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• Anastasio GD, et al. 1992. Fetal tachycardia associated with maternal use of pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter oral decongestant. J Am Board Fam Pract 5(5):527-8.
• Eglash A. 2014. Treatment of maternal hypergalactia. Breastfeed Med. 9:423-5.
• Findlay JW, et al. 1984. Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine in plasma and breast milk of nursing mothers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 18(6):901-906.
• Głowacka K, et al. 2021. Pseudoephedrine-Benefits and Risks. Int J Mol Sci; 22(10):5146. PMID: 34067981 PMCID: PMC8152226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105146
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: John Wright-PSG. pp 345-56.
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168(5):1393-1399.
• Miller RK. 1992. From the pages of Teratology: vitamin A to pseudoephedrine issues in patient counseling. Teratology 45(4):341-343.
• Pseudoephedrine Drug Label. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1056d9da-8a3f-4b7a-878e-7f8d45d298cd&audience=consumer. [Accessed 2024].
• Rosa F. 1993. Personal communication. Cited in: Briggs GG, et al. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Seventh Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
• Schatz M, et al. 1997. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol 24(2):407-432.
• Smith CV, et al. 1990. Effect of a single dose of oral pseudoephedrine on uterine and fetal Doppler blood flow. Obstet Gynecol; 76(5 Pt 1):803-806.
• Smith J, et al. 1994. Drugs of choice for pregnant women. In: Koren G. Maternal-fetal Toxicology. A Clinician’s Guide. 1994. Second Edition. New York NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.
• Soussan C, et al. 2014. Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol.70:1361-6.
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). “Ask ACOG: What medicine can I take for allergies while I’m pregnant?” https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/what-medicine-can-i-take-for-allergies-while-im-pregnant (Retrieved: March 13, 2024).
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). The use of newer asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000 May; 84(5):475-80. PMID: 10830999.
• Torfs CP, et al. 1996. Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology 54(2):84-92.
• Yau W-P, et al. 2013. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol. 178(2):198-208.
• Werler MM, et al. 2003. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology 14(3):349-54.
• Werler MM, et al. 1992. First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology 45(4):361-367.
• Werler MM, et al. 2002. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol 155(1):26-31.
• Werler MM, et al. 2004. Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 70(6):389-395.

Selected References

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Committee Opinion No. 723. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol, 130(4):933-934.
• American College of Radiology. 2020.ACR Manual on MR Safety. [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Radiology-Safety/MR-Safety/Manual-on-MR-Safety.pdf.
• Chartier AL, et al. 2019. The safety of maternal and fetal MRI at 3 T. American Journal of Roentgenology, 213(5): 1170–1173.
• Lum M, Tsiouris AJ. 2020. MRI safety considerations during pregnancy. Clin Imaging; 62:69-75.
• Maralani PJ, et al.2023. Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pregnancy. Radiologie (Heidelb). 63(Suppl 2):34-40
• Mervak BM, et al. 2019. MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, JMRI, 49(3):621–631.
• Ray JG, et al. 2016. Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA, 316(9):952-961.

Selected References

• Abdulaziz HM, et al. 2021. Fetal proximal and distal limb anomalies following exposure to mycophenolate mofetil during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Lupus 30(9):1522-1525.
• Alsebayel MM, et al. 2018. Congenital esophageal atresia and microtia in a newborn secondary to mycophenolate mofeil exposure during pregnancy: A case report and review of the literature. Am J Case Rep 3(19):523-526.
• Boyle S, et al. 2021.Pregnancy following heart transplantation: A single centre case series and review of the literature. Heart Lung Circ 30:144–53.
• Coscia LA, et al. 2015. Update on the teratogenicity of maternal mycophenolate mofetil. J Pediatr Genet 4(2):42-55.
• Egeberg A, et al 2017 Birth outcomes in children fathered by men treated with immunosuppressant drugs before conception-A Danish population-based cohort study. J Invest Dermatol. 137(8):1790-1792.
• Hoeltzenbein M, et al. 2012. Teratogenicity of mycophenolate confirmed in a prospective study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services. Am J Med Genet A 158A(3):588-596.
• Huerta A, et al. 2021. Measurement of the passage of mycophenolic acid into breast milk in a patient with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int 100(3):711.
• Intas Pharmaceuticals. Last updated Jan. 5, 2024. Mycophenolate mofetil drug label information. Available at URL: https://www.dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=741e079a-646b-47ec-84ac-8e12574c2aaf
• Jones A, et al. 2013. Outcomes of pregnancies fathered by solid-organ transplant recipients exposed to mycophenolic acid products. Prog Transplant 23(2):153-157.
• Khan F, et al. 2022. Fetal malformations associated with exposure to mycophenolic acid during the first trimester. Int J Pediatr Adolesc Med 9(3):171-173.
• Kim M, et al. 2013. Mycophenolate fetal toxicity and risk evaluation and mitigation strategies. Am J Transplant 13(6):1383-1389.
• King RW, et al. 2017. Pregnancy outcomes related to mycophenolate exposure in female kidney transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 17(1):151-160.
• Krutsch K, et al. 2023. Transfer of mycophenolic acid into human milk. J Nephrol 36:1715-7.
• Martin MC, et al. 2014. Esophageal atresia and prenatal exposure to mycophenolate. Reprod Toxicol 50:117-121.
• Martin- Moreno PL, et al. 2021. Paternal safety of the use of mycophenolic acid in kidney transplant recipients. Results of the EMVARON study. Clin Transplant 35(5):e14256.
• Midtvedt K, et al. 2017. Exposure to mycophenolate and fatherhood. Transplantation 101(7);e214-217.
• Perez-Aytes A, et al. 2017. Mycophenolate mofetil embryopathy: A newly recognized teratogenic syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 60(1):16-21.
• Sifontis NM, et al. 2006. Pregnancy outcomes in solid organ transplant recipients with exposure to mycophenolate mofetil or sirolimus. Transplantation 82:1698-1702.

Selected References:

• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
• Bhongade M, et al. 2015. Effect of psychological stress on fertility hormones and seminal quality in male partners of infertile couples. Andrologia 47(3):336–342.
• Bolea-Alamañac B, et al. 2018. Do mothers who are anxious during pregnancy have inattentive children? J Affect Disord 236:120-126.
• Clinkscales N, et al. 2023. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for anxiety in the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychology and psychotherapy 96(2):296–327.
• Dabb C , et al. 2023. Paternal pregnancy-related anxiety: Systematic review of men’s concerns and experiences during their partners’ pregnancies. Journal of affective disorders 323:640–658.
• Dean DC, et al. 2018. Association of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms with infant white matter microstructure. JAMA Pediatrics 172(10):973-981.
• Ding X-X, et al. 2014. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disorder 159:103–110.
• Dunkel Schetter C, et al. 2022. Anxiety in pregnancy and length of gestation: Findings from the healthy babies before birth study. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 41(12):894–903.
• George A, et al. 2013. Anxiety symptoms and coping strategies in the perinatal period. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13:233-239.
• Göbel A, et al. 2018. The association between maternal-fetal bonding and prenatal anxiety: An explanatory analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord 239:313-327.
• Goodman J, et al. 2014. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 75(10):e1153-e1154.
• Grigoriadis S, et al. 2018. Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Association with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry; 79(5):17r12011.
• Korja R, et al. 2024. Trajectories of maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms and child’s socio-emotional outcome during early childhood. Journal of affective disorders 349:625–634.
• Malm H, et al. 2015 Pregnancy complications following prenatal exposure to SSRIs or maternal psychiatric disorders: Results from population-based National Register data. Am J Psychiatry 172(12):1224-32.
• Misri S, et al. 2015. Perinatal generalized anxiety disorder: assessment and treatment. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 24(9):762–770.
• Mughal MK, et al. 2019. Trajectories of maternal distress and risk of child developmental delays: Findings from the All Our Families (AOF) pregnancy cohort. J Affect Disord 248:1-12.
• Navaratne P, et al. 2016. Impact of a high Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score on obstetric & perinatal outcomes. Sci Rep. 6:33544; DOI 10.1038/srep 33544.
• Pan Y, et al. 2022. Association between generalized anxiety symptoms and semen quality in infertile men: A multicentre study in North China. Andrologia 54(8):e14449.
• Pavlov M, et al. 2014. Obstetric and neonatal outcome in patients with anxiety disorders. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 27:(13) 1339-1342.
• Pezley L, et al. 2022. Efficacy of behavioral interventions to improve maternal mental health and breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review. International breastfeeding journal 17(1):67.
• Ramos I, et al. 2022. Pregnancy anxiety, placental corticotropin-releasing hormone and length of gestation. Biological psychology 172:108376.
• Ravid et al. 2018. Is there an association between maternal anxiety propensity and pregnancy outcomes? BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 18(1):287.
• Rogers et al. 2020. Association Between Maternal Perinatal Depression and Anxiety and Child and Adolescent Development: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr; 174(11):1-11.
• Rooney KL, et al. 2018. The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 20(1):41-47.
• Salehi F, et al. 2016. Comparison of group cognitive behavioral therapy and interactive lectures in reducing anxiety during pregnancy: A quasi experimental trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(43):e5224.
• Shi Y & Han Q. 2024. Does maternal anxiety and depression increase the risk of asthma in the offspring? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences 28(3):1066–1076.
• Smith CA, et al. 2019. The effect of complementary medicines and therapies on maternal anxiety and depression in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 245:428-439.
• Yang Z, et al. 2023. Trajectory of prenatal anxiety and depression and its association with fetal growth development. Early human development 187:105875.
• Yonkers et al. 2017. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, & benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry 4(110):1145-1152.
• Zhang T, et al. & Shanghai Birth Cohort. 2023. The impact of maternal depression, anxiety, and stress on early neurodevelopment in boys and girls. Journal of affective disorders, 321, 74–82.
• Zhou J, et al. 2023. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and children’s asthma in preschool age: The Ma’anshan birth cohort study. Journal of affective disorders 340:312–320.
• Zhou J, et al. 2023. Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety and children’s physical growth: the Ma’anshan birth cohort study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth 23(1):384.

Selected References:

• Ahrens KA, et al. 2013. Antiherpetic Medication Use and the Risk of Gastroschisis: Findings From the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 27(4):340-345.
• Braig S, et al. 2001. Acyclovir prophylaxis in late pregnancy prevents recurrent genital herpes and viral shedding. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 96:55-58.
• Centers for Disease Control. 1993. Pregnancy outcomes following systemic prenatal acyclovir exposure – June 1, 1984-June 30, 1993. MMWR. 42:806-809.
• Douglas JM Jr, Davis LG, Remington ML. 1988. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of chronically administered oral acyclovir on sperm production in men with frequently recurrent genital herpes. J Infect Dis 157:588-93.
• Drake AL, et al. 2012. Infant Safety During and After Maternal Valacyclovir Vherapy in Conjunction with Antiretroviral HIV-1 Prophylaxis in a Randomized Clinical Trial. PloS One. 7(4):e34635.
• Drake AL, et al. 2012. Valacyclovir Suppressive Therapy Reduces Plasma and Breast Milk HIV-1 RNA Levels During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Randomized Trial. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 205(3):366-375.
• Kimberlin DF, et al. 1998. Pharmacokinetics of oral valacyclovir and acyclovir in late pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 179(4):846-851.
• Pasternak B, Hviid A. 2010. Use of acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir in the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. JAMA 304(8):859-866.
• Prober CG. 2001. Management of the neonate whose mother received suppressive acyclovir therapy during late pregnancy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 20:90-91.
• Ratanajamit C, et al. 2003. Adverse pregnancy outcome in women exposed to acyclovir during pregnancy: a population-based observational study. Scand J Infect Dis 35:255-259.
• Sheffield JS, et al. 2002. Acyclovir concentrations in human breast milk after valaciclovir administration. Am J Obstet Gynecol 186(1):100-102.