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• Check JH, et al. 1986. The risk of fetal anomalies as a result of progesterone therapy during pregnancy. Fertil Steril, 45:575-577.
• Committee on Drugs. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics, 108(3):776-789.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics. 2021. rPrediction and prevention of spontaneous preterm birth: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 234. Obstet Gynecol, 138(2):e65-e90.
• Devall AJ, et al. 2021. Progestogens for preventing miscarriage: A network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Sys Rev, 4(4):CD013792.
• Duds I, et al. 2006. Population-based case-control teratogenic study of hydroxyprogesterone treatment during pregnancy. Congenit Anom (Kyoto), 46:194-198.
• Fawzy M, et al. 2008. Treatment options and pregnancy outcome in women with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 278(1):33-38.
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, Mass.: John Wright-PSG, pp 389, 391-392, 394, 443, 478, 497.
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Cardiovascular birth defects and antenatal exposure to female sex hormones. N Engl J Med, 296:67-60.
• Massai R, et al. 2005. Extended use of a progesterone-releasing vaginal ring in nursing women: a phase II clinical trial. Contraception, 72:352-357.
• Michaelis J, et al. 1983. Prospective study of suspected associations between certain drugs administered during early pregnancy and congenital malformations. Teratology, 27:57-64.
• Norman JE, et al. 2009. Progesterone for the prevention of preterm birth in twin pregnancy (STOPPIT): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study and meta-analysis. Lancet, 373(9680):2034-2040.
• Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2008. Progesterone supplementation during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy in the treatment of infertility: an educational bulletin. Fertility and Sterility, 89(4):789-792.
• Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2012. Evaluation and treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss: a committee opinion. Fertility and Sterility, 98(5):1103-1111.
• RamaRao S, et al. 2013. Progesterone vaginal ring: Introducing a contraceptive to meet the needs of breastfeeding women. Contraception, 88(5):591-598.
• Roy M, et al. 2020. Progesterone vaginal ring as a new contraceptive option for lactating mothers: Evidence from a multicenter non-randomized comparative clinical trial in India. Contraception, 102(3):159-167.
• Silver RI, et al. 1999. In vitro fertilization is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias. J Urology, 161(6):1954-1957.

Selected References:

• Aase JM, et al. 1970. Children of mothers who took LSD in pregnancy. Lancet 1:100-1.
• Baquiran M, et al. 2023. Lysergic acid diethylamide toxicity. [Updated 2023 Dec 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553216/
• Cohen MM, et al. 1968. The effect of LSD-25 on the chromosomes of children exposed in utero. Pediat Res 2:486-492.
• Das, Saibal et al. Lysergic acid diethylamide: a drug of ‘use’?. Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology 6,3 (2016): 214-28.
• Fabro S, Sieber SM. 1968. Is lysergide a teratogen? Lancet 1(7543):639.
• Fuentes, Juan & Fonseca, Francina & Elices, Matilde & Farré, Magí & Torrens, Marta. (2020). Therapeutic Use of LSD in Psychiatry: A Systematic Review of Randomized-Controlled Clinical Trials. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 10. 943. 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00943.
• Jacobson CB, Berlin CM. 1972. Possible reproductive detriment in LSD users. JAMA 222(11):1367-1373.
• Haden, M, & Woods, B. 2020. LSD overdoses: three case reports. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 81(1), 115-118.
• Long SY. 1972. Does LSD induce chromosomal damage and malformations? A review of the literature. Teratology 6(1):75-90.
• McElhatton PR. 2000. Fetal effects of substances of abuse. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol; 38:194-5.
• McGlothlin WH, et al. 1970. Effect of LSD on human pregnancy. JAMA. 1; 212(9):1483-7.
• Mueller, B. A., Daling, J. R., Weiss, N. S., & Moore, D. E. (1990). Recreational drug use and the risk of primary infertility. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 1(3), 195–200
• Papac DI and Foltz RL. 1990. Measurement of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 14(3):189-90.
• Robinson JT, et al. 1974. Chromosome aberrations and LSD. A controlled study in 50 psychiatric patients. J Psychiatry. 125(0):238-44

Selected References

• Bristol-Myers Squibb. 2019. Available at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT01087125?view=record
• Dernoncourt A, et al. 2023. Fetal and neonatal adverse drug reactions associated with biologics taken during pregnancy by women with autoimmune diseases: Insights from an analysis of the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®). BioDrugs, 37(1):73-87.
• E.R. Squibb and Sons, L.L.C. (Last updated: October 30, 2023). Orencia drug label. Source: National Library of Medicine. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/druginfo.cfm?setid=0836c6ac-ee37-5640-2fed-a3185a0b16eb.
• Ghalandari N, et al. 2022. Reported congenital malformations after exposure to non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor biologics: A retrospective comparative study in EudraVigilance. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 88(12):5378-5388.
• Kumar M, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to abatacept during pregnancy. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 45(3):351-356.
• Makol A, et al. 2011. Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: safety considerations in pharmacological management. Drugs, 71(15):1973-1987.
• National Institutes of Health. (Last updated February 24, 2024). COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: Abatacept. Available at https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/therapies/immunomodulators/abatacept/ through August 16, 2024.
• Ojeda-Uribe M, et al. 2013. Exposure to abatacept or rituximab in the first trimester of pregnancy in three women with autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol, 32(5):695-700.
• Ostensen M and Förger F. 2011. Treatment with biologics of pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 23(3):293-298.
• Partlett R and Roussou E. 2011. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. Rheumatol Int, 31(4):445-449.
• Pham T., et al. 2012. Abatacept therapy and safety management. Joint Bone Spine, 79 Suppl 1:3-84.

Selected References:

• Ali, R, et al. 2022. Review of recent evidence on the management of heartburn in pregnant and breastfeeding women. BMC gastroenterology; 22.1: 1-10.
• Anderka M, et al. 2012. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol; 94:22-30.
• Andersen ABT, et al. 2012. Prenatal exposure to acid-suppressive drugs and the risk of toddler asthma: a population-based Danish cohort study. Alim Pharmacol Ther; 35:1190-1198.
• Anderson P. 2018. Treating gastroesophageal reflux and heartburn while breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med;13(7):463–4.
• Bank, T, et al. 2024. Challenges in Conducting Clinical Trials for Preeclampsia. Curr Hypertens Rep 26, 59–68.
• Bor S, et al. 2017. The levels of pantoprazole in human breast milk and plasma: two compartment model. Neurogastroenterol Motil; 29:79–80.
• Dehlink E, et al. 2009. First evidence of a possible association between gastric acid suppression during pregnancy and childhood asthma: a population-based register study. Clin Exp Allergy 39:246-53.
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2005. The safety of proton pump inhibitors in pregnancy: a multicentre prospective controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 21:269-75.
• Erichsen R, et al. 2014. Maternal use of proton pump inhibitors during early pregnancy and the prevalence of hypospadias in male offspring. Am J Ther; 21: 254-259.
• Gill SK et al. 2009. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol; 104(6): 1541-1545.
• Hastie R, et al. 2019. Proton pump inhibitors and preeclampsia risk among 157 720 women: a Swedish population register–based cohort study. Hypertension; 73(5):1097–103.
• Huijgen NA. 2016. Are proton-pump inhibitors harmful for the semen quality of men in couples who are planning pregnancy? Fertility and Sterility, 106(7), 1666-1672.
• Kallen B. 1998. Delivery outcome after the use of acid-suppressing drugs in early pregnancy with special reference to omeprazole. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 105:877-881.
• Kallen B. 2001. Use of omeprazole during pregnancy—no hazard demonstrated in 955 infants exposed during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 96:63-68.
• Keihani, S. et al. 2018. Proton-pump inhibitor use does not affect semen quality in subfertile men. Asian journal of andrology, 20(3), 290.
• Lalkin A, et al. 1998. The safety of omeprazole during pregnancy: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 179(3 Pt 1): 727-730.
• Li, C, et al. 2020. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the risks of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics; 51.4: 410-420.
• Mahadevan, Uma. 2007. “Gastrointestinal Medications in Pregnancy.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology 21(5): 849–77.
• Majithia, R., & Johnson, D. A. (2012). Are Proton Pump Inhibitors Safe during Pregnancy and Lactation? 10.
• Marshall JK, et al. 1998. Omeprazole for refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Gastroenterol; 12: 225-227.
• Matok I, et al. 2012. The safety of fetal exposure to proton-pump inhibitors during pregnancy. Dig Dis Sci; 57:699-705.
• Mumtaz, N, et al. Harmful Consequences of Proton Pump Inhibitors on Male Fertility: An Evidence from Subchronic Toxicity Study of Esomeprazole and Lansoprazole in Wistar Rats. International Journal of Endocrinology.
• Nikfar S, et al. 2002. Use of proton pump inhibitors during pregnancy and rates of major malformations: a meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci; 47:1526-9.
• Neuman R, et al. 2022. Omeprazole Administration in Preterm Preeclampsia: a Randomized Controlled Trial to Study Its Effect on sFlt-1 (Soluble Fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase-1), PlGF (Placental Growth Factor), and ET-1 (Endothelin-1). Hypertension, vol. 79,6: 1297-1307.
• Pasternak B, Hviid A. 2010. Use of proton-pump inhibitors in early pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med; 363:2114-2123.
• Saito J, et al. 2020. Esomeprazole During Pregnancy and Lactation: Esomeprazole Levels in Maternal Serum, Cord Blood, Breast Milk, and the Infant’s Serum. Breastfeeding Medicine, bfm.2020.0175.
• Thélin CS, & Richter JE. 2020. Review article: the management of heartburn during pregnancy and lactation. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 51(4), 421–434.
• Yitshak-Sade M, et al. 2016. Prenatal exposure to H2 blockers and to proton pump inhibitors and asthma development in offspring. J Clinic Pharmacol; 56: 116-123

Selected References:

• Affendi Raja RA, et al. 2022. Review of recent evidence on the management of heartburn in pregnant and breastfeeding women. BMC Gastroenterology, 22:219-229.
• Courtney TP, et al. 1988. Excretion of famotidine in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 626:639P.
• Garbis H, et al. 2005. Pregnancy outcome after exposure to ranitidine and other H2-blockers. A collaborative study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services. Reprod Toxicol, 19:453-458.
• Hagemann, TM, 1998. Gastrointestinal medications and breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation, 14(3):259–262.
• Kallen B, 1998. Delivery outcome after the use of acid-suppressing drugs in early pregnancy with special reference to omeprazole. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105:877-881.
• Magee LA, et al.1996. Safety of first trimester exposure to histamine H2 blockers. A prospective cohort study. Dig Dis Sci, 41(6):1145-1149.
• Matok I, et al. 2010. The safety of H (2)-blockers use during pregnancy. J Clin Pharmacol, 50(1):81-87.
• Orenstein SR, Shalaby TM, Devandry SN, et al. 2003. Famotidine for infant gastro-oesophageal reflux: A multi-centre, randomized, placebo-controlled, withdrawal trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 7(9):1097-107.
• Savarino V, et al. 1988. Famotidine has no significant effect on gonadal function in man. Gastroenterol Clin Biol, 12:19-22.
• Wang X, et al. 2011. Pharmacokinetics of famotidine in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol., 204: 72-73.
• Yitshak-Sade M, et al. 2016. Prenatal exposure to H2 blockers and to proton pump inhibitors and asthma development in offspring. J Clin Pharmacol, 56(1):116-123.