Selected References:

• Brown S, Mozurkewich E. 2013. Trauma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 40(1):47-57. 
• Cahill AG, et al. 2008. Minor trauma in pregnancy–is the evaluation unwarranted? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 198(2):208.e1-5.  Colantonio A, Mar W, Escobar M, Yoshida K, Velikonja
• D, Rizoli S, Cusimano M, Cullen N. 2010. Women’s health outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 19(6):1109-16.  
• Dalton SE, et al. 2023. Major trauma in pregnancy: prediction of maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM, 5(9):101069. 
• Dina EK. 2004. Trauma during pregnancy: An analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population, Am J Obstet and Gynecol, 190, 1661-1668. 
• Dorairaj J, et al. 2012. Delayed presentation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following domestic violence in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 38(4):753-6.  
• Fabricant SP, et al.  2021. Trauma in pregnancy and severe adverse perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 34(18):3070-3074. 
• Hattori S, et al. 2021.Factors Influencing Pregnant Women’s Injuries and Fetal Loss Due to Motor Vehicle Collisions: A National Crash Data-Based Study. Healthcare (Basel). 9(3):273. 
• Hauff NJ, et al. 2017. Cumulative trauma and partner conflict predict post-traumatic stress disorder in postpartum African American women. J Clin Nurs, 26(15-16):2372-2383.  
• Huls CK, et al. 2018. Trauma in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol, 42:13-20.  
• Kallen B, et al.1995. Automobile accidents during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol, 9:591,  
• Leroy-Malherbe V, Bonnier C, Papiernik E, Groos E, Landrieu P. 2006. The association between developmental handicaps and traumatic brain injury during pregnancy: an issue that deserves more systematic evaluation. Brain Inj, 20(13-14):1355–65.  
• Lipson AH. 1990. Trauma and intrauterine amputation/constriction rings/syndactyly. Human/animal model correlation. Teratology, 42:330.  
• Luley T, et al. 2013. Perinatal implications of motor vehicle accident trauma during pregnancy: identifying populations at risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 208(6): 466.e1-5. 
• Muench MV, et al. 2004. Kleihauer-betke testing is important in all cases of maternal trauma. J Trauma; 57(5):1094-8. 
• Murphy NJ, Quinlan JD, 2014. Trauma in pregnancy: assessment, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician, 15;90(10):717-22. 
• Munter DW, Faleski EJ. 1989. Blunt scrotal trauma: emergency department evaluation and management. Am J Emerg Med, 7:227-34. 
• Nelson DB, et al. 2003. Violence does not influence early pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 80:1205–1211. 
• Safdari, M., Safdari, Z., & Pishjoo, M. 2018. Intrauterine Fetal Traumatic Brain Injury Following Motor Vehicle Accident; A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Bulletin of emergency and trauma, 6(4), 372–375.  
• Normann A., et al. 2020. Intimate Partner Violence and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open, 10(10):e034153.  
• Sakamoto J, et al. 2019. Trauma in pregnancy. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 37(2):317-338.  
• Shah PS, Shah J. 2010. Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births. Maternal exposure to domestic violence and pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 19(11):2017-31.  
• Smith KA, Bryce S. 2013. Trauma in the pregnant patient: an evidence-based approach to management. Emerg Med Pract, 15(4):1-18. 
• Tinker SC, et al. 2011. Maternal injuries during the periconceptional period and the risk of birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2005. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 25(5):487-96. 
• van der Knoop BJ, et al. 2015. Effect of (minor or major) maternal trauma on fetal motility: A prospective study. Early Hum Dev, 91: 511-517. 
• van der Knoop BJ, et al. 2017. Trauma in pregnancy, obstetrical outcome in a tertiary centre in the Netherlands. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 11: 1-11. 
• Vaajala, M., et al. 2023. Previous traumatic brain injury is associated with an increased odds for gestational diabetes: a nationwide register-based cohort study in finland. Acta Diabetol, 60(10), 1399–1404. 
• Yu H, et al. 2018. Association of intimate partner violence during pregnancy, prenatal depression, and adverse birth outcomes in Wuhan, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18(1):469. 

Selected References:

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• Artama M, et al. 2006. Antiepileptic drug use and birth rate in patients with epilepsy-a population-based cohort study in Finland. Hum Reprod; 21:2290-2295. 
• Battino D, et al. 2024. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol; 82(5):481-489. 
• Bech LF, et al. 2018. In utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs is associated with learning disabilities among offspring. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 89:1324–1331. 
• Birnbaum AK, et al. 2020. Antiepileptic drug exposure in infants of breastfeeding mothers with epilepsy. JAMA Neurol; 77(4):441-450. 
• Bjork M-H, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurology; 79(7):672-681. 
• Blotière PO, et al. 2019. Risks of 23 specific malformations associated with prenatal exposure to 10 antiepileptic drugs. Neurology; 93(2):e167-e80. 
• Blotière PO, et al. 2020. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open; 10(6):e034829.  
• Bruno MK, Harden CL. 2002. Epilepsy in pregnant women. Curr Treat Options Neurol; 4(1):31-40.  
• Bülau P, et al. 1988. Pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and 10-hydroxy-carbazepine in the newborn child of an oxcarbazepine-treated mother. Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 34:311–313.  
• Chen CY, et al. 2017. In utero oxcarbazepine exposure and neonatal abstinence syndrome: Case report and brief review of the literature. Pharmacotherapy; 37:e71–e5.  
• Christensen J, et al. 2015. Apgar-score in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open; 5(9):e007425. 
• Cohen JM, et al. 2019. Anticonvulsant mood stabilizer and lithium use and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry; 80(4). 
• Cohen JM, et al. 2023. Comparative safety of antiseizure medication monotherapy for major malformations. Ann Neurol; 93(3):551-562.  
• Daugaard CA, et al. 2020. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with intellectual disability and delayed childhood milestones. JAMA Netw Open; 3(11):e2025570.  
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• Eisenschenk S. 2006. Treatment with oxcarbazepine during pregnancy. Neurologist; 12(5):249-254.  
• Friis ML, et al. 1993. Therapeutic experiences with 947 epileptic out-patients in oxcarbazepine treatment. Acta Neurol Scand; 87(3):224-227.  
• Gentile S. 2003. Oxcarbazepine in pregnancy and lactation. Clin Drug Investig; 23:687.  
• Guo Y, et al. 2021. A comparative study of the effects of valproate and oxcarbazepine on sexual function, sperm quality, and sex hormones in males with epilepsy. Biomed Res Int; 2021:6624101. 
• Hvas CL, et al. 2000. Epilepsy and pregnancy: effect of antiepileptic drugs and lifestyle on birthweight. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 107:896-902. 
• Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2025. Use of antiseizure medications early in pregnancy and the risk of major malformations in the newborn. Neurology; 105(3):e213786.  
• Honybun E, et al. Neurodevelopmental and functional outcomes following in utero exposure to antiseizure medication: a systematic review. Neurology; 102(8)e209175.  
• Isojarvi JI, et al. 2004. Effect of epilepsy and antiepileptic drugs on male reproductive health. Neurology; 62:247-253. 
• Jacobsen PE, et al. 2014. Prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs and dental agenesis. PLoS One; 9(1):e84420. 
• Johnson K, et al. 2021. Retrospective Analysis of Oxcarbazepine in Pregnant Women With Substance Use Disorders: Focus on Safety. Journal of Pharmacy Practice; 34(1):28-34. 
• Kaaja E, et al. 2003. Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy. Neurology; 60:575-579.  
• Kim HK, et al. 2026. Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medications and the Risk of Congenital Anomalies: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in South Korea. Neurology; 106(1):e214350.  
• Lloyd P, et al. 1994. Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia; 35(s3). 
• Luef G, et al. 2009. Oxcarbazepine treatment in male epilepsy patients improves pre-existing sexual dysfunction. Neurologica; 119(2):94-99.  
• Lutz UC, et al. 2007. Oxcarbazepine treatment during breast-feeding: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 27:730–732.  
• Meischenguiser R, et al. 2003. Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy. [Letter] Neurology; 61:1631. 
• Meischenguiser R, et. al. 2004. Oxcarbazepine in pregnancy: clinical experience in Argentina. Epilepsy Behav; 5:163-167. 
• Miller M, et al. 2003. Major malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy. [Letter] Neurology; 61:1631. 
• Mølgaard-Nielsen D, Hviid A. 2011. Newer-generation antiepileptic drugs and the risk of major birth defects. JAMA; 305(19):1996-2002. 
• Montouris G. 2005. Safety of the newer antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine during pregnancy. Curr Med Res Opin; 21:693-701. 
• Novartis. 2020. Trileptal® Prescribing Information. Available at URL: https://www.novartis.us/sites/www.novartis.us/files/trileptal.pdf.  
• Ohman I, et al. 2009. Pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazine in neonatal period and during lactation. Epilepsia; 50(Suppl. 4):238. Abstract. 
• Rolnitsky A, et al. 2013. In utero oxcarbazepine and a withdrawal syndrome, anomalies, and hyponatremia. Pediatr Neurol; 2013;48(6):466-468.  
• Supernus Pharmaceuticals. 2018. Otexllar XR® Prescribing Information. Available at URL: https://www.oxtellarxrhcp.com/assets/OxtellarXRPrescribingInformation.pdf. 
• Straub L, et al. 2026. Prenatal antiseizure drug exposure and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children: population based cohort study. BMJ; 392:e085725.  
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Folic Acid: Sources and Recommended Intake. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/folic-acid/about/intake-and-sources.html [Accessed 03/2026].  
• Tomson T, et al. 2015. Antiepileptic drugs and intrauterine death: A prospective observational study from EURAP. Neurology; 85: 580-588. 
• Tomson T, et al. 2018. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet Neurol; 17(6):530-538.  
• Trivedi M, et al. 2018. Spontaneous fetal loss in women with epilepsy: prospective data from pregnancy registry in India. Epilepsy Research; 146:50-53. 
• Vajda F, et al. 2018. Anti-epieptic drug exposure and risk of foetal death in utero. Acta Neurol Scand; 137(1):20-23. 
• Veiby G, et al. 2014. Fetal growth restriction and birth defects with newer and older antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy. J Neurol; 261:579-588. 
• Videman M, et al. 2016. Evidence for spared attention to faces in 7-month-old infants after prenatal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav; 64(Pt A):62-68. 
• Weston J, et al. 2016. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 11(11):CD010224. 
• Wu D, et al. 2018. The effects of oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam, and lamotrigine on semen quality, sexual function, and sex hormones in male adults with epilepsy. Epilepsia; 59(7):1344-1350.  
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Selected References:

• Gallagher M. 2018. Exposure to Dihyroxyacetone in Sunless Tanning Products. Understanding the Risks. J Dermatol Nurses Assoc. 10(1)11-17. 
• Meadows M. 2003. Don’t be in the dark about tanning. FDA Consumer Magazine, 37:6.  
• Turner J et al. 2023. In search of the perfect tan: Chemical activity, biological effects, business considerations, and consumer implications of dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning products. J Cosmet Dermatol. 22(1)79-88. 
• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA). Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/modernization-cosmetics-regulation-act-2022-mocra.  
• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2024. Sunless tanners and bronzers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/sunless-tanners-bronzers  
• Yourick JJ, et al. 2004. Fate of chemicals in skin after dermal application: Does the in vitro skin reservoir affect the estimate of systemic absorption? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 195:309-320.

Selected References

• Ankarfeldt MZ, et al. 2021. Exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations and stillbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. PLOS Medicine, 18(11):e1003851. 
• Ankarfeldt MZ, et al. 2023. Duloxetine exposure during pregnancy and the risk of offspring being born small for gestational age or prematurely: A nationwide Danish and Sweden safety study. Drugs Real World Outcomes, 10(1):69-81. 
• Bellantuono C, et al. 2015. The safety of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review.  Hum Psychopharmacol,  30(3):143-51. 
• Gentile S, et al. 2019. Managing fibromyalgia syndrome in pregnancy no bridges between USA and EU. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(6):711-721.   
• Hoog SL, et al. 2013. Duloxetine and pregnancy outcomes: safety surveillance findings. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 10(4):413-419. 
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2020 Maternal and fetal outcomes following exposure to duloxetine in pregnancy: cohort study. BMJ 368:m237. 
• Kallen B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals. 6(10):1221-1286. 
• Kjaersgaard MI, et al. 2013. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion – a population-based study. PLoS One, 8(8):e72095. 
• Lassen D, et al. 2016. First-Trimester Pregnancy Exposure to Venlafaxine or Duloxetine and Risk of Major Congenital Malformations: A Systematic Review. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 118(1):32-6. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12497. 
• Liu D, et al. 2025. Uncovering safety signals of duloxetine: Real-world evidence from the FAERS database. J Affect Disord. 388:119517. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119517 
• Marks C, et al. 2021.Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 41(11):907-914. 
• Punjani N, et al. 2021. Impact of duloxetine on male fertility: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Andrologia, 53(10):e14207. 
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Selected References:

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• Chen VC, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines with development of autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. JAMA Netw Open. 5(11): e2243282. 
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• Yonkers KA, et al. 2017. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with risk of adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(11):1145-1152.