Selected References:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 57(RR07):1-60.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Clinical Overview of Evaluating and Managing Patients Exposed to Birds Infected with Avian Influenza A Viruses of Public Health Concern. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/hcp/clinicians-evaluating-patients/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/clinicians-evaluating-patients.htm. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Current U.S. Bird Flu Situation in Humans. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/inhumans.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/hpai-interim-recommendations.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Avian Influenza A Viruses in People. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/index.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Reducing Risk for People Working with or Exposed to Animals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/worker-protection-ppe.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Fiore AE et al. 2010. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 59(RR-8):1-62. Er ratum: Vol . 59, No. RR-8.
• Gu J, et al. 2007. H5N1 infection of respiratory tract and beyond: a molecular pathology study. Lancet 370:1137-1145.
• Le TV, et al. 2019. Fatal avian influenza A(H5N1) infection in a 36‐week pregnant woman survived by her newborn in Sóc Trăng Province, Vietnam, 2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 13(3):292-297.
• Liu S, et al. 2016. Avian influenza virus in pregnancy. Rev Med Virol 26(4):268-284.
• Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus. 2008. Update on Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Humans. N Engl J Med 358(3):261-273.
• Zaman K, et al. 2008. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 359(15):1555-64.

Selected References:

• Carvajal A, et al. 2015. Emergency contraceptive pill safety profile. Comparison of the results of a follow-up study to those coming from spontaneous reporting. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 24(1): 93–97.
• De Santis M, et al. 2005. Failure of the emergency contraceptive levonorgestrel and the risk of adverse effects in pregnancy and on fetal development: an observational cohort study. Fertility and Sterility 84(2):296–299.
• Endler M, et al. 2022. Effect of levonorgestrel emergency contraception on implantation and fertility: A review. Contraception 109:8-18.
• Gainer E, et al. 2007. Levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics in plasma and milk of lactating women who take 1.5 mg for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod 22(6):1578-84.
• Leelakanok N. & Methaneethorn J. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the adverse effects of levonorgestrel emergency oral contraceptive. Clinical Drug Investigation 40(5):395–420.
• Mierzejewska A, et al. 2024. Emergency contraception – a narrative review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 299:188-192.
• Polakow-Farkash S et al. 2013. Levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception during lactation-A prospective observational cohort study on maternal and infant safety. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 26:219-221.
• Shohel M, et al. 2014. A systematic review of effectiveness and safety of different regimens of levonorgestrel oral tablets for emergency contraception. BMC Women’s Health 14(54).
• Shurie S, et al. 2018. Levonorgestrel only emergency contraceptive use and risk of ectopic pregnancy in Eldoret Kenya: a case-control study. The Pan African Medical Journal 31(214).
• Shaaban OM et al. 2019. Levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills use during breastfeeding; effect on infants’ health and development. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 32:2524–2528.
• Trussell J, et al. 2003. Ectopic pregnancy following use of progestin-only ECPs. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 29(4):249.
• von Hertzen H, et al. 2002. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet 360(9348):1803-1810.
• Zhang J, et al. 2015. Association between levonorgestrel emergency contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a multicenter case-control study. Sci Rep 5(8487)

Selected References:

• Barr M Jr, Cohen MM Jr. 1991. ACE inhibitor fetopathy and hypocalvaria: the kidney-skull connection. Teratology, 44:485-495.
• Bhatt-Mehta V, Deluga KS. 1993. Fetal exposure to lisinopril: neonatal manifestations and management. Pharmacotherapy, 13(5): 515-518.
• Burrows RF, Burrows EA. 1998. Assessing the teratogenic potential of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 38(3):306-311.
• Cooper WO, et al. 2006. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J Med, 354(23): 2443-2451.
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Reprod Toxicol, 31(4):540-545.
• Filler G, et al. 2003. Early dialysis in a neonate with intrauterine lisinopril exposure. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 88(2):F154-156.
• Friedman JM. 2006. ACE inhibitors and congenital anomalies. N Engl J Med, 354:2498-2500.
• Karthikeyan VJ, et al. 2011. Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers safe in pregnancy: a report of ninety-one pregnancies. J Hypertens, 29(2):396-399.
• Lennestal R, et al. 2009. Maternal use of antihypertensive drugs in early pregnancy and delivery outcome, notably the presence of congenital heart defects in the infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 65(6):615-625.
• Lip GYH, et al. 1997. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in early pregnancy. Lancet, 350:1446-1447.
• Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. 2018. Prinivil product label.
• Moretti ME, et al. 2012. The fetal safety of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Obstet Gynecol Int.
• National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). 2011. Hypertension in Pregnancy. Appendix O. Safety of commonly used antihypertensive drugs during breastfeeding. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 107. London: RCOG Press.
• Polifka JE. 2012. Is there an embryopathy associated with first-trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists? A critical review of the evidence. Birth Defects Res (Part A), 94:576-598.
• Pryde PG, et al. 1993. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol, 3:1575-1582.
• Rosa F, Bosco L. 1991. Infant renal failure with maternal ACE inhibition. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161(1 Part 2):273 (abstract).
• Tomlinson AJ, et al. 2000. Malignant primary hypertension in pregnancy treated with lisinopril. Ann Pharmacother, 34(2):180-182.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1992. Upgraded warning on the use of ACE inhibitors during pregnancy.
• Yip SK, et al.1998. Exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors during first trimester: is it safe to fetus? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 77:570-571.

Selected References:

• Aljary H et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective population-based cohort study. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 33;4:618-624.Atladóttir HO, et al. 2009. Association of family history of autoimmune diseases and autism spectrum disorders. Pediatr, 124:687-694.
• Bandoli G et al. 2020. Mediation of adverse pregnancy outcomes in autoimmune conditions by pregnancy complications. Arthritis Care Res, 72(2):256-264.
• Bermas BL, Sammaritano LR. 2015. Fertility and pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Fertil Res Pract. 2015 Aug 27;1:13.
• Bourg M et al. 2020. Fertility and sexuality of women with inflammatory arthritis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 251:199-205.
• Brouwer J, et al. 2015. Brief report: Miscarriages in female rheumatoid arthritis patients: Associations with serologic findings, disease activity, and antirheumatic drug treatment. Arthritis Rheumatol, 67(7):1738-1743.
• Brouwer J, et al. 2015. Fertility in women with rheumatoid arthritis: influence of disease activity and medication. Ann Rheum Dis, 74(10):1836-1841.
• Brouwer J, et al.2917.Subfertility in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Outcome of Fertility Assessments. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017 Aug;69(8):1142-1149.
• Comi AM, et al. 1999. Familial clustering of autoimmune disorders and evaluation of medical risk factors in autism. J Child Neurol, 14:388-394
• de Man YA, et al. 2014. Disease activity or remission of rheumatoid arthritis before, during and following pregnancy. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 26(3):329-333.
• de Man YA, et al. 2008. Disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: results from a nationwide prospective study. Arthritis Rheumatol, 59(9):1241-1248.
• De Santis M, et al. 2005. Paternal and maternal exposure to leflunomide: pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Ann Rheum Dis, 64(7):1096-1097.
• Dissanayke TD et al. 2020. Peripartum issues in the inflammatory arthritis patient: a survey of the RAPPORT registry. Nature Scientific Report, 10:3733.
• Ekström K, et al. 2003. Risk of malignant lymphomas in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in their first-degree relatives. Arthritis Rheum, 48:963-970.
• Fischer-Betz R, et al. 2015. High risk of flares during pregnancy in women with rheumatoid arthritis who discontinue treatment with TNF Inhibitors at conception. Arthritis Rheumatol, 67(suppl 10).
• Förger F, et al. 2012. Pregnancy mediated improvement of rheumatoid arthritis. Swiss Med Wkly, 142:w13644.
• Förger F et al. 2019. Discontinuing TNF-inhibitors before gestational week 20 in well controlled rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile arthritis is not associated with a disease worsening in late pregnancy. Arthritis and Rheumatology, 71(6)901-907.
• Ikram N, Eudy A, Clowse MEB. 2021. Breastfeeding in women with rheumatic diseases. Lupus Sci Med. Apr;8(1):e000491. Childbearing decisions and family size among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum, 55(2):217-223.
• Keeling SO et al. 2020. A population-level analysis of the differing effects of rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis on peripartum outcomes. J Rheumatol, 47:197-203.
• Krause ML, Makol A. 2016. Management of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: challenges and solutions. Open Access Rheumatol, 8:23-36.
• Littlejohn, Emily A. 2020. Pregnancy and rheumatoid arthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology.64: 52-58
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2014. 960 Exposure to anti-TNFα therapy in the third trimester of pregnancy is not associated with increased adverse outcomes: Results from the PIANO Registry. Gastroenterol, 146(5), Suppl 1:S-170.
• Mellemkjær L, et al. 2000. Cancer among children of parents with autoimmune diseases. Br J Cancer, 82:1353-1357.
• Nathan NO et al. 2020. Rheumatoid arthritis and risk of spontaneous abortion: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Rheumatology, 59:1984-1991.
• Østensen M, et al. 2015. State of the art: Reproduction and pregnancy in rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev, 14(5):376-86.
• Park JS et al. 2022. Risk of pregnancy complications and low birth weight offsprings in Korean women with rheumatic diseases: a nationwide population-based study. J Korean Med Sci; 37(2):e18
• Rom AL, et al. 2016. Parental rheumatoid arthritis and long-term child morbidity: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis, 75:1831-1837
• Spinillo A, et al. 2016. The impact of unrecognized autoimmune rheumatic diseases on the incidence of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction: a longitudinal cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16(1):313.
• van den Brandt S, et al. 2017. Risk factors for flare and treatment of disease flares during pregnancy in rheumatoid arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther, 19(1):64.
• Viktil KK, et al. 2012. Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: A cohort study among 50,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers. Scand J Rheumatol, 41(3):196-201.
• Vinet, É and Bernatsky, S. 2017. Outcomes in children born to women with rheumatic diseases. Rheumatic Disease Clinics, 43(2):263-273.
• Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2014. No evidence for an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome after paternal low-dose methotrexate: an observational cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford), 53(4):757-763.
• Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome after TNF-α inhibitor therapy during the first trimester: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 80(4):727-739.
• Williams M and Chakravarty EF, 2014. Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: impediments to optimal management of both biologic use before, during and after pregnancy. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 26(3):341-346.
• Wojcik S, et al. 2015. Risk of autism spectrum disorders in children born to mothers with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review. J Rheumatol, 42:1263-1351.

Selected References:

• Camera G and Pregliasco P. 1992. Ear malformation in baby born to mother using isotretinoin cream. Lancet, 339:687.
• De Wals P. et al. 1991. Association between holoprosencephaly and exposure to topical retinoids: results of the EUROCAT survey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 5:445-447.
• Jick S, et al. 1993. First trimester topical tretinoin and congenital disorders. Lancet, 341:1181-1182.
• Kaplan YC, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes following first-trimester exposure to topical retinoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dematol, 173:1132-1141.
• Loureiro KD, et al. 2005. Minor malformations characteristic of the retinoic acid embryopathy and other birth outcomes in children of women exposed to topical tretinoin during early pregnancy. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 136A:117-121.
• Lipson AH, et al. 1993. Multiple congenital defects associated with maternal use of topical tretinoin. Lancet, 341:1352-1353.
• MacDonald SC, et al. 2019. Identifying pregnancies in insurance claims data: Methods and application to retinoid teratogenic surveillance. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 28(9):1211-1221.
• Panchaud A, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Pharmacol, 52:1844-1851.
• Ross SA, et al. 2000. Retinoids in embryonal development. Physiol Rev, 80(3):1021-1054.
• Selcen D, et al. 2000. Otocerebral anomalies associated with topical tretinoin use. Brain Dev 22:218-220.
• Shapiro L, et al. 1997. Safety of first trimester exposure to topical tretinoin: prospective cohort study. Lancet, 350:1143-1144.
• Veraldi S, et al. 2016. Are topical retinoids teratogenic? G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 151(6):700-705.
• Williams AL et al. 2020. Teratogen update: Topical use and third-generation retinoids. Birth Defects Res, 112(15):1105-1114.