Selected References:  

• Alsenaid A, Prinz JC. 2016. Inadvertent pregnancy during ustekinumab therapy in a patient with plaque psoriasis and impetigo herpetiformis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 30(3):488-90.  
• American Academy of Pediatrics. 2018. Report of the Committee of Infectious Disease. RedBook. p704.  
• Andrulonis R, Ferris LK. 2012 Treatment of severe psoriasis with ustekinumab during pregnancy. J Drugs Dermatol. 11(10):1240. 
• Avni-Biron, I.,et al. 2022. Ustekinumab during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective multicentre cohort study. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 56(9), 1361–1369.  
• Beaulieu D, et al. 2018. Use of Biologic Therapy by Pregnant Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease does Not affect Infant Response to Vaccines. Clin Gast & Hep; 16:99-105. 
• Chaparro Sanchez M, et al. 2022. Live vaccines in children exposed to biological agents for IBD in utero and/or during breastfeeding: Are they safe? Results from the Dumbo registry of GETECCU. United European Gastroenterol J 2022;10:757-8.  
• Chugh, R., et al. 2024. Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Vedolizumab- and Ustekinumab-Exposed Pregnancies: Results From the PIANO Registry. The American journal of gastroenterology, 119(3), 468–476.  
• Ernest-Suarez, K., et al. 2024. Live Rotavirus Vaccination Appears Low-risk in Infants Born to Mothers With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Biologics. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, S1542-3565(24)00677-3.  
• Fitzpatrick, T., et al. 2023. Immunological effects and safety of live rotavirus vaccination after antenatal exposure to immunomodulatory biologic agents: a prospective cohort study from the Canadian Immunization Research Network. The Lancet. Child & adolescent health, 7(9), 648–656. 
• Fotiadou C, et al. 2012. Spontaneous abortion during ustekinumab therapy. J Dermatol Case Rep. 6(4):105-107.Galli-Novak E, et al. 2016. Successful pregnancy outcome under prolonged ustekinumab treatment in a patientwith Crohn’s disease and paradoxical psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 30(12):e191-e192.   
• Galluzzo M, et al. 2019. Psoriasis in pregnancy: case series and literature review of data concerning exposure during pregnancy to ustekinumab. J Dermatolog Treat. 2019 Feb;30(1):40-44. 
• Gisbert J, Chaparro M. 2020. Safety of New Biologics (Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab) and Small Molecules (Tofacitinib) During Pregnancy: A Review. Drugs 2020 Jul; 80(11):1085-1100. 
• Gorodensky, J. H., Bernatsky, S., Afif, W., St-Pierre, Y., Filion, K. B., & Vinet, É. (2023). Assessing Serious Infections in Children Exposed In Utero to Ustekinumab. The Journal of rheumatology, jrheum.2022-1271.  
• Gotestam Skorpen C, et al. 2016. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis. 75:795-810.  
• Grosen, A., et al. 2022. Normal Sperm DNA Integrity in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Ustekinumab Maintenance Therapy. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 28(10), 1603–1606.  
• Jeong, Y. D. et al. 2024. Biologics Use for Psoriasis during Pregnancy and Its Related Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women and Newborns: Findings from WHO Pharmacovigilance Study. International archives of allergy and immunology, 1–15.  
• Julsgaard, M., et al. 2025. Infant Ustekinumab Clearance, Risk of Infection, and Development After Exposure During Pregnancy. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 23(1), 134–143.  
• Klenske E, et al. 2019. Drug Levels in the Maternal Serum, Cord Blood and Breast Milk of a Ustekinumab-Treated Patient with Crohn’s Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2019 Feb 1;13(2):267-269. 
• Lund T and Thomsen SF. 2017. Use of TNF-inhibitors and ustekinumab for psoriasis during pregnancy: a patient series. Dermatologic Therapy 30:e12454. 
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2017. Drug Safety and Risk of Adverse Outcomes for Pregnant Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterology. 152(2):451-462.e2. 
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2019. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Pregnancy Clinical Care Pathway: A Report From the American Gastroenterological Association IBD Parenthood Project Working Group. Amer J of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019 April; 220(4):308-323. 
• Mahadevan, U., et al. 2022. Pregnancy outcomes following periconceptional or gestational exposure to ustekinumab: Review of cases reported to the manufacturer’s global safety database. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 56(3), 477–490. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16960 
• Martin PL, et al. 2010. Development in the cynomolgus macaque following administration of ustekinumab, a human anti-IL-12/23p40 monoclonal antibody, during pregnancy and lactation. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol. 89(5):351-363.  
• Matro R, et al. 2018. Exposure concentrations of infants breastfed by women receiving biologic therapies for inflammatory bowel disease and effects of breastfeeding on infections and development. Gastroenterology 155;696-704. 
• Meserve, J., 2021. Paternal Exposure to Immunosuppressive and/or Biologic Agents and Birth Outcomes in Patients With Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Gastroenterology, 161(1), 107–115.e3.  
• Meyer, A., et al. 2025. Safety of Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab Compared With Anti-TNF in Pregnant Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 23(1), 144–153.e22.  
• Mitrova, K., et al. 2022. Safety of Ustekinumab and Vedolizumab During Pregnancy-Pregnancy, Neonatal, and Infant Outcome: A Prospective Multicentre Study. Journal of Crohn’s & colitis, 16(12), 1808–1815.  
• Prentice, R., et al. 2025. Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab Levels in Pregnant Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Infants Exposed In Utero. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 23(1), 124–133.e7 
• Rocha K, et al. 2015. Pregnancy during ustekinumab treatment for severe psoriasis. Dermatology; 231:103-104. 
• Rosen M, et al. 2012. A case of ustekinumab for the treatment of Crohn’s disease during pregnancy [abstract]. Amer J Gastroenterol. 107(suppl 1):S516. 
• Rowan CR, et al. 2018. Ustekinumab drug levels in maternal and cord blood in a woman with Crohn’s Disease treated until 33 weeks of gestation. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis;376-378 
• Sánchez-García, V., et al. 2023. Exposure to biologic therapy before and during pregnancy in patients with psoriasis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 37(10), 1971–1990.  
• Sheeran C, Nicolopoulos J. 2014. Pregnancy outcomes of two patients exposed to ustekinumab in the first trimester. Australasian J of Dermatology; 55(3);235-236. 
• Wils P, et al. 2021. Safety of ustekinumab or vedolizumab in pregnant inflammatory bowel disease patients: a multicentre cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 53(4):460-470. 

Selected References:

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• Barton LL and Mets MB. 2001. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection: decade of rediscovery. CID 33:370-374.
• Barton LL, et al. 1995. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an unrecognized teratogenic pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 1(4):152-153.
• Bonthius DJ. 2009. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: a prenatal and postnatal threat. Advances in Pediatrics 56:75-86.
• Bonthius DJ. 2012. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An underrecognized cause of neurologic disease in the fetus, child and adult. Semin Pediatr Neurol 19:89-95.
• Bonthius DJ. 2024. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus injures the developing brain: effects and mechanisms. Pediatr Res 95(2):551-557.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. [Accessed 2/2021]. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/lcm/ and https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/lcm/pdf/factsheet.pdf.
• Childs JE, et al. 1992. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection and house mouse (Mus musculus) distribution in urban Baltimore. Am J Trop Med Hyg 47(1):27-34.
• Delaine M, et al. 2017. Microcephaly caused by lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Emerg Infect Dis 23(9):1548-1550.
• Enninga AA, et al. 2019. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Demonstrates Higher Replicative Capacity and Decreased Antiviral Response in the First-Trimester Placenta. J Immunol Res. Feb 7;2019:7375217. doi: 10.1155/2019/7375217. eCollection 2019.
• Ferenc T,et al. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An under-recognized congenital teratogen. World J Clin Cases. 2022 Sep 6;10(25):8922-8931.
• Fortin O, et al. 2024. Congenital infectious encephalopathies from the intrapartum period to postnatal life. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. Epub 2024 Apr 10. PMID: 38677956.
• Hirsch MS, et al. 1974. Lymphocytic-choriomeningitis-virus infection traced to a pet hamster. NEJM 291(12):610-611.
• Jamieson D, et al. 2005. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: An emerging obstetric pathogen. Am J Obstet Gynecol 194:1532-1536.
• Komrower GM, et al. 1955. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis in the newborn: probable transplacental infection. Lancet 1:697-698.
• Meritet JF, et al. 2009. A case of congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection revealed by hydrops fetalis. Prenatal Diagnosis 20:626-627.
• Olivieri NR, et al. 2024. Transmission, seroprevalence, and maternal-fetal impact of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Pediatr Res; 95(2):456-463.
• Pencole L, et al. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: A review. Prenat Diagn. 2022 Jul;42(8):1059-1069.
• Schulte D, et al. 2006. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus: an underdiagnosed cause of neonatal hydrocephalus. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 25(6):560-562.
• Tevaearai F, Moser L, Pomar L. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection: A Case Report. Viruses. 2022 Nov 21;14(11):2586
• Traube E. 1973. LCM Virus research, retrospect and prospects, in Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus and Other Arenaviruses, Lehmann-Grube F. (ed.) Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp.3-10.
• Wright R, et al. 1997. Congenital lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus syndrome: A disease that mimics congenital toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus. Pediatrics 100(1):1-6.

Selected References:

• Alder SP and Nigro G. 2013. Prevention of maternal-fetal transmission of cytomegalovirus. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S189-S192.  
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2015. Practice bulletin no. 151: Cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and toxoplasmosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 125(6):1510-25. 
• Azam A, et al. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Obstet Gynecol 97:443-448.  
• Balegamire SJ, et al. 2024. Association Between Maternal Cytomegalovirus Seropositivity, Preterm Birth, and Preeclampsia in Two Cohorts From Quebec, Canada: A Mediation Analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol.;92(4):e13941. 
• Barlinn R, et al. 2022. Maternal cytomegalovirus infection and delayed language development in children at 3 years of age–a nested case-control study in a large population-based pregnancy cohort. PLoS ONE 17(12):e0278623. 
• Boppana SB et al. 2013. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: clinical outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S178-181.  
• Carlson A, et al. 2010. Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: Should all women be screened? Reviews in OB & GYN; 3(4):172-179. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2016. Handwashing. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/when-how-handwashing.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Congenital CMV Infection. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/cmv/clinical/features.html.  
• Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. About cytomegalovirus and congenital CMV infection. 
• Chatzakis C, et al. 2020. Timing of primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection and rates of vertical transmission and fetal consequences. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 223(6):870-883.e11. 
• Chiopris G, et al. 2020. Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment. Microorganisms Oct 1;8(10):1516.  
• Cito G, et al. 2020. Can cytomegalovirus infection affect male reproductive function? Results of a retrospective single-centre analysis. Andrologia; 52(9):e13699. 
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2003. Cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: primary versus secondary infection: a prospective cohort study on 208 pregnancies. Birth Defects Res Part A Clin Mol Teratol;67:392. 
• Demmler-Harrison GJ, Miller JA. 2020. Houston Congenital Cytomegalovirus Longitudinal Study Group. Maternal cytomegalovirus immune status and hearing loss outcomes in congenital cytomegalovirus-infected offspring. PLoS One.15(10):e0240172. 
• Enders G, et al. 2001. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in 189 pregnancies with known outcome. Prenat Diag 21: 362-377.  
• Grazia Revello M, et al. 2014. A randomized trial of hyperimmune globulin to prevent congenital cytomegalovirus. NEJM; 370:14: 1316-26. 
• Farsimadan M, Motamedifar, 2021. The effects of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus-1 and -2, human herpesvirus-6 and -8, cytomegalovirus, and hepatitis B and C virus on female fertility and pregnancy. Br J Biomed Sci;78(1):1-11. 
• Feldman DM, et al. 2010. Toxoplasmosis, parvovirus and cytomegalovirus in pregnancy. Clin Lab Med 30(3):709-720.  
• Foulon I, et al. 2008. Hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection in relation to maternal trimester in which the maternal primary infection occurred. Pediatrics 122(6):e1123-e1127.  
• Fowler KB, et al. 2003. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Probl Pediatr Adoles Health Care 33:70-93.  
• Fowler KB. 2013. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: audiologic outcome. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S182-S184. 
• Harnprecht K, et al. 2001. Epidemiology of transmission of cytomegalovirus from mother to preterm infant by breastfeeding. Lancet 357:513-8.  
• Hughes BL, et al. 2021. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal–Fetal Medicine Units Network. A Trial of Hyperimmune Globulin to Prevent Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection. N Engl J Med. 385(5):436-444.  
• Iwasenko JM, et al. 2011. Human cytomegalovirus infection is detected frequently in stillbirths and is associated with fetal thrombotic vasculopathy. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 203(11):1526-1533. 
• James SH, Kimberlin DW. 2016. Advances in the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Curr Opin Pediatr. 28(1):81-5. 
• Kagan KO, et al. 2021. Outcome of pregnancies with recent primary cytomegalovirus infection in first trimester treated with hyperimmunoglobulin: observational study. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 57(4):560-567.  
• Kirschen GW, Burd I. 2023. Modeling of vertical transmission and pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus in pregnancy: Opportunities and challenges. Front Virol; 3:1106634. 
• Leruez-Ville M, et al. 2020. Quantifying the Burden of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection With Long-term Sequelae in Subsequent Pregnancies of Women Seronegative at Their First Pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis. 71(7):1598-1603. 
• Lipitz S, et al. 2002. Outcome of pregnancies with vertical transmission of primary cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol: 100:428-33. 
• Mocanu AG, et al. 2024. The Impact of Latent Cytomegalovirus Infection on Spontaneous Abortion History and Pregnancy Outcomes in Romanian Pregnant Women. Microorganisms.;12(4):731.  
• Mestas E. 2016. Congenital cytomegalovirus. Adv Neonatal Care. 16(1):60-5.  
• National CMV Foundation. 2023. For healthcare providers. Physician and OB-GYN Resources, National CMV Foundation, National CMV Foundation.   
• National CMV Foundation. 2023. Possible outcomes. Congenital CMV Outcomes, National CMV Foundation, National CMV Foundation.  
• Nigro G, et al. 2005. Passive immunization during pregnancy for congenital cytomegalovirus infection. N Engl J Med 353:1350-1362.  
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• Nigro G and Alder SP. 2013. Hyerimmuneglobulin for prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus disease. Clinical Infectious Diseases 57(S4):S193-S195.  
• Ornoy A and Diav-Citrin O. 2006. Fetal effects of primary and secondary cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 21:399-409.  
• Oliveira GM, et al. 2019. Detection of cytomegalovirus, herpes virus simplex, and parvovirus b19 in spontaneous abortion placentas. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.32(5):768-775.  
• Page JM, et al. 2019. Stillbirth Associated With Infection in a Diverse U.S. Cohort. Obstet Gynecol 134(6):1187-1196. 
• Pereira L, et al. 2014. Intrauterine growth restriction causes by underlying congenital cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Disease 209: 1573-1584. 
• Pesch MH, et al. 2021. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy: Prevention, Presentation, Management and Neonatal Outcomes. J Midwifery Womens Health. 66(3):397-402. 
• Pesch MH, et al. 2024. Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features. Viruses; 16(10):1552. 
• Picone O, et al. 2013. A series of 238 cytomegalovirus primary infections during pregnancy: description and outcomes. Prenatal Diag 33: 751-758. 
• El-Qushayri AE, et al 2020. Hyperimmunoglobulin therapy for the prevention and treatment of congenital cytomegalovirus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. Nov 30;1-9.  
• Saade GR  2020. The effect of treatment of maternal CMV infection on the development of placental syndrome. AJOG 222(1) Supp:S2-3. 
• Seidenari A, et al. 2024. Follow-Up of Infants With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Following Maternal Primary Infection in the First Trimester and Normal Fetal Brain Imaging at Midgestation. Prenat Diagn; 45(2):178-184. 
• Simonazzi G, et al. 2018. Perinatal outcomes of non-primary maternal cytomegalovirus infection: A 15-year experience. Fetal Diagn Ther. 43(2):138-142. 
• Sorrenti S, et al. 2025. Diagnosis and management of congenital Cytomegalovirus: Critical Appraisal of Clinical Practice Guidelines. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 306:172-180. 
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Selected References:

• Ackerman JP, et al. 2010. A review of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure among school-aged children. Pediatrics 125(3):554-565.  
• Akyuz N, et al. 2014. Structural brain imaging in children and adolescents following prenatal cocaine exposure: preliminary longitudinal findings. Dev Neurosci. 316-28. 
• Behnke M, et al. 2001. The search for congenital malformations in newborns with fetal cocaine exposure. Pediatrics 107(5):E74.  
• Bracken MB, et al. 1990. Association of cocaine use with sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. Fertil Steril 53:315-322  
• British Columbia Reproductive Care Program. 1999. Substance Use Guideline 5B: Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Care of the Newborn. Retrieved from: www.perinatalservicesbc.ca/Documents/Guidelines-Standards/Newborn/CocaineExposureNewbornCareGuideline.pdf.  
• Cestonari, C, et al. 2022. Infants of mothers with cocaine use: Review of clinical and medico-legal aspects. Children 9(1):67-84. 
• Chiriboga C, et al. 2007. Prenatal cocaine exposures and dose-related cocaine effects on infant tone and behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol29: 323-330.  
• Chiriboga CA, et al. 2009. Prenatal cocaine exposure and prolonged focus attention. Poor infant information processing ability or precocious maturation of attentional systems? Dev Neurosci 31(1-2):149-158.  
• Cone EJ, et al. 1996. Cocaine excretion in the semen of drug users. J Anal Toxicol 20:139-140.  
• De Genna, N. M., Goldschmidt, L., & Richardson, G. A. (2022). Prenatal cocaine exposure, early cannabis use, and risky sexual behavior at age 25. Neurotoxicology and teratology, 89, 107060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107060 
• Dos Santos JF, et al. 2018. Maternal, fetal and neonatal consequences associated with the use of crack cocaine during the gestational period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 298(3):487-503. 
• Hoyme HE, et al. 1990. Prenatal cocaine exposure and fetal vascular disruption. Pediatrics 85:743-747.  
• Jufer RA, et al. 2000. Elimination of cocaine and metabolites in plasma, saliva, and urine following repeated oral administration to human volunteers. Journal of analytical toxicology; 24(7), 467–477. 
• Karpova N, 2021. Prenatal drug exposure and executive function in early adolescence. Neurotoxicology and teratology; 88, 107036.  
• Landi N, et al. 2017. Prenatal Cocaine Exposure Impacts Language and Reading Into Late Adolescence: Behavioral and ERP Evidence. Dev Neuropsychol. 42(6):369-386.  
• Levine TP, et al. 2008. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education in school-aged children. Pediatrics 122 (1): e83-91.  
• Lewis BA, et al. 2007. Prenatal cocaine and tobacco effects on children’s language trajectories. Pediatrics 120(1):e78-85.  
• Mayer LC, Nicholls S. 2007. Neurocognitive development in middle-school age and adolescent prenatally cocaine-exposed children. Birth Def Res (Part A) 79:381-394.  
• Modernel XD, et al. 2017. Use of crack in pregnancy: repercussions for the newborn.Invest Educ Enferm. 35(3). 
• Montgomery DP, et al. 2008. Using umbilical cord tissue to detect fetal exposure to illicit drugs: a multicentered study in Utah and New Jersey. J Perinatol 28(11):750-753.  
• Morie KP, et al. 2020. Alexithymia, Emotion-Regulation Strategies, and Traumatic Experiences in Prenatally Cocaine-Exposed Young Adults. The American journal on addictions; 29(6), 492–499.  
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. “Substance Use While Pregnant and Breastfeeding.” National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2020, 
• National Library of Medicine (US), 2006. “Cocaine” 
• Ness RB, et al. 1999. Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl Med 340(5):333-339.s 
• Oliveira TA, et al. 2016. Perinatal outcomes in pregnant women users of illegal drugs. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 38(4):183-188. 
• Pires A, et al 2012. Repeated inhalation of crack-cocaine affects spermatogenesis in young and adult mice. Inhal Toxicol. 24(7):439-446.  
• Reece-Stremtan S, Marinelli KA. 2015. ABM clinical protocol #21: guidelines for breastfeeding and substance use or substance use disorder, revised 2015. Breastfeed Med. 10(3):135-41. 
• Richardson GA, et al. 2007.Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on growth: a longitudinal analysis. Pediatrics. 120(4): e1017-1027.  
• Richardson GA, et al. 2010. Prenatal cocaine exposure: Effects on mother- and teacher-rated behavior problems and growth in school-age children. Neurotoxicol Teratol.  
• Richardson GA, et al. 2015. Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on adolescent development. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 49:41-8. 
• Roussotte F, et al. 2010. Structural, metabolic, and functional brain abnormalities as a result of prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse: evidence from neuroimaging. Neuropsychol Rev.  
• Salzwedel A, et al. 2020. Functional dissection of prenatal drug effects on baby brain and behavioral development. Human brain mapping; 41(17), 4789–4803. 
• Semet M, et al. 2017. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology 5:640-63.  
• Serino D, et al. 2018. Psychological Functioning of Women Taking Illicit Drugs during Pregnancy and the Growth and Development of Their Offspring in Early Childhood. J Dual Diagn. 25:1-13. 
• Singer LT, et al. 2000. Neurobehavioral outcomes of cocaine-exposed infant. Neurotoxical Teratol 22(5):653-666.  
• Singer LM, et al. 2008. Prenatal cocaine exposure: drug and environmental effects at 9 years. J Pediatr 153(1): 105-111.  
• Van Gelder MMHJ, et al. 2009. Maternal periconceptional illicit drug use and the risk of congenital malformations. Epidemiology 20(1):60-66.  
• Weathers WT, et al. 1993. Cocaine use in women from a defined population: prevalence at delivery and effects of growth in infants. Pediatrics 91(2):326-239.  
• Yazigi RA, et al. 1991. Demonstration of specific binding of cocaine to human spermatozoa. JAMA 266:1956-1959. 

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