1310.
Schlueter A, et al. 2022 Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal syphilis infection, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35 (25): 5828-5833,
Stafford IA, et al. 2024. Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis. N Engl J Med. 390(3):242-253. 
Verghese VP, et al. 2018. Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Exposed to Infectious Syphilis In Utero. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 37(6):576-579.
Wan Z, et al. 2020. Maternal syphilis treatment and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in Jiangxi province, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20:648

Syphilis

Selected References:

Andersson NW et al 2021. Evaluation of topical corticosteroids use in pregnancy and risk of newborns being small for gestation al age and having low birth weight. JAMA Dermatol 157(7): 788-795. Doi10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.1090.
Chan TC, et al. 2020. Taiwanese Dermatological Association consensus for the management of atopic dermatitis: A 2020 update. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association.
Chi CC et al. 2013. Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to topical corticosteroids: a UK population-based cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 149(11):1274-1280.
Chi CC, et al. 2015. Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (10):CD007346.
Chi CC, et al. 2016. Safety of Topical Corticosteroids in Pregnancy. JAMA Dermatol. 152(8):934-5.
Chi CC, et al. 2017. Updated evidence-based (S2e) European Dermatology Forum guideline on topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(5):761-773.
Hamann CR, et al. 2018. Pregnancy complications, treatment characteristics and birth outcomes in women with atopic dermatitis in Denmark. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. [Epub ahead of print].
Mygind H et al 2002. Risk of intrauterine growth retardation, malformations and other birth outcomes in children after topical use of corticosteroid pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81(3):234-239.
Stacey SK, McEleney M. 2021. Topical Corticosteroids: Choice and Application. Am Fam Physician; 103(6):337-343.
Tyler KH. 2015. Dermatologic therapy in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 58(1):112-8.
Vestergaard C, et al. 2019. European task force on atopic dermatitis position paper: treatment of parental atopic dermatitis during preconception, pregnancy and lactation period. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 33(9): 1644-1659

Syphilis

Selected References:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About RSV. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/index.html. Accessed 4 March 2026.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. RSV Vaccine Guidance for Pregnant Women. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/vaccine-clinical-guidance/pregnant-people.html. Accessed 4 March 2026.
DeSilva M. 2025. Prenatal RSVpreF Vaccine Safety 2023–2024 Respiratory Season: The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Presented at: Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); June 25, 2025; Atlanta, Georgia. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/acip/downloads/slides-2025-06-25-26/04a-DeSilva-Mat-Peds-RSV-508.pdf. Accessed 4 March 2026.
Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. 2023. Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 72(41):1115-1122.
Kampmann B, et al. 2023. Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants. N Engl J Med; 388:1451-146.
Marchand GJ, et al. 2024. RSVpreF vaccination in pregnancy: a meta-analysis of maternal-fetal safety and infant efficacy. Obstet Gynecol Sci 67(6): 511-524.
Michnick AI, et al. 2026. Interim safety of RSVpreF vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA. 335(5):456–459.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023 (Revised 2025). AbrysvoTM Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/168889/download. Accessed 4 March 2026.
Son M, et al. 2024. Nonadjuvanted bivalent respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and perinatal outcomes. JAMA Netw Open; 7(7):e2419268.

Syphilis

Selected References:

Gallagher M. 2018. Exposure to Dihyroxyacetone in Sunless Tanning Products. Understanding the Risks. J Dermatol Nurses Assoc. 10(1)11-17.
Meadows M. 2003. Don’t be in the dark about tanning. FDA Consumer Magazine, 37:6.
Turner J et al. 2023. In search of the perfect tan: Chemical activity, biological effects, business considerations, and consumer implications of dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning products. J Cosmet Dermatol. 22(1)79-88.
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA). Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/modernization-cosmetics-regulation-act-2022-mocra.
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2024. Sunless tanners and bronzers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/sunless-tanners-bronzers
Yourick JJ, et al. 2004. Fate of chemicals in skin after dermal application: Does the in vitro skin reservoir affect the estimate of systemic absorption? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 195:309-320.

Syphilis

Selected References:

Bandoli G, et al. 2010 Potentially modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol; 163(2):334-339.
Ben-David G, et al. 2008. Pregnancy outcome in women with psoriasis. J Reprod Med; 53(3):183-187.
Berman M, et al. 2018. The effect of pregnancy on disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol; 45(12):1651-1655.
Bobotsis R, et al. 2016. Psoriasis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of observational studies. Br J Dermatol; 175(3):464-472.
Bröms G, et al. 2018. Effect of maternal psoriasis on pregnancy and birth Outcomes: A population-based cohort study from Denmark and Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol; 98(8):728-734.
Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol; 70(3):417.e1-10; quiz 427.
Caldarola G, et al. 2017. Untreated psoriasis impairs male fertility: A case-control study. Dermatology; 233(2-3):170-174.
Carman WJ, et al. 2017. Pregnancy and infant outcomes including major congenital malformations among women with chronic inflammatory arthritis or psoriasis, with and without etanercept use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 26(9):1109-1118.
Cohen-Barak E, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcomes in women with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol; 25(9):1041-1047.
Eudy AM, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes, fertility, and family planning in with psoriatic arthritis. Obstet Med; 13(2)70-75.
Gladman DD, et al. 2005. Psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcome. Ann Rheum Dis; 64 Suppl 2:ii14-17.
Harder E, et al. 2014. No increased risk of fetal death or prolonged time to pregnancy in women with psoriasis. Invest Dermatol; 34(6):1747-1749.
Huerta C, et al. 2007. Incidence and Risk Factors for Psoriasis in the General Population. Arch Dermatol; 143(12):1559-1565.
Johansen CB, et al. 2022. Psoriasis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide case-control study in 491,274 women in Denmark. JAAD; Int 7: 146–155.
Kerola AM, et al. 2024. Patterns of reproductive health in inflammatory rheumatic diseases and other immune-mediated diseases: a nationwide registry study. Rheumatology (Oxford). keae122. PMID: 38503536.
Kimball AE et al. 2021. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis From the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR) JAMA Dermatol; 157(3): 1–6.
Meissner Y, et al. 2021. Pregnancy in women with psoriatic arthritis: A systematic literature review of disease activity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Semin Arthritis Rheum; 51(3):530-538.
Meserve J, et al. 2021. Paternal Exposure to Immunosuppressive and/or Biologic Agents and Birth Outcomes in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Gastroenterology; 161(1):107-115.
Lima XT, et al. 2012. The impact of psoriasis on pregnancy outcomes. J Invest Dermatol; 132(1):85-91.
McMullan P, et al. 2024. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: An Update – Part I: Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; S0190-9622(24)00109-9.
Murase JE, et al. 2005. Hormonal effect on psoriasis in pregnancy & post-partum. Arch Dermatol; 141(5):601-606.
Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; 70(3):401.e1-14.
Ostensen M. 1992. The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol; 28(3-4):235-237.
Polachek A, et al. 2018. Outcome of pregnancy in women with psoriatic arthritis compared to healthy controls. Clinic Rheum; 38: 895-902.
Rademaker M, et al. 2018. Psoriasis in those planning a family, pregnant or breast-feeding. The Australasian Psoriasis Collaboration. Australas J Dermatol; 59(2):86-100.
Rahmati S, et al. 2023. Impact of maternal psoriasis on adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 23(1):703.
Raychaudhuri SP, et al. 2003. Clinical course of psoriasis during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol; 42(7):518-20.
Remaeus K, et al. 2019. Maternal and infant pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriatic arthritis: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. BJOG; 126(10):1213-1222.
Secher AEP, et al. 2025. Preterm birth in women with psoriatic arthritis: what are the risks and risk factors? A collaborative cohort study from Sweden, Denmark and Norway. RMD Open; 11(4):e005614.
Seeger JD, et al. 2007. Pregnancy and pregnancy outcome among women with inflammatory skin diseases. Dermatol; 214(1)32-39.
Smith C, et al. 2020. Birth outcomes and disease activity during pregnancy in a prospective cohort of women with psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Amer Col Rheum; 72(7):1029-1037
Tuğrul Ayanoğlu B, et al. 2018. Diminished ovarian reserve in patients with psoriasis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol; 57(2):227-230.
Ursin K, et al. 2018. Disease activity of psoriatic arthritis during and after pregnancy: A prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken); 71(8):1092-1100.
Yaghi M, et al. 2024. Safety of Dermatologic Medications in Pregnancy and Lactation: An Update – Part II: Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol; S0190-9622(24)00110-5.
Yang YW, et al. 2011. Psoriasis and pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol; 64(1):71-77.
Yiu ZZ, et al. 2014. Safety of biological therapies for psoriasis: effects on reproductive potential and outcomes in male and female patients. Br J Dermatol; 171(3):485-491.
Yiu ZZ, et al. 2015. Safety of conventional systemic therapies for psoriasis on reproductive potential and outcomes. J Dermatolog Treat; 30:1-6.