Selected References:

• Anderson CA, Lieser C. 2015. Prenatal depression: Early intervention. Nurse Pract; 40(7):38-46. 
• Bennett HA, et al. 2004. Depression during Pregnancy. Clin Drug Invest; 24 (3): 157-179. 
• Bennett HA, et al. 2004. Prevalence of Depression during Pregnancy: Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol; 103: 698-709 
• Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformation in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: an updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open 7:e013372. 
• Björvang R, et al. 2024. Association of Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy and Perinatal Depression. Psychosomatic Medicine 86(1):52-58. 
• Bonari L et al. 2004. Perinatal Risks of Untreated Depression during Pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry; 49:726-735. Bränn E, et al. 2024 Perinatal depression and its health impact. BMJ; 384: p2777.
• Braverman A, et al. 2024. Depression, anxiety, quality of life, and infertility: A global lens on the last decade of research. Fertility and Sterility, 121(3), 379–383. 
• Burt VK & Stein K. 2002. Epidemiology of Depression throughout the female life cycle. J Clin Psych; 63 (suppl 7): 9-15. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2018. Depression Among Women of Reproductive Age: https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Depression/ Chisolm MS, Payne JL. 2016. Management of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy. BMJ; 532:h5918.
• Chan J, et al. 2014. Risks of untreated depression in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 60(3):242-3. 
• Coburn SS, et al. 2018. Prenatal Maternal Depressive Symptoms Predict Early Infant Health Concerns. Matern Child Health J; 22(6):786-793. 
• Cohen LS, et al. 2006. Relapse of Major Depression During Pregnancy in Women Who Maintain or Discontinue Antidepressant Treatment. JAMA; 295: 499-507. 
• Committee on Obstetric Practice. 2015. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion no. 630. Screening for perinatal depression. Obstet Gynecol; 125(5):1268-71. Dalke KB, et al. 2016. Depression and Anxiety during Pregnancy: Evaluating the Literature in Support of Clinical Risk-Benefit Decision-
• Making. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(6):59. 
• Depression in pregnant women and mothers: How children are affected, Paediatrics & Child Health, Volume 9, Issue 8, October 2004, Pages 584–586. 
• Dias CC, et al. 2015. Breastfeeding and Depression. A systematic review of the literature. J Affect Disord; 171:142-54. 
• Einarson A. 2005. The Safety of Psychotropic Drug Use during Pregnancy. Medscape General Medicine; 7 (4): 3. 
• Evans-Hoeker et al. 2018. Major depression, antidepressant use and male and female fertility. Fertility and Sterility Vol 109 Issue 5, pp 879-887. 
• Galbally M, et al. 2017. Neonatal adaption following intrauterine antidepressant exposure: assessment, drug assay levels, and infant development outcomes. Ped Res; 82(5): 806-813. 
• Gavin NI, et al. 2005. Perinatal Depression: A Systematic Review of Prevalence and Incidence. Obstet Gynecol; 106 (5 pt 1): 1071-83. 
• Glasser S, Lerner-Geva L. 2018. Focus on fathers: paternal depression in the perinatal period. Perspect Public Health. 2018 Jul 25:1757913918790597. doi: 10.1177/1757913918790597. [Epub ahead of print] Gustafsson HC, et al. 2018.
• Major depressive disorder during pregnancy: Psychiatric medications have minimal effects on the fetus and infant yet development is compromised. Dev Psychopathol. 2018 Aug;30(3):773-785. 
• Hagatulah N, et al. 2024. Perinatal depression and risk of mortality: nationwide, register based study in Sweden. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 384, e075462. 
• Hahn-Holbrook J, et al. 2013. Does Breastfeeding Offer Protection Against Maternal Depressive Symptomology? Arch Women’s Ment Health; 16:411-422. 
• Hermans A, et al. 2026. Prenatal maternal depression and child behavioural and developmental outcomes: An individual participant data meta-analysis in 76,514 children from the EU Child Cohort Network. The Lancet Regional Health – Europe, 63, Article 101595 
• Jablensky AV, et al. 2005. Pregnancy, Delivery, and Neonatal Complications in a Population Cohort of Women with Schizophrenia and Major Affective Disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 162: 79-91. 
• Jahan N, et al. 2021. Untreated Depression During Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 13(8), e17251.  
• Jiang W, et al. 2018. The relationship of dietary diversity score with depression and anxiety among prenatal and post-partum women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. doi: 10.1111/jog.13728. [Epub ahead of print] 
• Kelly RH, et al. 2002. Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders as Risk factors for low birth weight and Preterm Delivery. Obstet Gynecol; 100 (2): 297-304. 
• Kurki T, et al. 2000. Depression and Anxiety in Early Pregnancy and Risk for Pre-eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol; 95 (4): 487-490. 
• Liu Y, et al. 2021. Postpartum depression and postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder: prevalence and associated factors. BMC Psychiatry; 21(1):487. 
• McLearn KT, et al. 2006. Maternal Depressive Symptoms at 2 to 4 Months Post-Partum and Early Parenting Practices. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 160: 279-284. 
• Mughal S, et al. Postpartum Depression. [Updated 2022 Oct 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519070/ 
• Muzik M, Hamilton SE. 2016. Use of Antidepressants during Pregnancy? What to consider when weighing treatment with Antidepressants against Untreated Depression. Matern Child Health J. 
• National Institute of Mental Health. Perinatal Depression. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Retrieved January 24, 2024, from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/perinatal-depression 
• Nillni YI, et al. 2016. Depression, anxiety, and psychotropic medication use and fecundability. Am J Obstet Gynecol.;215(4):453.e1-453.e4538. 
• Nillni YI, et al. 2022. The association between time-to-pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms in a North American prospective cohort study. Ann Epidemiol.;74:51-57. 
• Okun ML. 2016. Disturbed Sleep and Postpartum Depression. Curr Psychiatry Rep; 18(7):66. 
• Ogunyemi D, et al. 2018. The Contribution of Untreated and Treated Anxiety and Depression to Prenatal, Intrapartum, and Neonatal Outcomes. AJP Rep; 8(3):e146-e157. 
• Pan J, et al. 2025. Effects of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression on miscarriage among pregnant women: a multi-center prospective observational study. Transl Psychiatry 15, 131. 
• Pajulo M, et al. 2001. Antenatal Depression, Substance Dependency and Social Support. J Aff Disorders; 65:9-17. 
• Pao C, et al. 2019. Postpartum depression and social support in a racially and ethnically diverse population of women. Archives of women’s mental health, 22(1), 105–114. Rath K, & Mv S. 2025. Association Between Gestational
• Robertson E, et al. 2004. Antenatal Risk Factors for Postpartum Depression: A Synthesis of Recent Literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry; 26 (4): 289-95. 
• Romero-Gonzalez B, et al. 2018. Newborn infants’ hair cortisol levels reflect chronic maternal stress during pregnancy. PLoS One; 13(7):e0200279. 
• Sanz EJ, et al. 2005. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Pregnant Women and Neonatal Withdrawal Syndrome: A Database Analysis. Lancet; 365: 482-487. 
• Stewart AL, Payne JL. 2023. Perinatal Depression: A Review and an Update. Psychiatr Clin North Am; 46(3):447-461. 
• Vigod SN, et al. 2016. Depression in pregnancy. BMJ; 352:i1547. 
• Vintzileos AM, et al. 2002. The Impact of Prenatal Care in the United States on Preterm Births in the Presence and Absence of Antenatal High-Risk Conditions. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 187: 1254-1257. 
• Wdowik A et al 2017. Impact of emotional disorders on semen quality in men treated for infertility. Neuro Endocrin Lett. Feb; 38(1):50-58. 
• Xu F, et al. 2014. Does Infant Feeding Method Impact on Maternal Mental Health? Breastfeeding Medicine; 9(4). 
• Zielińska M, et al. 2023. Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018-2023). Nutrients, 15(11), 2433.  

Selected References:

• Andersson NK, et al. 2021. Fetal safety of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use during pregnancy: a nationwide cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 14;60(5):2317-2326. 
• Bérard A, et al. 2021. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes using real-world evidence. Front Pharmacol. 12:722511. 
• Berman A, et al. 2025. Hydroxychloroquine and pregnancy outcomes in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. RMD Open. 11(3):e005825.  
• Bermas BL, et al. 2018. Trends in use of hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients from 2001 to 2015. Lupus. 27(6):1012-1017.  
• Buchanan NM, et al. 1996. Hydroxychloroquine and lupus pregnancy: review of a series of 36 cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 55(7):486-488.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Malaria. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/index.html [Accessed April 2026] 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Treatment of Malaria: Guidelines for Clinicians (United States): Alternatives for Pregnant Women. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/hcp/clinical-guidance/pregnant-women.html [Accessed April 2026] 
• Chambers CD, et al. 2022. Birth outcomes in women who have taken hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Rheumatol. 74(4):711-724.  
• Cimaz R, et al. 2004. Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine during pregnancy and breast-feeding: comment on the article by Costedoat-Chalumeau et al. Arthritis Rheum. 50(9):3056-3057. 
• Clowse MEB, et al. 2006. Hydroxychloroquine in lupus pregnancy. Arthritis Rheum. 54(11):3640-3647.  
• Costedoat-Chalumeau N, et al. 2003. Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases: a study of one hundred thirty-three cases compared with a control group. Arthritis Rheum. 48(11):3207-3211. 
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2013. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to hydroxychloroquine: a prospective comparative observational study. Reprod Toxicol. 39:58-62. 
• Feldkamp M, Carey JC. 1993. Clinical teratology counseling and consultation case report: low dose methotrexate exposure in the early weeks of pregnancy. Teratology. 47(6):533-539. 
• Flint J, et al. 2016. BSR and BHPR guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding-Part I: standard and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids. Rheumatology (Oxford). 55(9):1693-1697.  
• Frassi M, et al. 2004. Hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with rheumatic disease: a case control observation of 76 treated pregnancies. Lupus 13(9):755. 
• Howley MM, et al. 2021. Maternal exposure to hydroxychloroquine and birth defects. Birth Defects Res 113(17):1245-1256. 
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2021. Hydroxychloroquine early in pregnancy and risk of birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 224(3):290.e1-290.e22. 
• Ingster-Moati I,  Albuisson E. 2010. Visual neurophysiological dysfunction in infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine in utero. Acta Paediatr. 99(1):4; author reply 4-5. 
• Kaplan YC, et al. 2016. Reproductive outcomes following hydroxychloroquine use for autoimmune diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 81(5):835-848. 
• Kroese SJ, et al. 2017. Hydroxychloroquine use in lupus patients during pregnancy is associated with longer pregnancy duration in preterm births. J Immunol Res. 2017:2810202. Levy RA, et al. 2001. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in lupus
• pregnancy: double-blind and placebo-controlled study. Lupus. 10(6):401-404. 
• Mairesse R, et al. 2026. In utero exposure to medications and congenital eye anomalies. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 11(1):e002049. Available: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12778234/pdf/bmjophth-11-1.pdf [Accessed April 2026] 
• Mirzaei M, et al. 2023. The effects of hydroxychloroquine on pregnancy outcomes in infertile women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Life. 16(2):189-194. 
• Mouyis M, et al. 2019. Safety of anti-rheumatic drugs in men trying to conceive: a systematic review and analysis of published evidence. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 48(5): 911-920. 
• National Institutes of Health. 2021. Product label: hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablet. Available at URL: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=84b00366-96ef-41e1-bac6-5d24acdb9e1d. [Accessed April 2026] 
• Rüegg L, et al. 2025. EULAR recommendations for use of antirheumatic drugs in reproduction, pregnancy, and lactation: 2024 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 84(6):910-926.  
• Sammaritano LR, et al. 2020 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Management of Reproductive Health in Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 72(4):529-556.  
• Silver R, et al. 2023. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #64: Systemic lupus erythematosus in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 228(3):B41-B60. 
• Sperber K, et al. 2009. Systematic review of hydroxychloroquine use in pregnant patients with autoimmune diseases. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J. 13:7:9. 
• Tian Y, et al. 2021. The additional use of hydroxychloroquine can improve the live birth rate in pregnant women with persistent positive antiphospholipid antibodies: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 50(8):102121.  
• Ye S, et al. 2023. The use of hydroxychloroquine in pregnancy and its effect on perinatal outcomes in a population with autoimmune abnormalities. Clin Rheumatol. 42(4):1137-1150.  
• Zhu Q, et al. 2024. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on pregnancy outcome in patients with SLE: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lupus Sci Med. 11(2):e001239. 

Selected References:

• AAP Section on Breastfeeding. 2012. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics 129(3) e827-841.
• AAP Infant Feeding in Disasters and Emergencies Fact Sheet [Accessed 9/2022] https://downloads.aap.org/AAP/PDF/DisasterFactSheet6-2020.pdf
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding: Recommendation: Vaccinations. [Reviewed 5/2023]. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/vaccinations.html.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding: Infectious Diseases and Specific Conditions Affecting Human Milk. [Accessed 04/2024]. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/index.html.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Breastfeeding: Recommendations: Environmental Exposures.[Accessed 04/2024]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/environmental-exposures/other-environmental-exposures.html.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Safety Messages for Pregnant, Postpartum, and Breastfeeding People During Natural Disasters and Severe Weather. [Reviewed 04/2024]. https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/emergency/safety-messages.htm
• General Recommendations on Immunization (2/8/2002) Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) MMWR 51 (RR-2):1-36.
• Knap AH, et al. 2016.Environmental Exposures Due to Natural Disasters. Rev Environ Health. 31(1): 89-92.
• Rimawi BH, et al 2014. Infections and homelessness: risks of increased infectious diseases in displaced women. World Med Health Policy. 6(2):118-132

Selected References:

• Bourg M, et al. 2020. Fertility and sexuality of women with inflammatory arthritis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 251:199-205. 
• Giovannopoulou E, et al. 2017. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Pregnancy: A Literature Review. Curr Rheumatol Rev. 13(3):162-169. 
• Girbash E, et al. 2023. Maternal Interleukin-17 and disease activity influence pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriatic arthritis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23(1):35. 
• Gordon D, Beastall GH, Thomson JA, et al. 1986 Androgenic status and sexual function in males with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Q J Med; 60(231): 671–679.  
• Jakobsson GL, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcomes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a nationwide register study. Ann Rheum Dis. 75(10):1838-42. 
• Lee JS, et all. 2020. Reasons for the High Cesarean Delivery Rate among Women with Ankylosing Spondylitis: Using the Korean National Health Insurance Database. The Journal of Rheumatology, 47(5) 668-673. 
• Lui NL, et al. 2011. Effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 38(11):2442-4. 
• Maguire S, et al. 2020. Pregnancy in axial spondyloarthropathy–A systematic review & meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum; 50(6):1269-1279. 
• Maguire S, et al. 2022. What to expect when women with axial spondyloarthritis are expecting: Prevalence of complications of pregnancies in women with axial spondyloarthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum; 54:151993. 
• Menekse Beser D, et al. 2023. Assessment of fetal pulmonary artery Doppler indices in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. J Clin Ultrasound. 51(6):983-991. 
• Mokbel A, et al. 2021. Pregnancy outcomes in women with ankylosing spondylitis: a scoping literature and methodological review. Clin Rheumatol; 40(9):3465-3480.   
• Mørk S, et al. 2021. Spondyloarthritis and outcomes in pregnancy and labor–A nationwide register-based cohort study. Arthritis Care Res, 73(2), 282-288. 
• Ostensen M. 1992. The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 28(3-4):235-7. 
• Ostensen M & Husby G. 1989. Ankylosing spondylitis and pregnancy. Rheum Dis Clin North Am.  15(2):241-54. 
• Ostensen M & Ostensen H. 1998. Ankylosing spondylitis–the female aspect. J Rheumatol. 25(1):120-4. 
• Ostensen M, et al. 2004. A prospective study of pregnant patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis using validated clinical instruments. Ann Rheum Dis. 63(10):1212-7.   
• Ramonda R, Foresta C, Ortolan A, et al. 2014. Influence of tumor necrosis factor α inhibitors on testicular function and semen in spondyloarthritis patients. Fertil Steril. 101(2): 359–365. 
• Saougou I1, Markatseli TE, Papagoras C, et al. 2013. Fertility in male patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies treated with infliximab. Joint Bone Spine; 80(1): 34–37. 
• Scriffignano S, et al. 2024. Male Fertility in Spondyloarthritis: from Clinical Issues to Cytokines Milieu. A Narrative Review. Curr Rheumatol Rep. doi: 10.1007/s11926-024-01153-w.  
• Smith CJF, et al. 2020. Birth Outcomes and Disease Activity During Pregnancy in a Prospective Cohort of Women With Psoriatic Arthritis and Ankylosing Spondylitis. Arthritis Care Res, 72:1029-1037. 
• Unal C, et al. 2020. Retrospective evaluation of pregnancies with ankylosing spondylitis in a tertiary center in Turkey. Int J Rheum Dis. 23:101-105. 
• Uyaroglu OA, Seyhoglu E, Erden A, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in partners of male ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor-α biologics: real-life results from a single-centre cross-sectional study. Rheumatol Int.;40(9):1501-1507.  
• Yildirim M, et al. 2023. Assessment of fetal thymus size in pregnant women with rheumatic diseases: A case-control study. J Clin Ultrasound. 51(8): 1342-1347. 

Selected References:

• Deepaklal MC, et al. 2015. Insulin aspart in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus and pregestational diabetes mellitus. Indian J Endocrinol Metab; 19(5): 658–662. 
• Hod M, et al. 2008. Fetal and perinatal outcomes in type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a randomized study comparing insulin aspart with human insulin in 322 subjects. Am J Obstet Gynecol’ 198(2)186.e1-7. 
• Matheisen ER, et al. 2007. Maternal glycaemic control and hypoglycaemia in Type 1 diabetes pregnancy: a randomized trial of insulin aspart vs. human insulin in 322 pregnant women. Diabetes Care; 30(4):771-776. 
• Mathiesen ER, et al. 2008. Insulin Aspart in Diabetic Pregnancy: State of the Art. Women’s Health 4(2):119-124.  
• Mathiesen ER, et al; EVOLVE study group. 2024. A comparison of the safety and effectiveness of insulin aspart with other bolus insulins in women with pre-existing Type 1 diabetes during pregnancy: A post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study. Diabet Med; 41(10):e15411.  
• Insulin Aspart Product Label. 2023. National Institute of Health DailyMed database. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=bee5b358-c863-420b-be73-ced2e920c499. Accessed 3/2026.  
• Pettitt DJ, et al. 2007. Efficacy, safety and lack of immunogenicity of insulin aspart compared with regular human insulin for women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med; 24(10): 1129–1135. 
• Shehadeh N, et al. 2001. Importance of insulin content in infant diet: suggestion for a new infant formula. Acta Paediatr; 90(1):93-95. 
• Shehadeh N, et al. 2001. Insulin in human milk and the prevention of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes; 2(4):175-177. 
• Whitmore TJ, et al. 2012. Analysis of Insulin in Human Breast Milk in Mothers with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Endocrinol. vol. 2012: Article ID 296368.