Selected References:

• Gallagher M. 2018. Exposure to Dihyroxyacetone in Sunless Tanning Products. Understanding the Risks. J Dermatol Nurses Assoc. 10(1)11-17. 
• Meadows M. 2003. Don’t be in the dark about tanning. FDA Consumer Magazine, 37:6.  
• Turner J et al. 2023. In search of the perfect tan: Chemical activity, biological effects, business considerations, and consumer implications of dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning products. J Cosmet Dermatol. 22(1)79-88. 
• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA). Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/modernization-cosmetics-regulation-act-2022-mocra.  
• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2024. Sunless tanners and bronzers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/sunless-tanners-bronzers  
• Yourick JJ, et al. 2004. Fate of chemicals in skin after dermal application: Does the in vitro skin reservoir affect the estimate of systemic absorption? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 195:309-320.

Selected References

• Ankarfeldt MZ, et al. 2021. Exposure to duloxetine during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations and stillbirth: A nationwide cohort study in Denmark and Sweden. PLOS Medicine, 18(11):e1003851. 
• Ankarfeldt MZ, et al. 2023. Duloxetine exposure during pregnancy and the risk of offspring being born small for gestational age or prematurely: A nationwide Danish and Sweden safety study. Drugs Real World Outcomes, 10(1):69-81. 
• Bellantuono C, et al. 2015. The safety of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review.  Hum Psychopharmacol,  30(3):143-51. 
• Gentile S, et al. 2019. Managing fibromyalgia syndrome in pregnancy no bridges between USA and EU. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(6):711-721.   
• Hoog SL, et al. 2013. Duloxetine and pregnancy outcomes: safety surveillance findings. International Journal of Medical Sciences. 10(4):413-419. 
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2020 Maternal and fetal outcomes following exposure to duloxetine in pregnancy: cohort study. BMJ 368:m237. 
• Kallen B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals. 6(10):1221-1286. 
• Kjaersgaard MI, et al. 2013. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion – a population-based study. PLoS One, 8(8):e72095. 
• Lassen D, et al. 2016. First-Trimester Pregnancy Exposure to Venlafaxine or Duloxetine and Risk of Major Congenital Malformations: A Systematic Review. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 118(1):32-6. doi:10.1111/bcpt.12497. 
• Liu D, et al. 2025. Uncovering safety signals of duloxetine: Real-world evidence from the FAERS database. J Affect Disord. 388:119517. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.119517 
• Marks C, et al. 2021.Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy 41(11):907-914. 
• Punjani N, et al. 2021. Impact of duloxetine on male fertility: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Andrologia, 53(10):e14207. 
• Richendrfer H, et al. 2018. Cluster analysis profiling of behaviors in zebrafish larvae treated with antidepressants and pesticides. Neurotoxicology Teratology, 69:54-62.  

Selected References:

• Aarskog D. 1975. Association between maternal intake of diazepam and oral clefts. Lancet. 2:921. 
• Borgatta L, et al. 1997. Clinical significance of methohexital, meperidine, and diazepam in breast milk. J Clin Pharmacol. 37:186-92. 
• Brandlistuen R, et al. 2017. Association of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines and child internalizing problems: A sibling-controlled cohort study. PLoS One. 12(7):e0181042. 
• Calderon-Margalit R, et al. 2009. Risk of preterm delivery and other adverse perinatal outcomes in relation to maternal use of psychotropic medications during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 201(6):579.e1-579.e1-8. 
• Chen VC, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines with development of autism spectrum and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders. JAMA Netw Open. 5(11): e2243282. 
• Czeizel A. 1987. Lack of evidence of teratogenicity of benzodiazepine drugs in Hungary. Reprod Toxicol. 1(3):183-188. 
• Czeizel A, et al. 1999. The effect of diazepam and promethazine treatment during pregnancy on the somatic development of human offspring. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 21(2):157-167. 
• Diazepam drug label. 2025. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=167ee280-be68-4a28-a7d8-de41df14bc48&audience=consumer  
• Engeland A, et al. 2013. Effects of preconceptional paternal drug exposure on birth outcomes: cohort study of 340 000 pregnancies using Norwegian population-based databases. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 75(4):1134-1141. 
• Freeman MP, et al. 2018. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after benzodiazepine exposure during pregnancy: Results from a prospective registry of women with psychiatric disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 53:73-79. 
• Gilder ME, et al. 2021. Outcomes for 298 breastfed neonates whose mothers received ketamine and diazepam for postpartum tubal ligation in a resource-limited setting. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 21(1):121.  
• Grigoriadis S, et al. 2020. Pregnancy and delivery outcomes following benzodiazepine exposure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Psychiatry. 65(12): 821-834. 
• Iqbal MM, et al. 2002. Diazepam use during pregnancy: a review of the literature. Del Med J. 74(3):127-135. 
• Jensen AG, et al, 2022. Prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines and the development of the offspring: a systematic review. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 91:107078. 
• Jørgensen NP, et al. 1988. Pharmacokinetics and distribution of diazepam and oxazepam in early pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 67(6):493-497.  
• Kjaer D, et al. 2007. Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital, or diazepam during pregnancy and risk of congenital abnormalities: a case-time-control study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 16(2):181-188. 
• Laegreid L, et al. 1990. Congenital malformations and maternal consumption of benzodiazepines: a case-control study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 32(5):432-441. 
• Laegreid L, et al. 1992. Neurodevelopment in late infancy after prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines–a prospective study. Neuropediatrics. 23(2):60-67. 
• L, et al. 1992. The effect of benzodiazepines on the fetus and the newborn. Neuropediatrics. 23(1):18-23. 
• Noh Y, et al. 2022. First-trimester exposure to benzodiazepines and risk of congenital malformations in offspring: A population-based cohort study in South Korea. PLoS Med. 19(3): e1003945. 
• Ornoy A, et al. 1998. Is benzodiazepine use during pregnancy really teratogenic? Reprod Toxicol. 12(5):511-515. 
• Rementeria J, Bhatt K. 1977. Withdrawal symptoms in neonates from intrauterine exposure to diazepam. J Pediatr. 90(1):123-126. 
• Rosenberg L, et al. 1983. Lack of relation of oral clefts to diazepam use during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 309(21):1282–1285. 
• Safra M, Oakley GP. 1975. Association between cleft lip with or without cleft palate and prenatal exposure to diazepam. Lancet. 2(7933):478–480. 
• Salisbury AL, et al. 2016. The Roles of Maternal Depression, Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Treatment, and Concomitant Benzodiazepine Use on Infant Neurobehavioral Functioning Over the First Postnatal Month. Am J Psychiatry. 173(2):147-157. 
• Saxen I, Saxen L. 1975. Association between maternal intake of diazepam and oral clefts. Lancet. 2(7933):498. 
• Shiono PH, Mills JL. 1984. Oral clefts and diazepam use during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 311(14):919–920. 
• Sundbakk LM, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines and Z-hypnotics with risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. JAMA Netw Open. 5(12): e2246889. 
• Szpunar MJ, et al. 2022. Risk of major malformations in infants after first‐trimester exposure to benzodiazepines: Results from the Massachusetts General Hospital National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. Depress Anxiety. 39(12):751-759. 
• Uguz F. 2021. A new safety scoring system for the use of psychotropic drugs during lactation. Am J Ther 2021;28:e118–e126. 
• Valium Drug label. 2025. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=554baee5-b171-4452-a50a-41a0946f956c&audience=consumer   
• Wall-Wieler E, et al. 2020. Benzodiazepine use before conception and risk of ectopic pregnancy. Hum Reprod. 35(7):1685-1692. 
• Wang X, et al. 2022. Prenatal exposure to benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in humans and risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 137:10464. 
• Wesson DR, et al. 1985. Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam in breast milk. J Psychoactive Drugs. 17(1):55-56. 
• Wikner BN, et al. 2007. Use of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists during pregnancy: neonatal outcome and congenital malformations. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 16(11):1203-1210. 
• Yonkers KA, et al. 2017. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with risk of adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(11):1145-1152. 

Selected References:

• Bandoli G, et al. 2010 Potentially modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol; 163(2):334-339. 
• Ben-David G, et al. 2008. Pregnancy outcome in women with psoriasis. J Reprod Med; 53(3):183-187.  
• Berman M, et al. 2018. The effect of pregnancy on disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol; 45(12):1651-1655. 
• Bobotsis R, et al. 2016. Psoriasis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of observational studies. Br J Dermatol; 175(3):464-472.  
• Bröms G, et al. 2018. Effect of maternal psoriasis on pregnancy and birth Outcomes: A population-based cohort study from Denmark and Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol; 98(8):728-734. 
• Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol; 70(3):417.e1-10; quiz 427.  
• Caldarola G, et al. 2017. Untreated psoriasis impairs male fertility: A case-control study. Dermatology; 233(2-3):170-174. 
• Carman WJ, et al. 2017. Pregnancy and infant outcomes including major congenital malformations among women with chronic inflammatory arthritis or psoriasis, with and without etanercept use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 26(9):1109-1118. 
• Cohen-Barak E, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcomes in women with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol; 25(9):1041-1047.  
• Eudy AM, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes, fertility, and family planning in with psoriatic arthritis. Obstet Med; 13(2)70-75. 
• Gladman DD, et al. 2005. Psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcome. Ann Rheum Dis; 64 Suppl 2:ii14-17. 
• Harder E, et al. 2014. No increased risk of fetal death or prolonged time to pregnancy in women with psoriasis. Invest Dermatol; 34(6):1747-1749. 
• Huerta C, et al. 2007. Incidence and Risk Factors for Psoriasis in the General Population. Arch Dermatol; 143(12):1559-1565. 
• Johansen CB, et al. 2022. Psoriasis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide case-control study in 491,274 women in Denmark. JAAD; Int  7: 146–155. 
• Kerola AM, et al. 2024. Patterns of reproductive health in inflammatory rheumatic diseases and other immune-mediated diseases: a nationwide registry study. Rheumatology (Oxford). keae122. PMID: 38503536. 
• Kimball AE et al. 2021. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis From the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR) JAMA Dermatol; 157(3): 1–6. 
• Meissner Y, et al. 2021. Pregnancy in women with psoriatic arthritis: A systematic literature review of disease activity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Semin Arthritis Rheum; 51(3):530-538. 
• Meserve J, et al. 2021. Paternal Exposure to Immunosuppressive and/or Biologic Agents and Birth Outcomes in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Gastroenterology; 161(1):107-115. 
• Lima XT, et al. 2012. The impact of psoriasis on pregnancy outcomes. J Invest Dermatol; 132(1):85-91.  
• McMullan P, et al. 2024. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: An Update – Part I: Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; S0190-9622(24)00109-9.  
• Murase JE, et al. 2005. Hormonal effect on psoriasis in pregnancy & post-partum. Arch Dermatol; 141(5):601-606. 
• Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; 70(3):401.e1-14. 
• Ostensen M. 1992. The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol; 28(3-4):235-237. 
• Polachek A, et al. 2018. Outcome of pregnancy in women with psoriatic arthritis compared to healthy controls. Clinic Rheum; 38: 895-902. 
• Rademaker M, et al. 2018. Psoriasis in those planning a family, pregnant or breast-feeding. The Australasian Psoriasis Collaboration. Australas J Dermatol; 59(2):86-100. 
• Rahmati S, et al. 2023. Impact of maternal psoriasis on adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 23(1):703.  
• Raychaudhuri SP, et al. 2003. Clinical course of psoriasis during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol; 42(7):518-20. 
• Remaeus K, et al. 2019. Maternal and infant pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriatic arthritis: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. BJOG; 126(10):1213-1222. 
• Secher AEP, et al. 2025. Preterm birth in women with psoriatic arthritis: what are the risks and risk factors? A collaborative cohort study from Sweden, Denmark and Norway. RMD Open; 11(4):e005614.  
• Seeger JD, et al. 2007. Pregnancy and pregnancy outcome among women with inflammatory skin diseases. Dermatol; 214(1)32-39.  
• Smith C, et al. 2020. Birth outcomes and disease activity during pregnancy in a prospective cohort of women with psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Amer Col Rheum; 72(7):1029-1037 
• Tuğrul Ayanoğlu B, et al. 2018. Diminished ovarian reserve in patients with psoriasis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol; 57(2):227-230.  
• Ursin K, et al. 2018. Disease activity of psoriatic arthritis during and after pregnancy: A prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken); 71(8):1092-1100. 
• Yaghi M, et al. 2024. Safety of Dermatologic Medications in Pregnancy and Lactation: An Update – Part II: Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol; S0190-9622(24)00110-5.  
• Yang YW, et al. 2011. Psoriasis and pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol; 64(1):71-77.  
• Yiu ZZ, et al. 2014. Safety of biological therapies for psoriasis: effects on reproductive potential and outcomes in male and female patients. Br J Dermatol; 171(3):485-491. 
• Yiu ZZ, et al. 2015. Safety of conventional systemic therapies for psoriasis on reproductive potential and outcomes. J Dermatolog Treat; 30:1-6.  

Selected References:

• Coppola D, et al. 2007. Evaluating the postmarketing experience of risperidone use during pregnancy: pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Drug Saf; 30(3):247-264. 
• Cho H, et al. 2025. Antipsychotic use during pregnancy and outcomes in pregnant individuals and newborns. J Affect Disord; 373:495-504. 
• Damkier P and Videbech P. 2018. The Safety of Second-Generation Antipsychotics During Pregnancy: A Clinically Focused Review. CNS Drugs; 32:351-366. 
• Eberhard J., et al. 2007. Prolactin level during 5 years of risperidone treatment in patients with psychotic disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica; 115(4), 268-276. 
• Ennis ZN and Damkier P. 2014. Pregnancy Exposure to Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Aripiprazole and Risk of Congenital Malformation. A Systemic Review. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology; 116:315-320. 
• Elstein Y, et al. 2004. Pregnancies in Gaucher disease: a 5 -year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 190:435-441. 
• Habermann F, et al. 2013. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and Pregnancy Outcome: A Prospective, Cohort Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 33:453-462. 
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2016. Antipsychotic Use in Pregnancy and the Risk for Congenital Malformations. JAMA Psychiatry; 73(9): 938-946. 
• National Library of Medicine. 2026. Drug labeling information (section 8.2). DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a6767972-2d3f-482b-80bd-ac93e28fdd05&type=display#section-8.2 
• McAllister-Williams RH, et al. 2017.  British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017.  J Psychopharmacol; 31(5): 519-552. 
• Park Y, et al. 2018. Continuation of Atypical Antipsychotic Medication During Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes. Am J Psychiatry; 175(6):564-574. 
• Petersen I, et al. 2016. Risks and Benefits of Psychotropic Medication in Pregnancy: Cohort Studies based on UK Electronic Primary Care Health Records. Health Technol Assess; 20:1-176 
• Straub L, et al. 2022. Association of antipsychotic drug exposure in pregnancy with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: a national birth cohort study. JAMA Intern Med; 182(5):522-533.  
• Uguz F. 2016. Second-Generation Antipsychotics During the Lactation Period. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 36(3):244-252. 
• Uguz F. 2019. Adverse events in a breastfed infant exposed to risperidone and haloperidol. Breastfeed Med; 14:683–684. 
• Vigod SN, et al. 2015. Antipsychotic Drug Use In Pregnancy: High Dimensional, Propensity Matched, Population Based Cohort Study. BMJ; 350:h2298. 
• Wang E, et al. 2025. Comparative safety of antipsychotic medications and mood stabilizers during pregnancy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. CNS Drugs; 39(1):1-22.