Selected References:  

• Althagafi H, et al. 2022. Effect of hidradenitis suppurativa on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 35(25):8388-8393.  
• Chellappan B, et al. 2022. Dermatologic Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Impact on Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Cutis; 109(3):160-162.   
• Collier E, et al. 2020. Special considerations for women with hidradenitis suppurativa. Int J Womens Dermatol; 6(2):85-88.  
• Fitzpatrick L, et al. 2022. Adverse pregnancy and maternal outcomes in women with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol; 86(1):46-54. 
• Li K, et al. 2024. Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Maternal and Offspring Outcomes. JAMA Dermatol. 160(12):1297-1303.  
• Lotan P, et al. 2023. Association between Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Abnormalities in Semen Parameters and Sexual Function: A Pilot Study. Acta Derm Venereol; 103:adv11603.  
• Lyons AB, et al. 2020. Evaluation of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Disease Course During Pregnancy and Postpartum. JAMA Dermatol; 156(6):681-685. 
• Lyons AB, et al. 2020. Retrospective cohort study of pregnancy outcomes in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol; 183(5):945-947.   
• Oumeish OY, Al-Fouzan AW. 2006. Miscellaneous diseases affected by pregnancy. Clin Dermatol; 24(2):113-7.  
• Özbek L, et al. 2025. Hidradenitis Suppurativa Treatment During Pregnancy and Lactation: Navigating Challenges. Int J Dermatol; 64(7):1173-1185. 
• Prens LM, et al. 2021. Hidradenitis suppurativa disease course during pregnancy and postpartum: a retrospective survey study. Br J Dermatol; 185(5):1072-1074. 
• Sakya SM, et al. 2022. Outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in women with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol; 86(1):61-67. 
• Seivright JR, et al. 2022. Impact of Pregnancy on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Disease Course: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dermatology; 238(2):260-266. 
• Tzur Bitan D, et al. 2021. The association between hidradenitis suppurativa and male and female infertility: A population-based study. Australas J Dermatol; 62(2):e223-e227. 
• Vossen AR, et al. 2017. Menses and pregnancy affect symptoms in hidradenitis suppurativa: A cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol; 76(1):155-156.  
• Walsh DP. 2025. Pregnancy Outcomes in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients. AMIA Annu Symp Proc; 2024:1169-1175.  

Selected References:

• Abboud TK, et al. 1983. Lack of adverse neonatal neurobehavioral effects of lidocaine. Anesth Analg; 62:473-475.  
• Abboud TK, et al. 1984. Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in parturients receiving bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine – maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. Anesth Analg; 63:421-428.  
• Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2019. Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream Drug Label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1972d657-2d5a-4697-bba9-80caffc2f2d7. Accessed 29 July 2025.   
• Baradari AG, et al. 2017. Bolus administration of intravenous lidocaine reduces pain after an elective caesarean section: Findings from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 37(5):566-570.  
• da Cunha YGM et al. 2025. The Use of Different Local Anesthetics in Pregnant Women in Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. Apr 21. doi: 10.2174/0127724328349965250407082245. Online ahead of print. 
• Demeulemeester V, et al. 2018. Transplacental lidocaine intoxication. J Neonatal-Perinatal Med; 11:439-441. 
• Dryden RM, Lo MW. 2000. Breast milk lidocaine levels in tumescent liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg; 105:2267-2268. 
• Favero V, et al. 2021. Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures. Dent J (Basel). 9(4):46. 
• Fujinaga M, Mazze RI. 1986. Reproductive and teratogenic effects of lidocaine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesiology. 65:626-632. 
• Heinonen OP. et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Publishing Sci Group, Littleton, MA. 
• Kuhnert BR, et al. 1984. Effects of maternal epidural anesthesia on neonatal behavior. Anesth Analg; 63:301-308. 
• Kuhnert BR, et al. 1986. Lidocaine disposition in mother, fetus, and neonate after spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 65:139-144. 
• Lebedevs TH, et al. 1993. Excretion of lignocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide in breast milk following its use in a dental procedure. A case report. J Clin Periodontol 20: 606-608.  
• Li JE, et al. 2019. Cutaneous Surgery in Patients Who Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding. Dermatol Clin. 37(3):307-317.  Murzaku EC, et al. 2021. Surgical management and practices in pregnancy and lactation: A survey of United States dermatologic surgeons. J Am Acad Dermatol. 84(4):1134-1136.
• Ortega D, et al. 1999. Excretion of lidocaine and bupivacaine in breast milk following epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand; 43:394-397. 
• Silveira MPT, et al. 2020. Breastfeeding and risk classification of medications used during hospitalization for delivery: 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 23:e200026. 
• Watson PD, Ott MA. 1982. Lidocaine and mepivacaine in cord blood. Ped Pharm; 2:341-348. 
• Wikland, M., Evers, H., Jakobsson, A.-H., Sandqvist, U., & Sjöblom, P. (1990). The concentration of lidocaine in follicular fluid when used for paracervical block in a human IVF-ET programme. Human Reproduction, 5(8), 920–923 
• Zeisler JA, et al. 1986. Lidocaine excretion in breast milk. Drug Intell Clin Pharm; 20:691-693. 

Selected References:

• Dentsply Pharmaceutical, Inc. 2021. Prilocaine injection drug label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=db23a56f-1e41-4843-9220-1b2e3059db41. [Accessed 8/2025].
• Fougera & Co. 2024. Lidocaine and prilocaine cream drug label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=833cd52c-6470-49c4-937f-1393971f4db9. [Accessed 8/2025].
• Erol S, et al. 2017. Transient methemoglobinemia in three neonates due to maternal pudendal anesthesia. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 27(12):783-784.
• Guay J. 2009. Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes. Anesth Analg. 108(3):837-45.
• Kirschbaum M, et. al. 1991. [Fetal methemoglobinemia caused by prilocaine–is use of prilocaine for pudendal block still justified?]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 51(3):228-30.
• Uslu S, Comert S. 2013. Transient neonatal methemoglobinemia caused by maternal pudendal anesthesia in delivery with prilocaine: report of two cases. Minerva Pediatr. 65(2):213-7.

Selected References:

• Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85(2):137-150.
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the literature. Expert opinion on drug safety. 13.12: 1667-98.
• Hansen Craig, et al. 2020. Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011. Birth defects research16: 1234-52.
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1393-9.
• Kallen B, Mottet I. 2003. Delivery outcome after the use of meclozine in early pregnancy. Eur J Epidemiol. 18:665-669.
• Katselou M, et al. 2018. A fully validated method for the simultaneous determination of 11 antihistamines in breast milk by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 32(8):e4260.
• Lenz W. 1966. Malformations caused by drugs in pregnancy. Am J Dis Child 112:99-106.
• Messinis IE, et al. 1985. Histamine H1 receptor participation in the control of prolactin secretion in postpartum. J Endocrinol Investig 8:143-6.
• Michaelis J, et al. 1983. Prospective study of suspected associations between certain drugs administered during early pregnancy and congenital malformations. Teratology 27:57-64.
• Mondillo C, et al. 2018. Potential negative effects of anti-histamines on male reproductive function. Reproduction. 155.5: R221-7.

Selected References:  

• Ceyhan ST, et al. 2010. Serum vitamin B12 and homocysteine levels in pregnant women with neural tube defect. Gynecol Endocrinol. 26(8):578-581.  
• Dror DK, Allen LH. 2018. Vitamin B-12 in human milk: A systematic review. Adv Nutr 9:358s-66s. 
• Duggan C, et al. 2014. Vitamin B-12 supplementation during pregnancy and early lactation increases maternal, breast milk, and infant measures of vitamin B-12 status. J Nutr. 144(5):758-764.  
• Groenen PMW, et al. 2004. Marginal maternal vitamin B12 status increases the risk of offspring with spina bifida. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191(1):11-17. 
• Hampel D, Allen LH. 2016. Analyzing B-vitamins in human milk: Methodological approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 56:494-511. 
• Lai JS, et al. 2019. Maternal plasma vitamin B12 concentrations during pregnancy and infant cognitive outcomes at 2 years of age. Br J Nutr. 121(11):1303-1312.
• Munger RG, et al. 2021. Maternal vitamin B12 status and risk of cleft lip and cleft palate birth defects in Tamil Nadu State, India. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 58(5):567-576. 
• National Institute of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. 2024. Vitamin B12: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 6 Jun 2024.  
• Nelen WL, et al. 2000. Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 74(6):1196-1199. 
• Ray JG, Blom HJ. 2003. Vitamin B12 insufficiency and the risk of fetal neural tube defects. QJM. 96(4):289-295. 
• Ray JG, et al. 2007. Vitamin B12 and the risk of neural tube defects in a folic-acid-fortified population. Epidemiology 18(3):362-366. 
• Reznikoff-Etievant MF, et al. 2002. Low Vitamin B(12) level as a risk factor for very early recurrent abortion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 104(2):156-159. 
• Senousy SM, et al. 2018. Association between biomarkers of vitamin B12 status and the risk of neural tube defects. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 44(10):1902-1908.  
• Suarez L, et al. 2003. Maternal serum B12 levels and risk for neural tube defects in a Texas-Mexico border population. Ann Epidemiol 13(2):81-88.  
• Van Rooij IALM, et al. 2003. Vitamin and homocysteine status of mothers and infants and the risk of nonsyndromic orofacial clefts. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(4):1155-1160.  
• Wilson A, et al. 1999. A common variant in methionine synthase reductase combined with low cobalamin (vitamin B12) increases risk for spina bifida. Mol Genet Metab. 67(4):317-323. 
• Zhang T, et al. 2009. Maternal serum vitamin B12, folate and homocysteine and the risk of neural tube defects in the offspring in a high-risk area of China. Public Health Nutr. 12(5):680-686.