Selected References

• Balevic SJ, et al. 2024. Abatacept Pharmacokinetics and Exposure Response in Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19: A Secondary Analysis of the ACTIV-1 IM Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 7(4):e247615.  
• Bhimraj A, et al. 2025. 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Pemivibart for Pre-exposure Prophylaxis, Vilobelimab for Critical Illness, and Abatacept or Infliximab for Severe or Critical Illness. Clin Infect Dis. 81(Supplement_3):i1-i5.  
• Chin A, et al. 2025. Recommendations for the Use of Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Pregnancy and Reproductive Health for Patients With Rheumatic Disease: A Scoping Review. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 77(10):1273-1281.  
• Dernoncourt A, et al. 2023. Fetal and neonatal adverse drug reactions associated with biologics taken during pregnancy by women with autoimmune diseases: Insights from an analysis of the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase®). BioDrugs. 37(1):73-87. 
• E.R. Squibb and Sons, L.L.C. (Last updated: October 30, 2023). Orencia drug label. Source: National Library of Medicine. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/druginfo.cfm?setid=0836c6ac-ee37-5640-2fed-a3185a0b16eb. Accessed 31 July 2026. 
• Ghalandari N, et al. 2022. Reported congenital malformations after exposure to non-tumour necrosis factor inhibitor biologics: A retrospective comparative study in EudraVigilance. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 88(12):5378-5388.  
• Kumar M, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes following exposure to abatacept during pregnancy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 45(3):351-356. 
• Makol A, et al. 2011. Rheumatoid arthritis and pregnancy: safety considerations in pharmacological management. Drugs. 71(15):1973-1987. 
• Nadig N, et al. 2025. 2025 Clinical Practice Guideline Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America on the Treatment and Management of COVID-19: Abatacept. Clin Infect Dis. 81(Supplement_3):i17-i21.  
• Ojeda-Uribe M, et al. 2013. Exposure to abatacept or rituximab in the first trimester of pregnancy in three women with autoimmune diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 32(5):695-700. 
• Ostensen M, Förger F. 2011. Treatment with biologics of pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 23(3):293-298. 
• Partlett R, Roussou E. 2011. The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis during pregnancy. Rheumatol Int. 31(4):445-449. 
• Pham T, et al. 2012. Abatacept therapy and safety management. Joint Bone Spine. 79 Suppl 1:3-84.  
• Saito J, et al. 2019. Abatacept concentrations in maternal serum and breast milk during breastfeeding and an infant safety assessment: a case study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 58(9):1692-1694. 

Selected References:

• Acs N, et al. 2009. Senna treatment in pregnant women and congenital abnormalities in their offspring- a population-based case-control study. Reproductive Toxicology Jul 28(1):100-104. 
• Avery GS, et al. 1972. Lactulose: a review of its therapeutic and pharmacologic properties with particular reference to ammonia metabolism and its mode of action in portal systemic encephalopathy. Drugs 4:7-48. 
• Baldwin WF. 1963. Clinical study of senna administration to nursing mothers: assessment of effects on infant bowel habits. Canadian Medical Association Journal 89:566-568. 
• Body C, et al. 2016. Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy: Nausea, Vomiting, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Constipation, and Diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 45(2):267-83. 
• Concin N, et al. 2008. Mineral oil paraffins in human body fat and milk. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46(2):544-552. 
• Danhof IE. 1982. Pharmacology, toxicology, clinical efficacy, and adverse effects of calcium polycarbophil, an enteral hydrosorptive agent. Pharmacotherapy 2:18-28. 
• Friedrich C, et al. 2011. Lack of excretion of the active moiety of bisacodyl and sodium picosulfate into human breast milk: an open-label, parallel group, multiple dose study in healthy lactating women. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 26(5):458-464. 
• Gattuso JM, Kamm MA. 1994. Adverse effects of drugs used in the management of constipation and diarrhoea. Drug Safety 10:47-65. 
• Hagemann TM. 1998. Gastrointestinal medications and breastfeeding. Journal of Human Lactation 14:259-262. 
• Rude RK, Singer FR. 1981. Magnesium deficiency and excess. Annual Review of Medicine 323:245-259. 
• Samavati R, et al. 2017. Herbal laxatives and antiemetics in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol. 72:153-158. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.041 
• Schindler AM. 1984. Isolated neonatal hypomagnesaemia associated with maternal overuse of stool softener. Lancet 2:822. 
• The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN (ed). 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, 88-89. 
• Trottier M, et al. 2012. Treating constipation during pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician 58:836-838. 
• Werthmann MW, Jr., Krees SV. 1973. Quantitative excretion of Senokot in human breast milk. The Medical Annals of the District of Columbia 42(1):4-5. 

Selected References:

• Amir LH, et al. 2006. A case-control study of mastitis: nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. BMC Family Practice; 7:57.  
• Behari P, et al. 2004. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to preterm infants through breast milk. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol; 25(9):778-780.  
• Briggs G. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 7th Ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Williams.  
• De Rose, et al. 2023. Staphylococcal infections and neonatal skin: data from literature and suggestions for the clinical management from four challenging patients. Antibiotics; 12(4):632. 
• Elston DM. 2007. Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol; 56(1):1-16.  
• Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. 2020. Bacterial infection of the male reproductive system causing infertility. J Reprod Immunol; 142:103183.  
• Frank A, et al. 1999. Community-acquired and clindamycin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Ped Inf Dis J; 18:993-1000.  
• Gastelum DT, et al. 2005. Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 24(12):1122-1124. 2  
• Goto H, et al. 2003. Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics. Jpn J Antibiot. 58(3):326-58.  
• Inukai K, et al. 2025. Infective endocarditis caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis in the infant of a mother with diabetes: a case report. Tokai J Exp Clin Med; 50(1): 21-24. 
• Kawada M, et al. 2003. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between healthy, lactating mothers and their infants by breastfeeding. J Hum Lact; 19(4):411- 417.  
• Kriebs JM. 2016. Staphylococcus Infections in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Risks. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs; 30(2):115-23. 
• Laibl V, et al. 2005. Clinical Presentation of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 106 (3):461- 5.  
• Leshem E et al. 2012. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from mothers to newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 31(4):360-3.  
• Lazenby GB, et al. 2012. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among women admitted for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 206(4):329.e1-5. 
• Maglio D, et al. 2005. Simulation of antibiotic pharmacodynamic exposure for the empiric treatment of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a report from the OPTAMA program. Clin Ther; 27(7):1032-42.  
• Piva S, Mariella J, et al 2021. Epidemiologic case investigation on the zoonotic transmission of Staphylococcus aureus infection from goat to veterinarians. Zoonoses Public Health; 68(6):684-690. 
• Price M, et al. 1998. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatology outpatient population. South Med J; 91:369-71.  
• Salmanov AG, et al. 2021. Bacterial infection causes of pregnancy loss and premature birth in the women in Ukraine. Wiad Lek; 74(6):1355-1359.  
• Saravolatz L, et al. 1982. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med; 96:11-16.  
• Sheffield JS. 2013. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. Am J Perinatol; 30(2):125-9. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Staph food poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/staph-food-poisoning/about/index.html [Accessed 4/2026]. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2026. Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevent MRSA in higher risk settings. https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html#cdc_prevention_when_traveling-prevent-mrsa-in-higher-risk-settings [Accessed 4/2026]. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Strategies to prevent hospital-onset Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in acute care facilities. https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/hcp/prevent-in-acute-care-facilities/index.html [Accessed 4/2026]. 
• Tong SY, et al. 2015. Staphylococcus aureus infections: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev; 28(3):603-61.  
• Younger Meek, American Academy of Pediatrics, et al. 2022. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics; 150(1):e2022057988. 

Selected References:

• Abraham K, 2021. Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes of Influenza in Pregnancy after Treatment with Oseltamivir. J Glob Infect Dis. 13(1):20-26. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. Committee Opinion No. 753: Assessment and treatment of pregnant women with suspected or confirmed influenza. Obstet Gyn, 132(4):e169-e173. 
• Antiviral drugs for influenza for 2023-2024. 2023. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 65(1689):177-182. 
• Aoki FY, et al. 2013. The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: A foundation document for practitioners. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 24(Suppl C):1-15. 
• Beau A-B, et al. 2014. Safety of oseltamivir during pregnancy: a comparative study using the EFEMERIS database. BJOG; 121(7):895-900.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza. MMWR; 60(No. RR-1):1-25. 
• Chambers CD, et al, OTIS Collaborative Research Group. 2019. Oseltamivir use in pregnancy: Risk of birth defects, preterm delivery, and small for gestational age infants. Birth Defects Res; 111(19):1487-1493. 
• Chow EJ, et al. Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Antivirals for Influenza in Pregnancy. Open Forum Infect Dis; 8(6):ofab138. 
• Cizeron A, et al. 2021. Low rate of oseltamivir prescription among adults and children with confirmed influenza illness in France during the 2018-19 influenza season. J Antimicrob Chemother; 76(4):1057-1062. 
• Dunstan H, et al. 2014. Pregnancy outcome following maternal use of zanamivir or oseltamivir during the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic: a national prospective surveillance study. BJOG; 121(7):901-906. 
• Fodor E, et al. 2023. An Observational Study on the Pharmacokinetics of Oseltamivir in Lactating Influenza Patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther; 115(2):318-323.  
• Graner S, et al. 2017. Neuraminidase inhibitors during pregnancy and risk of adverse neonatal outcomes and congenital malformations: population based European register study. BMJ; 356:j629. 
• Greer LG, et al. 2010. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after antepartum treatment of influenza with antiviral medications. Obstet Gynecol; 115(4):711-716.  
• Greer LG, et al. 2011. Pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir in breast milk and maternal plasma. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 204: 524.e1-4.  
• Laibl VR and Sheffield JS. 2005. Influenza and pneumonia in pregnancy. Clinics in Perinatology; 32:727-738.  
• Lian J, et al. 2022. Neonatal outcomes after neuraminidase inhibitor use during pregnancy: A meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 88(3):911-918. 
• Mancilla-Galindo J, et al. 2021. All-cause mortality among patients treated with repurposed antivirals and antibiotics for COVID-19 in Mexico City: A real-world observational study. EXCLI J; 20:199-222. 
• Saito S, et al. 2013. Outcomes of infants exposed to oseltamivir or zanamivir in utero during pandemic (H1N1) 2009. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 209 (2): 130.e1-9.  
• Siston A, et al. 2010. Pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA; 3030(15):1517-1525.  
• Svensson T, et al. 2011. Birth outcomes among women exposed to neuraminidase inhibitors during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 20(10): 1030-1034.  
• Tanaka T, et al. 2009. Safety of neuraminidase inhibitors against novel influenza A (H1N1) in pregnant and breastfeeding women. CMAJ; 181(1-2):55-58.  
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Treating flu with antiviral drugs. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/treatment/antiviral-drugs.html.  
• The CDC. 2026. Influenza antiviral medications: Summary for clinicians. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/antivirals/summary-clinicians.html  [Accessed April 2026].  
• Van Bennekom CM, Kerr SM, Mitchell AA. 2019. Oseltamivir exposure in pregnancy and the risk of specific birth defects. Birth Defects Res; 111(19):1479-1486.  
• Wentges-van Holthe N, et al. 2008. Oseltamivir and breastfeeding. Int J Infect Dis; 12:451.  
• Wollenhaupt M, et al. 2014. The safety of oseltamivir in pregnancy: an updated review of post-marketing data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 23(10):1035-1042.  
• Xie H-Y, et al. 2013. Infant outcomes among pregnant women who used oseltamivir for treatment of influenza during the H1N1 epidemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 208:293.e1-7. 

Selected References:

• Abdi N, et al. 2020. The effect of aspirin on preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery among healthy pregnancies with a history of preeclampsia. J Chin Med Assoc, 83(9):852-857. 
• Alsulami FT, Hamed EM. 2026. Early initiation of low-dose aspirin for the prevention of pre-eclampsia in high-risk pregnancies. Scientific reports, 16(1):1761. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2018. Low-dose aspirin use during pregnancy (Committee Opinion No. 743). Obstetrics & Gynecology, 132(1):e44–e52. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2021. Low-dose aspirin use for the prevention of preeclampsia and related morbidity and mortality (Practice Advisory). Available from: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2021/12/low-dose-aspirin-use-for-the-prevention-of-preeclampsia-and-related-morbidity-and-mortality  
• Bloor M, Paech M. 2013. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the initiation of lactation. Anesth Analg, 116(5):1063-75. 
• Bujold E, et al. 2026. The effect of aspirin on the risk of preeclampsia based on the Fetal Medicine Foundation first-trimester risk. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 234(3):770–778. 
• Datta P, et al. 2017. Transfer of low-dose aspirin into human milk. J Hum Lact, 33(2):296-299.  
• Ellfolk M, Hultzsch S. 2015. Analgesics, antiphlogistics and anesthetics. In C Schaefer, P Peters, R Miller (Eds.), Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment. 3rd ed. 653-655. London: Elsevier. 
• Grab D, et al. 2000. Effects of low-dose aspirin on uterine and fetal blood flow during pregnancy: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 15:19-27.  
• Hoffman MK, et al. 2024. Neurodevelopment of children whose mothers were randomized to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 1:1-8. 
• Kupka E, et al. 2023. Low-dose aspirin use in pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth: a Swedish register-based cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 228(3):336e1-336e9. 
• Maher JE, et al. 1993. The effect of low-dose aspirin on fetal urine output and amniotic fluid volume. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169:885-8.  
• Malm H, Borish C. 2015. Analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), muscle relaxants, and antigout medications. In C Schaefer, P Peters, R Miller (Eds.), Drugs During Pregnancy and Lactation: Treatment Options and Risk Assessment, 3rd ed. 27-32. London: Elsevier. 
• Marret S, et al. 2010. Prenatal Low-Dose Aspirin and Neurobehavioral Outcomes of Children Born Very Preterm. Pediatrics, 125(1):e29-e34. 
• Martini A, et al. 2003. Analysis of semen from patients chronically treated with low or moderate doses of aspirin-like drugs. Fertil and Steril, 80(1):221-222. 
• Mone F, McAuliffe FM. 2015. Preconception low-dose aspirin and pregnancy outcomes: results from the EAGeR randomized trial. Ir Med J, 08(1):5. 
• Naimi A, et al. 2021. The Effect of Preconception-Initiated Low-Dose Aspirin on Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Detected Pregnancy, Pregnancy Loss, and Live Birth. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(5):595-601. 
• Ngcobo NM, et al. 2026. The impact of low-dose aspirin on hemoglobin levels in pregnancy: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial for prevention of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 173(2):982–988. 
• Ostensen M, et al. 2006. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthritis Res Ther, 8(3):1-19. 
• Rolnik DL, et al. 2025. Aspirin, Birthweight, and Large-For-Gestational-Age Neonates: A Secondary Analysis of the ASPRE Trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 132(11):1606–1614. 
• Rolnik DL, et al. & ASPRE and SPREE Collaborators. 2026. Combined impact of first-trimester risk and aspirin adherence on preterm preeclampsia prevention. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, S0002-9378(26)00078-5. 
• Schisterman EF, et al. 2015. Preconception low-dose aspirin and time to pregnancy: findings from the effects of aspirin in gestation and reproduction randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 100(5):1785-91. 
• Sohail H. 2025. Prophylaxis of Preeclampsia With Low-Dose Aspirin: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus, 17(11): e96529. 
• Spigset O, et al. 2000. Analgesics and breast-feeding: safety considerations.  Paediatr Drugs, 2(3):223-38. 
• US Preventive Services Task Force, et al. 2021. Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 326(12):1186–1191.