Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

Selected References:

  • Alwan S, et al. 2016. Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: a review of current evidence. CNS Drugs, 30(6):499-515.
  • Andersen JT, et al. 2014. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Obstet Gynecol, 124:655-661.
  • Bandoli G, et al. 2020. Prenatal antidepressant use and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Pediatrics, 146(1):e20192493.
  • Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open, 7:e013372.
  • Bonari L, et al. 2004. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry, 49(11):726-735.
  • Burch KJ and Wells BG. 1992. Fluoxetine/norfluoxetine concentrations in human milk. Pediatrics, 89:676-677.
  • Chambers CD, et al. 1999. Weight gain in infants breastfed by mothers who take fluoxetine. Pediatrics, 104(5):I1-15.
  • Chambers C, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med, 354(6)579-587.
  • Desaunay P, Eude LG, Dreyfus M, Alexandre C, Fedrizzi S, Alexandre J, Uguz F, Guénolé F. Benefits and Risks of Antidepressant Drugs During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Meta-analyses. Paediatr Drugs. 2023 May;25(3):247-265. doi: 10.1007/s40272-023-00561-2. Epub 2023 Feb 28. PMID: 36853497.
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2008. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicenter, controlled, observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 66(5):695-705.
  • Gao SY, et al. 2017. Fluoxetine and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 83(10):2134-2147.
  • Goldstein DJ, Marvel DE. 1993. Psychotropic medications during pregnancy: risk to the fetus. JAMA, 270:2177.
  • Goldstein DJ, et al. 1997. Effects of first-trimester fluoxetine exposure on the newborn. Obstet Gynecol, 89:713-8.
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2013. The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 74(4):e309-20.
  • Grigoriadis S, et al. 2019. Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy alone or in combination with an antidepressant and congenital malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry, 80(4):18r12412.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2014. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac defects. N Engl J Med, 370:2397-2407.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2015. Antidepressant use late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. JAMA, 313(21):2142-2151.
  • Isenberg KE. 1990. Excretion of fluoxetine in human breast milk. J Clin Psychiatry, 51:169.
  • Jimenez-Solem E et al. 2012. Exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital malformations: a nationwide cohort study. BMJ, 2:e001148.
  • Jordan S, et al. 2019. Antidepressant prescriptions, discontinuation, depression and perinatal outcomes, including breastfeeding: a population cohort analysis. PLoS One, 14(11):e0225133.
  • Kaplan et al. 2017. Maternal SSRI discontinuation, use, psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism in children: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 83(12):2798-2806.
  • Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr, 104(4):384-391.
  • Kristensen JH, et al. 1999. Distribution and excretion of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in human milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 48(4):521-527.
  • Levinson-Castiel R, et al. 2006. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 160:173-176.
  • Louik C, et al, 2007. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med, 356:2675-2683.
  • Lusskin SI, et al. 2018. Pharmacotherapy for Perinatal Depression. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 61(3):544-561.
  • Masarwa R, et al. 2019. Prenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 220(1):57.e1-57.e13.
  • Morris R, Matthes J. 2015. Serotonin syndrome in a breast-fed neonate. BMJ Case Rep, doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-209418.
  • Moses-Kolko, E.L. et al. 2005. Neonatal signs after late in utero exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Literature review and implications for clinical applications. J Am Med Assoc, 293: 2372-2383.
  • Nulman I, et al. 1997. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. NEJM, 336(4):258-262.
  • Nulman I, et al. 2002. Child development following exposure to tricyclic antidepressants or fluoxetine throughout fetal life: a prospective, controlled study. Am J Psychiatry, 159(11):1889-1895.
  • Ornoy A. 2017. Neurobehavioral risks of SSRIs in pregnancy: Comparing human and animal data. Reprod Toxicol, 72:191-200.
  • Pedersen LH, et al. 2009. Selective serotonin inhibitors in pregnancy and congenital malformations: population based cohort study. BMJ, 339:b3569.
  • Rampono J, et al. 2009. Placental transfer of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants and effects on the neonate. Pharmacopsychiatry, 42(3):95-100.
  • Ruchkin V, Martin A. 2005. SSRIs and the developing brain. Lancet, 365:451-453.
  • Sanz E, et al. 2005. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet, 365:482-487.
  • Sjaarda LS et al. 2020. Urinary selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors across critical windows of pregnancy establishment: a prospective cohort study of fecundability and pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril, 114(6):1278-1287.
  • Strain, SL. 1994. Fluoxetine-initiated ovulatory cycles in two clomiphene-resistant women. J Am J Psychiatry, 151(4):620.
  • Salisbury AL, et al. 2016. The roles of maternal depression, serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment, and concomitant benzodiazepine use on infant neurobehavioral functioning over the first postnatal month. Am J Psychiatry, 173(2):147-157.
  • Sylvester C, et al. 2019. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and fertility: considerations for couples trying to conceive. Harv Rev Psychiatry, 27(2):108-118.
  • Taddio A, Ito S, and Koren G. 1996. Excretion of fluoxetine and its metabolite, norfluoxetine, in human breastmilk. J Clin Pharmacol, 36(1)42-47.
  • Wang S, et al. 2015. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and the risk of congenital heart defects: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of the American Heart Association, 4(5)e001681.
  • Wen SW, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 194(4):961-966.
  • Wisner KL, Avram MJ, George AL Jr, Abramova TV, Yang A, Caritis SN, Costantine MM, Stika CS. Concentrations of Fluoxetine Enantiomers Decline During Pregnancy and Increase After Birth. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2024 Mar-Apr 01;44(2):100-106. doi: 10.1097/JCP.0000000000001821. PMID: 38421920; PMCID: PMC10906734.
  • Yang F, et al. 2017. Risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring following paternal use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors before conception: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open, 7(12):e016368.
  • Yang F, et al. 2018. Prenatal paternal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors use and risk of ADHD in offspring. Pediatrics, 141(1):e20171081.
  • Yonkers KA, et al. 2009. The management of depression during pregnancy: a report from the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol, 114(3):703-713.
  • Yoshida, K, et al. 1998. Fluoxetine in breastmilk and developmental outcome of breastfed infants. Br J Psychiatry, 172:175-178.
  • Pregnant Women with Suspected or Confirmed Influenza. Obstet Gyn,132(4):e169-e173.


Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

Selected References:

  • Almeida AR, et al. (2023). Challenges encountered by natural repellents: Since obtaining until the final product. Pestic Biochem Physiol.195:105538.
  • Barr DB, et al. 2010. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ 408(4):790-795.
  • Byrne S. 2016. Consumer Reports. Mosquito Repellents That Best Protect Against Zika. Available at: http://www.consumerreports.org/insect-repellents/mosquito-repellents-that-best-protect-against-zika/
  • Diaz JH. 2016. Chemical and plant-based insect repellents: efficacy, safety, and toxicity. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 27(1):153-63.
  • Dugas J, et al. 2010. Use of biocides and insect repellents and risk of hypospadias. Occup Environ Med 67:196-200.
  • Repellents: Protection against Mosquitoes, Ticks and Other Arthropods. Sept 14, 2021. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents. Accessed July 7, 2022.
  • Fradin MS et al. 2002. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. New Eng J of Med 347.1: 13-18.
  • Goodyer, L. et al. 2018. Mosquito repellents for the traveller: does picaridin provide longer protection than DEET? J Travel Med 25(suppl_1):S10.
  • Lupi E, et al. 2013. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.—a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 11(6):374-411.
  • McGready R, et al. 2001. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 65(4):285-9.
  • Nguyen Q D, et al. 2018. IInsect repellents: an updated review for the clinician. J of the Amer Acad of Derm.
  • Orders, M. 2021. Insect Repellents. Med Lett Drugs Ther 63(1628): 109-112.
  • Segal TR, et al. 2017. Urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA), a major metabolite of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Hum Reprod 32(12):2532-2539.
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2019. Management of patients in the context of Zika virus. ACOG Committee Opinion, number 784. Obstet Gynecol. 134:e64.
  • The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevent Mosquito Bites. Dec 2019. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/?CDC . Accessed August 2024.
  • Wylie B., et al. 2016. Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika Virus. Obstetrics and Gynecology; 128(5), 1111–1115.


Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

Selected References:

  • Amir LH, et al. 2006. A case-control study of mastitis: nasal carriage of Staphylococcus BMC Family Practice 7:57.
  • Behari P, et al. 2004. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to preterm infants through breast milk. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25(9):778-780.
  • Briggs G. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 7th Ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Williams.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Staph food poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/staph-food-poisoning/about/index.html [Accessed 8/2024].
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevent MRSA in higher risk settings. https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html#cdc_prevention_when_traveling-prevent-mrsa-in-higher-risk-settings [Accessed 8/2024].
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Strategies to prevent hospital-onset Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in acute care facilities. https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/hcp/prevent-in-acute-care-facilities/index.html [Accessed 8/2024].
  • De Rose, et al. 2023. Staphylococcal infections and neonatal skin: data from literature and suggestions for the clinical management from four challenging patients. Antibiotics. 12(4):632.
  • Elston DM. 2007. Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol 56(1):1-16.
  • Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. 2020. Bacterial infection of the male reproductive system causing infertility. J Reprod Immunol. 142:103183.
  • Frank A, et al. 1999. Community-acquired and clindamycin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Ped Inf Dis J 18:993-1000.
  • Gastelum DT, et al. 2005. Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 24(12):1122-1124. 2
  • Goto H, et al. 2003. Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics. Jpn J Antibiot. 58(3):326-58.
  • Kawada M, et al. 2003. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between healthy, lactating mothers and their infants by breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 19(4):411- 417.
  • Kriebs JM. 2016. Staphylococcus Infections in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Risks. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 30(2):115-23.
  • Laibl V, et al. 2005. Clinical Presentation of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 106 (3):461- 5.
  • Leshem E et al. 2012. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from mothers to newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Apr;31(4):360-3.
  • Lazenby GB, et al. 2012. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among women admitted for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 206(4):329.e1-5.
  • Maglio D, et al. 2005. Simulation of antibiotic pharmacodynamic exposure for the empiric treatment of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a report from the OPTAMA program. Clin Ther. 27(7):1032-42.
  • Piva S, Mariella J, et al 2021. Epidemiologic case investigation on the zoonotic transmission of Staphylococcus aureus infection from goat to veterinarians. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Sep;68(6):684-690.
  • Price M, et al. 1998. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatology outpatient population. South Med J 91:369-71.
  • Saravolatz L, et al. 1982. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 96:11-16.
  • Sheffield JS. 2013. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. Am J Perinatol. 30(2):125-9.
  • Younger Meek, American Academy of Pediatrics, et al. 2022. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics; 150 (1): e2022057988.


Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

  • Agrawal M, et al. 2022. Antithyroid drug therapy in pregnancy and risk of congenital anomalies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical endocrinology, 96(6):857–868.
  • Akmal A, Kung J. 2014. Propylthiouracil, and methimazole, and carbimazole-related hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13(10):1397-1406.
  • Alexander EK, et al. 2017. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid: official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 27(3):315–389.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology. 2020. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 223. Obstet Gynecol, 135(6):e261-e274.
  • Andersen SL, et al. 2013. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98(11):4374-4381.
  • Andersen SL, et al. 2017. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Swedish nationwide study. Euro J Endocrinol, 177(4):369-378.
  • Andersen SL, Andersen S. 2020. Antithyroid drugs and birth defects. Thyroid Res, 13:11.
  • Arata N, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcomes of exposure to methimazole (POEM) study: an interim report. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 70(11):1976-1982.
  • Awosika AO, et al. 2023. Methimazole. StatPearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL), available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545223/
  • Azizi F. 2003. Thyroid function in breast-fed infants is not affected by methimazole-induced maternal hypothyroidism: results of a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest, 26:301-304.
  • Baid SK, Merke DP. 2007. Aplasia cutis congenita following in utero methimazole exposure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 20:585-586.
  • Barbero P, et al. 2008. Choanal atresia associated with maternal hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole: a case-control study. Am J Med Genet, 146A(18):2390-2395.
  • Cassina M, et al. 2012. Pharmacologic treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 94(8):612-619.
  • Chan GW, Mandel SJ. 2007. Therapy insight: management of Graves’ disease during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab; 3(6):470-8.
  • Chen CH, et al. 2011. Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes with antithyroid treatment during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based study. BJOG, 118:1365-1373.
  • Clementi M, et al. 1999. Methimazole embryopathy: delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet, 83:43-46.
  • Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics, 108:776-789.
  • Cooper DS. 1987. Antithyroid drugs: to breast-feed or not to breast-feed. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157:234-235.
  • Diav-Citrin O, Ornoy A. 2002. Teratogen update: antithyroid drugs-methimazole, carbimazole, and propylthiouracil. Teratology, 65:38-44.
  • Di Gianantonio E, et al. 2001. Adverse effects of prenatal methimazole exposure. Teratology, 64(5):262–266.
  • Dumi M, et al. 2002. Choanal stenosis, hypothelia, deafness, recurrent dacryocystitis, neck fistulas, short stature, and microcephaly: report of a case. Am J Med Genet, 113:295-297.
  • Dumitrascu MC, et al. 2021. Hyperthyroidism management during pregnancy and lactation (Review). Exp Ther Med, 22(3):960.
  • Eisenstein Z, et al. 1992. Intellectual capacity of subjects exposed to methimazole or propylthiouracil in utero. Eur J Pediatr, 151:558-559.
  • Ferraris S, et al. 2003. Malformations following methimazole exposure in utero: an open issue. Birth Defects Res (Part A), 67:989-992.
  • Francis T, et al. 2020. Safety of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy: update and therapy implications. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 19(5):565-576.
  • Gianetti E, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest, 38(9):977-985.
  • Greenberg F. 1987. Brief clinical report: Choanal atresia and athelia: Methimazole teratogenicity or a new syndrome? Am J Med Genet, 28:931-934.
  • Gripp KW, et al. 2011. Grade 1 microtia, wide anterior fontanel and novel type trachea-esophageal fistula in methimazole embryopathy. Am J Med Genet A, 155A(3):526-533.
  • Howley MM, et al. 2017. Thyroid medication use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res, 109(18):1471-1481.
  • Hudzik B, Zubelewicz-Szkodzinska B. 2016. Antithyroid drugs during breastfeeding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 85(6):827-830.
  • Johnsson E, et al. 1997. Severe malformations in infant born to hyperthyroid woman on methimazole. Lancet, 350:1520.
  • Karlsson FA, et al. 2002. Severe embryopathy and exposure to methimazole in early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(2):947-949.
  • Korelitz JJ, et al. 2013. Prevalence of thyrotoxicosis, antithyroid medication use, and complications among pregnant women in the United States. Thyroid, 23:758-765.
  • Martin-Denavit T, et al. 2000. Ectodermal abnormalities associated with methimazole intrauterine exposure [letter]. Am J Med Genet, 94:338-340.
  • Methimazole tablets, USP Prescribing Information. Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. Spring Valley, NY 10977. Accessed May 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/040350s016lbl.pdf
  • Mitsuda N, et al. 1992. Risk factors for developmental disorders in infants born to women with Graves disease. Obstet Gynecol; 80(3 Pt 1):359-64.
  • Momotani M, et al. 1984. Maternal hyperthyroidism and congenital malformation in the offspring. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford), 20:695-700.
  • Purnamasari D, et al. 2019. Gastroschisis Following Treatment with High-Dose Methimazole in Pregnancy: A Case Report. Drug Saf Case Rep, 6(1):5.
  • Radetti G, et al. 2002. Foetal and neonatal thyroid disorders. Minerva Pediatr; 54(5):383-400.
  • Rasmussen SA, et al. 2007. Maternal thyroid disease as a risk factor for craniosynostosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, 110(2 Pt 1):369–377.
  • Romeo AF, Obican SG. 2020. Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Medications. Birth Defects Res, 112(15):1150-1170.
  • Sargent KA, et al. 1994. Apparent scalp-ear-nipple (Findlay) syndrome in a neonate exposed to methimazole in-utero. Am J Hum Genet, 55:A312.
  • Sato Y, et al. 2014. A case of fetal hyperthyroidism treated with maternal administration of methimazole. J Perinatol, 34(12):945-347.
  • Seo GH, et al. 2018. Antithyroid drugs and congenital malformations. A nationwide Korean cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 168(6):405-413.
  • Seoud M, et al. 2003. Gastrointestinal malformations in two infants born to women with hyperthyroidism untreated in the first trimester. Am J Perinatol, 20:59-62.
  • Shepard TH, et al. 2002. Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology, 65(4):153–161.
  • Stagnaro-Green A, et al. 2011. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid, 21:1081-1125.
  • Tegler L, Lindstrom B. 1980. Antithyroid drugs in milk. Lancet, 2:591.
  • The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN (ed). 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, pp. 196-197.
  • Tonacchera M, et al. 2020. Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with thionamides: a position paper on indications and safety in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest, 43(2):257-265.
  • Wilson LC, et al. 1998. Choanal atresia and hypothelia following methimazole exposure in utero: a second report. Am J Med Genet, 75:220-222.


Fluoxetine (Prozac®)

Selected References:

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 57(RR07):1-60.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Clinical Overview of Evaluating and Managing Patients Exposed to Birds Infected with Avian Influenza A Viruses of Public Health Concern. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/hcp/clinicians-evaluating-patients/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/clinicians-evaluating-patients.htm. Accessed 28 June 2024.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Current U.S. Bird Flu Situation in Humans. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/inhumans.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/hpai-interim-recommendations.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Avian Influenza A Viruses in People. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/index.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Reducing Risk for People Working with or Exposed to Animals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/worker-protection-ppe.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
  • Fiore AE et al. 2010. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 59(RR-8):1-62. Er ratum: Vol . 59, No. RR-8.
  • Gu J, et al. 2007. H5N1 infection of respiratory tract and beyond: a molecular pathology study. Lancet 370:1137-1145.
  • Le TV, et al. 2019. Fatal avian influenza A(H5N1) infection in a 36‐week pregnant woman survived by her newborn in Sóc Trăng Province, Vietnam, 2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 13(3):292-297.
  • Liu S, et al. 2016. Avian influenza virus in pregnancy. Rev Med Virol 26(4):268-284.
  • Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus. 2008. Update on Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Humans. N Engl J Med 358(3):261-273.
  • Zaman K, et al. 2008. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 359(15):1555-64.