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• Andersen LP, et al. 2016. The safety of melatonin in humans. Clin Drug Investig, 36:169–175.
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• Dı́az E, et al. 2000. Effect of prenatal melatonin on the gonadotropin and prolactin response to the feedback effect of testosterone in male offspring. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 72(1):61-69.
• Dı́az, E, et al. 1999. Prenatal melatonin exposure influences the maturation of gonadotropin and prolactin estradiol-benzoate feedback system. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 70(1): 81-88.
• Ejaz F, et al. 2020. Maternal serum melatonin increases during pregnancy and falls immediately after delivery implicating the placenta as a major source of melatonin. Frontiers in Endocrinology (Lausanne), 11:623038–623038.
• Garofoli F, et al. 2023. Fate of melatonin orally administered in preterm newborns: antioxidant performance and basis for neuroprotection. J Pineal Res, 76(1):e12932.
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• Bonnot O, et al. 2001. Maternal exposure to lorazepam and anal atresia in newborns: results from a hypothesis-generating study of benzodiazepines and malformations. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 21(4):456-458.
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• Iqbal MM, et al. 2002. Effects of commonly used benzodiazepines on the fetus, the neonate and the nursing infant. Psychiatr Serv, 53(1):39-49.
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• Kelly LE, et al. 2012. Neonatal Benzodiazepines Exposure during Breastfeeding. J Pediatr, 161(3):448-451.
• Meng L, et al. 2023. Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage. JAMA Psychiatry.; 81(4):366–373.
• Nishimura A, et al. 2021. Benzodiazepine Concentrations in the Breast Milk and Plasma of Nursing Mothers: Estimation of Relative Infant Dose. Breastfeed Med, 16(5):424-431.
• Noh Y, et al. 2022. First-trimester exposure to benzodiazepines and risk of congenital malformations in offspring: A population-based cohort study in South Korea. PLoS Med, 19(3):e1003945.
• Oberlander TF, et al. 2008. Major congenital malformations following prenatal exposure to serotonin reuptake inhibitors and benzodiazepines using population-based health data. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicolo, 83(1):68-76.
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• Sheehy, O. et al. 2019. Association Between Incident Exposure to Benzodiazepines in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. J of the Am Med Assoc Psychiatry, 76(9):948-957.
• Tinker, S. et al. 2019. Use of benzodiazepine medications during pregnancy and potential risk for birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011. Birth Defects Res Jun, 1;111(10):613-620.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023. Ativan label. Accessed September 2024 from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/017794s049lbl.pdf.

Selected References:

• Bailey DN, Briggs JR. 2002. Carisoprodol: an unrecognized drug of abuse. Am J Clin Pathol; 117:396-400.
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• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group. 357-65.
• Nordeng H, et al. 2001. Transfer of carisoprodol to breast milk. Ther Drug Monit; 23:298-300.
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• Prescribing Label for Soma. 2019. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6297cf20-830a-11dc-94c8-0002a5d5c51b [Accessed 5/2022]

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• Budi, DS, et al. 2022. Remdesivir for pregnancy: A systematic review of antiviral therapy for COVID-19. Heliyon, 8(1), e08835.
• Bertrand K, et al. 2024. Concentrations of remdesivir and GS-441524 in human milk from lactating individuals diagnosed with COVID-19. Pediatric research. 10.1038/s41390-024-03053-2.
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• Cheema R, et al. 2023. Protecting Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am J Perinatol. 40(3):260-266.
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