Selected References:

• Attarchi MS, et al. 2012. Assessment of time to pregnancy and spontaneous abortion status following occupational exposure to organic solvents mixture. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 85(3):295-303.  
• Arora H & Tosti A. 2017. Safety and efficacy of nail products. Cosmetics, 4(3):24.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2008. Update on Overall Prevalence of Major Birth Defects, 1978-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 57(1):1-5. 
• Ferguson KK, et al. 2014. Environmental phthalate exposure and preterm birth. JAMA Pediatr, 168(1):61-67.  
• Freeland C, et al. 2021. Understanding knowledge and barriers related to hepatitis B for Vietnamese nail salon workers in the city of Philadelphia and some of its environs. J Community Health, 46(3):502-508.  
• Gallicchio L, et al. 2009. Cosmetologists and reproductive outcomes. Obstet Gynecol, 113(5):1018-1026.  
• Gallicchio L, et al. 2010. Health outcomes of children born to cosmetologists compared to children of women in other occupations. Reprod Toxicol, 29(3):361-365.  
• Gallicchio L, et al. 2010. Menstrual cycle abnormalities among cosmetologists: the Reproductive Outcomes in Salon Employees (ROSE) study. Reprod Sci, 17(1):20-28. 
• Garcia E, et al. 2015. Evaluating a county-based healthy nail salon recognition program. Am J Ind Med, 58(2):193-202.  
• Halliday-Bell JA, et al. 2009. Work as a hairdresser and cosmetologist and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Occup Med (Lond), 59(3):180-184.  
• Herdt-Losavio ML et al. 2009. The risk of congenital malformations and other neonatal and maternal health outcomes among licensed cosmetologists. Am J Perinatol, 26(9):625-631.  
• Herdt-Losavio ML, et al. 2009. The risk of having a low birth weight or preterm infant among cosmetologists in New York State. Matern Child Health J,13(1):90-97.  
• Hines CJ, et al. 2009. Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations among workers in selected industries: a pilot biomonitoring study. Ann Occup Hyg, 53(1):1-17.  
• Kwapniewski R, et al. 2008. Occupational exposure to dibutyl phthalate among manicurists. J Occup Environ Med, 50(6):705-711.  
• Lamplugh A, et al. 2019. Occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks in Colorado nail salons. Environ Pollut, 249:518-526. 
• Reinecke JK, et al. 2020. Nail health in women. Int J Womens Dermatol, 6(2):73-79..  
• OSHA publication OSHA 3542-05 2012. Stay Healthy and Safe While Giving Manicures and Pedicures: A Guide for Nail Salon Workers. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/3542nail-salon-workers-guide.pdf available in other languages at https://www.osha.gov/nail-salons.   
• Pak VM, et al. 2013. Occupational chemical exposures among cosmetologists: risk of reproductive disorders. Workplace Health Saf, 61(12):522-529. 
• Pavilonis B, et al. 2018. Assessing indoor air quality in New York City nail salons. J Occup Environ Hyg, 1:1-23. 
• Quach T, et al. 2015. Adverse birth outcomes and maternal complications in licensed cosmetologists and manicurists in California. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88(7):823-833.  
• Siegel, M. R., et al. 2022. Maternal occupation as a nail technician or hairdresser during pregnancy and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011. Occup Environ Med, 79(1)17-23  
• Tomar S, et al. 2020. Occupational respiratory morbidity among hair and beauty salon workers in Udupi taluk, Karnataka, India. Am J Ind Med, 63(10):902-906.  
• Varshavsky JR, et al. 2020. A pilot biomonitoring study of cumulative phthalates exposure among Vietnamese American nail salon workers. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(1):325.  

Selected References:

• Dalkilic E, et al. 2019. A successful pregnancy in a patient with Takayasu’s arteritis under tocilizumab treatment: A longitudinal case study. Int J Rheum Dis; 22(10)L 1941-1944. 
• Dernoncourt A, et al. 2023. Fetal and neonatal adverse drug reactions associated with biologics taken during pregnancy by women with autoimmune diseases: Insights from an analysis of the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database (VigiBase®). BioDrugs; 37(1):73-87. 
• Förger F & Villiger PM. 2016. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy: present and future. Expert Rev of Clin Immun; 12(9):937 944. Genentech, Inc. Actemra Prescribing Information. 2025. Available online at: https://www.gene.com/download/pdf/actemra_prescribing.pdf Accessed 27 Jan 2026.  
• Götestam Skorpen C, et al. 2016. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Annals of the Rheum Dis; 75:795-810. 
• Hoeltzenbein M, et al. 2016. Tocilizumab use in pregnancy: analysis of a global safety database including data from clinical trials and post-marketing data. Sem Arthr Rheum; 466(2):238–245. 
• Hyrich KL and Verstappen SM. 2014. Biologic therapies and pregnancy: the story so far. Rheumatology (Oxford); 53(8):1377-85.  
• Isaac B, et al. 2023. Maternal and fetal outcome in pregnant women with critical COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab in a tertiary care hospital in Dubai. Cureus; 30;15(1):e34395. 
• Jimenez-Lozano I, et al. 2021. Safety of tocilizumab in COVID-19 pregnant women and their newborn: A retrospective study. J Clin Pharm Ther; 46:1062-1070.  
• Jorgensen S & Lapinsky SE. 2022. Tocilizumab for coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy and lactation: a narrative review. Clin Microbiol Infect; 28(1):51-57.  
• Konagai N, et al. 2023. Safe use of tocilizumab in pregnant women with Takayasu arteritis: three case studies. RMD Open 9:e002996. 
• Kaneko K, et. al. 2016. Tocilizumab and pregnancy: Four cases of pregnancy in young women with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-TNF biologics with exposure to tocilizumab. Mod Rheumtol; 26(5):672-675.  
• Levy RA, et. al. 2016. Critical review of the current recommendations for the treatment of systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases during pregnancy and lactation. Autoimmun Rev; 15(10):955-963. 
• Moriyama M, et al. 2020. Unexpectedly lower proportion of placental transferred tocilizumab relative to whole immunoglobulin G: a case report. Scand J Rheumatol; 49(2):165-166. 
• Nakajima K, et. al. 2016. Pregnancy outcomes after exposure to tocilizumab: A retrospective analysis of 61 patients in Japan. Mod Rheumtol; 26(5):667-671. 
• Nana M, et al. 2024. Use of interleukin-6 receptor antibodies in the second and third trimester of pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol; 6(9): e625-e635. 
• Ostensen M and Förger F. 2011. Treatment with biologics of pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol; 23(3):293-8.  
• Pham T, et al. 2010.Tocilizumab: therapy and safety management. Joint Bone Spine; 77 Suppl 1:S3-100.  
• Rubbert-Roth A, et al. 2010. First experiences with pregnancies in RA patients receiving tocilizumab therapy. [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum; 62 Suppl 10:384.  
• Saito J et. al. 2019. Tocilizumab during pregnancy and lactation: drug levels in maternal serum, cord blood, breast milk and infant serum. Rheumatology (Oxford); 58(8):1505-1507.  
• Weber-Schoendorfer C and Schaefer C. 2016. Pregnancy outcome after tocilizumab therapy in early pregnancy-a case series from the German Embryotox Pharmacovigilance Center. Reprod Toxicology; 60:29–32. 

Selected References:

• Abe K, et al. 2014. Impact of planning of pregnancy in women with epilepsy on seizure control during pregnancy and on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Seizure 23(2):112-6.  
• Andrade, C., et al. 2025. Gestational Exposure to Valproate and Autism Spectrum Disorder or Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 151(6), 668-679. 
• Aydin B, et al. 2015. Olanzapine and quetiapine use during breastfeeding: excretion into breast milk and safe breastfeeding strategy. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35(2):206-8. 
• Barton S, et al. 2018. Memory dysfunction in school-aged children exposed prenatally to antiepileptic drugs. Neuropsychology 32:784-796.  doi:10.1037/neu0000465. 
• Blotière PO, et al. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2020 Jun 7;10(6):e034829. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034829. PMID: 32513880; PMCID: PMC7282331. 
• Christensen J, et al. 2013. Prenatal valproate exposure and risk of autism spectrum disorders and childhood autism. JAMA. 24;309(16) 
• Christensen J, et al. 2024. Valproate use during spermatogenesis and risk to offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(6):e2414709 
• Christensen, J. et al. 2025. Risk of Neurodevelopmental Disorders and Paternal Use of Valproate During Spermatogenesis. JAMA network open, 8(5), e2512139-e2512139. 
• Coban D, et al. 2010. Neonatal episodic hypoglycemia: a finding of valproic acid withdrawal. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2(2):92-4. 
• Colas, S., et al. 2025. Paternal valproate use and neurodevelopmental disorder and congenital malformation risk in offspring. JAMA Network Open, 8(11), e2542581. 
• Coste J, et al. Risk of early neurodevelopmental disorders associated with in utero exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs: a nationwide cohort study in France. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 22;10(1):17362. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-74409-x. PMID: 33093466; PMCID: PMC7581762.
• Daugaard CA, et al. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Valproate and Other Antiepileptic Drugs With Intellectual Disability and Delayed Childhood Milestones. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2025570. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25570. PMID: 33170264; PMCID: PMC7656282. 
• Daugaard CA, et al. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Valproate and Other Antiepileptic Drugs With Intellectual Disability and Delayed Childhood Milestones. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Nov 2;3(11):e2025570. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.25570. PMID: 33170264; PMCID: PMC7656282. 
• Deshmukh U, et al. 2016. Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 54:5-14. 
• Di Y, et al. Maternal folic acid supplementation prevents autistic behaviors in a rat model induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. Food Funct. 2021 May 21;12(10):4544-4555. doi: 10.1039/d0fo02926b. Epub 2021 Apr 27. PMID: 33903876. 
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2009. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to valproate: evidence of dose relationship in teratogenic effect. CNS Drugs 22(4):325-34. 
• Dreier JW, Bjork MH, et al. 2023. Prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication and incidence of childhood- and adolescence-onset psychiatric disorders. JAMA neurology;80(6):568-577. 
• Einarson A, et al. 2009. Use and safety of antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. J Psychiatr Pract 15: 183-92.
• Harden CL, et al. 2009. Management issues for women with epilepsy – Focus on pregnancy (an evidence-based review): II. Teratogenesis and perinatal outcomes: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee and Therapeutics and Technology Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society. Epilepsia 50: 1237-46.   
• Garey, J. D., et al. 2024. Paternal valproate treatment and risk of childhood neurodevelopmental disorders: precautionary regulatory measures are insufficiently substantiated. Birth defects research, 116(8), e2392. 
• Huber-Mollema Y, et al. Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine or valproate exposure. J Neurol. 2020 Jun;267(6):1724-1736. doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09764-w. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32112258; PMCID: PMC7293688. 
• IQVIA. A post-authorisation safety study (PASS) to evaluate the paternal exposure to valproate and the risk of neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder as well as congenital abnormalities in offspring—a population-based retrospective study. Published March 20, 2023.  
• Jentink J, et al. 2010. Valproic Acid Monotherapy in Pregnancy and Major Congenital Malformations. N Engl J Med 362:2185-93. 
• Joffe H, et al. 2006 Longitudinal follow-up of reproductive and metabolic features of valproate-associated polycystic ovarian syndrome features: A preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry. Dec 15;60(12):1378-81. 
• Kacirova I, Grundmann M, Brozmanova H. Valproic acid concentrations in nursing mothers, mature milk, and breastfed infants in monotherapy and combination therapy. Epilepsy Behav. 2019 Jun;95:112-116. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.04.002. Epub 2019 Apr 28. PMID: 31035102.  
• Keni et al. Anti-epileptic drug and folic acid usage during pregnancy, seizure and malformation outcomes: Changes over two decades in the Kerala Registry of Epilepsy and Pregnancy. Epilepsy Res. 2020 Jan;159:106250. doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106250. Epub 2019 Dec 9. PMID: 31855827. 
• Madley-Dowd, P., et al. 2024. Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and children’s neurodevelopmental outcomes. Nature communications, 15(1), 9640. 
• Markoula S, et al.  2020. Reproductive health in patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 113, 107563. 
• Mawhinney E, et al. 2012. Valproate and the risk for congenital malformations: Is formulation and dosage regime important? Seizure 21(3):215-218. 
• Mbizvo, G. K., et al. 2025. A retrospective cohort study of valproate and infertility in men with epilepsy or bipolar disorder using international health data. Nature Communications, 16(1), 8221. 
• Meador KJ, et al. 2012. Effects of fetal antiepileptic drug exposure: outcomes at age 4.5 years. Neurology 78(16):1207-14. 
• Meador KJ, et al. 2014. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs: Cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr. 168:729-36. 
• Ornoy A. 2009. Valproic acid in pregnancy: how much are we endangering the embryo and fetus? ReprodToxicol 28: 1-10. 
• Ornoy A, et al. 2023. Valproic Acid in Pregnancy Revisited: Neurobehavioral, Biochemical and Molecular Changes Affecting the Embryo and Fetus in Humans and in Animals: A Narrative Review. International journal of molecular sciences, 25(1), 390. 
• Mazzone, P., et al. 2023. Comparison of Perinatal Outcomes for Women With and Without Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.  JAMA Neurology 80, no. 5 (2023): 484–494. 
• Shallcross R, et al. 2014. In utero exposure to levetiracetam vs valproate: development and language at 3 years of age. Neurology 82(3):213-21. 
• Smith J et al. 2009. Sodium valproate and the fetus: a case study and review of the literature. Neonatal Netw 28: 363-7.  
• Stjerna, S., et al. 2024. Cognitive outcomes after fetal exposure to carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproate or levetiracetam monotherapy: Data from the EURAP neurocognitive extension protocol. Epilepsy & Behavior, 159, 110024. 
• Sveberg L, et al. 2015. The impact of seizures on pregnancy and delivery. Seizure. 28:35-8. 
• Tomson T, et al. 2015. Valproate in the treatment of epilepsy in girls and women of childbearing potential. Epilepsia 56(7):1006-19.  
• United States Food and Drug Administration. 2013. FDA Drug Safety Communication: Valproate Anti-seizure Products Contraindicated for Migraine Prevention in Pregnant Women due to Decreased IQ Scores in Exposed Children. Accessed on 3/2026 from https://web.archive.org/web/20251214091635/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-valproate-anti-seizure-products-contraindicated-migraine-prevention  
• Vajda FJ, et al. 2013. Dose dependence of fetal malformations associated with valproate. Neurology; 81(11):999-1003. 
• Vajda FJE, et al. 2019. Valproate-associated foetal malformations-Rates of occurrence, risks in attempted avoidance. Acta Neurol Scand 139(1):42-48. 
• Vajda FJE et al. Folic acid dose, valproate, and fetal malformations. Epilepsy Behav. 2021 Jan;114(Pt A):107569. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107569. Epub 2020 Dec 1. PMID: 33272896. 
• Veiby G, et al. 2014. Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol 261: 579-588. 
• Veroniki AA, et al. 2017. Comparative safety of anti-epileptic drugs during pregnancy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. BMC medicine 15(1):95.  
• Wang, Q., et al. 2024. Investigation of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth adverse events in epilepsy patients treated with levetiracetam: A pharmacovigilance study. Epilepsy & Behavior, 160, 110077. 
• Weston J, et al. 2016. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:Cd010224. 
• Wiggs KK et al.Antiseizure medication use during pregnancy and risk of ASD and ADHD in children. Neurology. 2020 Dec 15;95(24):e3232-e3240. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000010993. Epub 2020 Oct 28. PMID: 33115775; PMCID: PMC7836668. 
• Yerby MS, McCoy GB. 1999. Male infertility: possible association with valproate exposure. Epilepsia 40:520-1.  
• Yonkers KA et al. 2004. Management of bipolar disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Am J Psych 161:608-20.  

Selected References:

• ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). 2017. Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy. Available at: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/08/opioid-use-and-opioid-use-disorder-in-pregnancy. [Accessed 7/2023]. 
• Badhad RKS & Gittins R. 2021. Precision dosing of methadone during pregnancy: a pharmacokinetics virtual clinical trials study.  J Subst Abuse Treat, 130:108521. 
• Bakhireva LN, et al. 2019. Association between prenatal opioid exposure, neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, and neurodevelopmental and behavioral outcomes at 5-8 months of age. Early Hum Dev, 128:69-76. 
• Ballard JL. 2002. Treatment of neonatal abstinence syndrome with breast milk containing methadone. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 15:76-85. 
• Beckwith AM, Burke SA. 2015. Identification of early developmental deficits in infants with prenatal heroin, methadone, and other opioid exposure. Clin Pediatr (Phila), 54(4):328-335. 
• Bello JK, Xu KY, Salas J, Bedrick BS, Grucza RA. 2024. Pregnancy rates among women treated with medication for opioid use disorder. J Gen Intern Med. 39(8):1342-1348. 
• Berghella V, et al. 2003. Maternal methadone dose and neonatal withdrawal. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 189:312-317. 
• Blinick G, et al. 1973. Methadone maintenance, pregnancy and progeny. J Am Med Assoc, 225:477-479. 
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 2022. Opioid Use During Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/pregnancy/opioids/index.html. [Accessed 7/2023]. 
• Cleary B, et al. 2019. Methadone, Pierre Robin sequence and other congenital anomalies: a case-control study.  Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 105(2):151-157. 
• Cleary BJ, et al. 2011. Methadone and perinatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(2):139.e1-9. 
• Coulson CC, et al. 2021. Association of maternal buprenorphine or methadone dose with fetal growth indices and neonatal abstinence syndrome.  Am J Perinatol, 38(1):28-36. 
• Dashe JS, et al. 2001. Relationship between maternal methadone dose and neonatal withdrawal. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 185(6 Pt 2):S106. 
• Goshgarian G, et al. 2022. Buprenorphine/Naloxone or methadone use on neonatal outcomes in Michigan. Cureus, 14(8):e27790. 
• Hall RW, Babineau DC, Bangdiwala AS, et al. 2025. Association between medication for opioid use disorder during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. J Perinatol. doi:10.1038/s41372-025-02442-7 
• Harris M, Schiff DM, Saia K, et al. 2023. Academy of breastfeeding medicine clinical protocol #21: Breastfeeding in the setting of substance use and substance use disorder Breastfeed Med 18:715–33. 
• Hoegerman G, Schnoll S. 1991. Narcotic use in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol; 18(1):51-76.  
• Jones HE, et al. 2008. Methadone maintenance vs. methadone taper during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Am J Addict, 17(5):372-386. 
• Jones HE, et al. 2017. Medically assisted withdrawal (detoxification): considering the mother–infant dyad. J Addict Med; 11:90–2.  
• Kaltenbach K, et al. 1998. Opioid dependence during pregnancy. Effects and management. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 25(1):139-51. 
• Kaltenbach K, et al. 2018. Prenatal exposure to methadone or buprenorphine: early childhood developmental outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend, 185:40–49. 
• Kanervo MM, et al. 2022. Buprenorphine-naloxone, buprenorphine, and methadone throughout pregnancy in maternal opioid use disorder. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 102(3):313-322.  
• Kanervo MM, Tupola SJ, Nikkola EM, Gissler M, Kahila HK, Rantakari KM. 2025. Neurodevelopmental challenges at age four following fetal exposure to maternal opioid maintenance treatment. Pediatr Res. 98(5):1737-1745. doi:10.1038/s41390-025-04029-6 
• Konijnenberg C, et al. 2022. Verbal and nonverbal memory in school-aged children born to opioid-dependent mothers. Early Hum Dev, 171:105614.  
• Levine TA et al. 2021. Prenatal methadone exposure and child developmental outcomes in 2-year-old children.  Dev Med Child Neurol, 63(9):1114-1122 
• Levine TA, Woodward LJ. 2018. Early inhibitory control and working memory abilities of children prenatally exposed to methadone. Early Hum Dev, 116:68–75. 
• Lim S, et al. 2009. High-dose methadone in pregnant women and its effect on duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 200(1):70.e1-5. 
• McCarthy JJ, Posey BL. 2000. Methadone levels in human milk. J Hum Lact, 16(2):115-120. 
• Mirzai N, Saboory E, Faridi A. 2025. Evaluating the effect of oxytocin and zinc sulphate on reproductive indices in opiate-addicted men receiving methadone maintenance therapy: A randomized, double-masked clinical trial. Addict Health. 17:1552. 
• Newman RG, et al. 1975. Results of 313 consecutive live births delivered to patients in the New York City methadone maintenance program. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 121:233-237. 
• NIH (National Institutes of Health). 2017. Treating Opioid Use Disorder During Pregnancy Policy Brief. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/treating-opioid-use-disorder-during-pregnancy. [Accessed 7/2023]. 
• Petrich M, et al. 2022. Comparison of neonatal outcomes in pregnant women undergoing medication-assisted treatment of opioid use disorder with methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 35(26):10481-10486  
• Pond SM, et al. 1985. Altered methadone pharmacokinetics in methadone-maintained pregnant women. J Pharmacol Exp Ther; 233:1–6.  
• Reddy UM, et al. 2017. Opioid use in pregnancy, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and childhood outcomes: executive summary of a joint workshop by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American Academy of Pediatrics, Society for Maternal–Fetal Medicine, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the March of Dimes. Opioid Use in Pregnancy, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, and Childhood Outcomes Workshop. Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:10–28.  
• Reece-Stremtan S, Marinelli KA. 2015. ABM clinical protocol #21: guidelines for breastfeeding and substance use or substance use disorder, revised 2015. Breastfeed Med, 10(3):135-141. 
• Rementeria JL, Nunag NN. 1973. Narcotic withdrawal in pregnancy: stillbirth incidence with a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 116(8):1152-1156. 
• SAMHSA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration). Clinical Guidance for Treating Pregnant and Parenting Women with Opioid Use Disorder and Their Infants. https://www.samhsa.gov/resource/ebp/clinical-guidance-treating-pregnant-parenting-women-opioid-use-disorder-their-infants. [Accessed 7/2023]. 
• Schuckit MA. 2016. Treatment of opioid-use disorders. N Engl J Med, 375:357–368. 
• Sharpe C, Kuschel C. 2004. Outcomes of infants born to mothers receiving methadone for pain management in pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 89(1):F33-F36. 
• Stover MW, Davis JM. 2015. Opioids in pregnancy and neonatal abstinence syndrome. Semin Perinatol. 39(7):561-5.  
• Suarez EA, et al. 2022. Buprenorphine versus methadone for opioid use disorder in pregnancy. N Engl J Med, 387(22):2033-2044. 
• Wang S, et al. 2023. Comparative safety analysis of opioid agonist treatment in pregnant women with opioid use disorder: a population based study. Drug Saf, 46(3):257-271  
• Weaver K, et al 2022. Robin sequence without cleft palate: genetic diagnoses and management implications. Am J Med Genet A, 188(1):160-177.  
• Welle-Strand GK, et al. 2013. Neonatal outcomes following in utero exposure to methadone or buprenorphine: a national cohort study of opioid-agonist treatment of pregnant women in Norway from 1996 to 2009. Drug Alcohol Depend, 127(1-3):200-206. 
• Woodward LJ, et al. 2006. Early neurobehavioral development of the infant exposed to methadone during pregnancy. Pediatri Res, (2006 PAS Annual Meeting):3571.318. 
• Woudes TA, et al. 2020. Neurobehavior of newborn infants exposed prenatally to methadone and identification of a neurobehavioral profile linked to poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 24 months.  PLoS One, 15(10):e024095. 

Selected References:

• Andrade C. 2021. Major congenital malformations associated with exposure to second-generation antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry 82:5. 
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