Selected References:

• Andersen JB, et al. 2022. Pregnancy outcomes following maternal or paternal exposure to teriflunomide in the Danish MS population. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 59:103529. 
• Bellinger DC. 2005. Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 73(6):409-20.  
• Brent R. 2009. Saving lives and changing family histories: appropriate counseling of pregnant women and men and women of reproductive age, concerning the risk of diagnostic radiation exposures during and before pregnancy. Am J OB/GYN 200(1):4-24.  
• Brouwers MM, et al. 2007. Risk factors for hypospadias. Eur J Pediatr. 166(7):671–678.  
• Buck Louis GM, et al. 2016. Paternal exposures to environmental chemicals and time-to-pregnancy: overview of results from the LIFE study. Andrology. 4(4):639-647.  
• Carter T, et al. 2023. Paternal preconception modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy and offspring outcomes: a review of contemporary evidence from observational studies. BMC Public Health. 16;23(1):509. 
• Colie CF. 1993. Male mediated teratogenesis. Reprod Toxicol 7:3-9.  
• Cordier S. 2008. Evidence for a role of paternal exposures in developmental toxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 102(2):176-81.  
• Duijster JW, et al. 2017. [Zika virus and sexual transmission; when and for how long does one need to use a condom?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 161(0):D1622. Dutch. 
• Friedman JM. 2003. Implications of research in male mediated developmental toxicity to clinical counselors, regulators, and occupational safety officers. Advances in Male Mediated Developmental Toxicity, edited by Bernard Robaire and Barbara F. Hales. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.  
• Hayama-Terada M, et al. 2023. Paternal occupational exposures and infant congenital heart defects in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Environ Health Prev Med. 28:12. 
• Hills SL, et al. 2016. Transmission of Zika Virus Through Sexual Contact with Travelers to Areas of Ongoing Transmission – Continental United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65(8):215-6.  
• Jones A, et al. 2013. Outcomes of pregnancies fathered by solid-organ transplant recipients exposed to mycophenolic acid products. Prog Transplant. 23(2):153-7.  
• Kim T, et al. 2023. Does the father’s job matter? Parental occupation and preterm birth in Korea. Epidemiol Health. 45:e2023078.  
• Li X, et al. 2010. Parental occupation and risk of small-for-gestational-age births: a nationwide epidemiological study in Sweden. Hum Reprod. 25(4):1044-1050.  
• Maciag MC, et al. 2022. Impact of prenatal exposure to smoking on child health. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1;65(2):388-396. 
• Moreira J, et al. 2017. Sexually acquired Zika virus: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 23(5):296-305.  
• Pacey AA, et al. 2014. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor sperm morphology. Hum Reprod. Aug;29(8):1629-36.  
• Pettigrew SM, et al. 2016. Paternal and joint parental occupational pesticide exposure and spina bifida in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997 to 2002. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 106(11):963-971.  
• Polifka J & Friedman JM. 2003. Developmental toxicity of ribaviran/IFα combination therapy: is the label more dangerous than the drugs? Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:8-12.  
• Sallmé M, et al. 2000. Time to pregnancy among the wives of men occupationally exposed to lead. Epidemiology 11(2): 141-7.  
• Savitz DA, et al. 1997. Male pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol 146(12):1025-36.  
• Savitz DA, et al. 1989. Effect of parents’ occupational exposures on risk of stillbirth, preterm delivery, and small-for-gestational-age infants. Am J Epidemiol. 129(6):1201-1218.  
• Tielemans E, et al. 1999. Occupationally related exposures and reduced semen quality: a case-control study. Fert Steril 71:690-696.  
• Trasler JM & Doerksen T. 1999. Teratogen Update: Paternal exposures-reproductive risks. Teratology 60(3):161-72.  
• Uldbjerg CS, et al. 2024. Associations of maternal and paternal preconception and maternal pregnancy urinary phthalate biomarker and bisphenol A concentrations with offspring autistic behaviors: The PEACE study. Environ Res. 263(Pt 3):120253. 
• Vine MF, 1996. Smoking and male reproduction: a review. Int J Androl 19(6):323-37.  
• Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2014. No evidence for an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome after paternal low-dose methotrexate: an observational cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 53(4):757-63.  
• Zhao L, et al. 2020. Parental smoking and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: An updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol 27:1284–93. 
• Zhu JL, et al. 2006. Occupational exposure to pesticides and pregnancy outcomes in gardeners and farmers: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. J Occup Environ Med 48(4):347-52.     

Selected References:

• Ahlborg G et al. 1995. Reproductive effects of chemical exposures in health profession. J Occup Environ Med. 37: 957-961.  
• Allweiler SI, et al. 2013. Inhalation anesthetics and the reproductive risks associated with occupational exposure among women working in veterinary anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg. 40(3):285-289.  
• Bartram DJ, et al. 2009. Psychological working conditions and work-related stressors among UK veterinary surgeons. Occup Med (Lond). 59(5):334-341.  
• Byers CG. 2020. Biosecurity Measures in Clinical Practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 50(6):1277-1287.  
• Boivin JF. 1997. Risk of spontaneous abortion in women occupationally exposed to anesthetic gases: a meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med. 54: 541-548.  
• California Veterinary Medical Board. 2012. Radiation Safety Relating to Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health Technology in California. https://www.vmb.ca.gov/forms_pubs/radguide.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
• Cohen WR et al. 2000. Environmental and Occupational Hazards. Cherry and Merkatz’s Complications of Pregnancy. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 
• Duke T. Partial intravenous anesthesia in cats and dogs. Can Vet J. 2013 Mar;54(3):276-282.  
• Epp T, et al. 2012. Occupational health hazards in veterinary medicine: zoonoses and other biological hazards. Can Vet J. 53(2):144-150. 
• Figà-Talamanca I. 2000. Reproductive problems among women health care workers: epidemiologic evidence and preventive strategies. Epidemiologic Reviews. 22:249-260. 
• Fowler HN, et al. 2016. Survey of occupational hazards in Minnesota veterinary practices in 2012. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 248(2):207-218.  
• Gilani S, et al. 2014. Is it safe for pregnant health-care professionals to handle cytotoxic drugs? A review of the literature and recommendations. Ecancermedicalscience. 8:418. 
• MacDonald LA, et al. 2013. Clinical guidelines for occupational lifting in pregnancy: evidence summary and provisional recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 209(2): 80-88. 
• Meisner J, et al. 2018: Maternal veterinary occupation and adverse birth outcomes in Washington State, 1992-2014: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med. 75(5):359-368.  
• Molter B, et. al. 2019. Current policies and support services for pregnant and parenting veterinary medical students and house officers at United States veterinary medical training institutions. J Vet Med Educ Summer 46(2):145-152. 
• National Institute of Health. 2016. NIOSH list of antineoplastic and other hazardous drugs in healthcare settings, 2016. Publication Number 2016-161 (Supersedes 2014-138). 
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 2023. Managing hazardous drug exposures: information for healthcare settings. By Hodson L, et al. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2023-130.https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2023130. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
• Occupational Safety & Health Administration. 2000. Anesthetic Gases: Guidelines for Workplace Exposures. https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/anestheticgases/index.html. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
• Pacheco K. 2007. New Insights into laboratory animal exposures and allergic responses. Cur Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 7(2):156-161. 
• Polovich M. 2004. Safe Handling of Hazardous Drugs. Online J Issues Nurs. 9(3):6.  
• Potter J, et al. 2024. A few thoughts on workplace safety. Vet Anaesth Analg. 51(4):315-321. 
• Rodrigues AC, et al. 2017. Risk Factors for Nasal Colonization by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in Healthy Humans in Professional Daily Contact with Companion Animals in Portugal. Microb Drug Resist. 24(4):434-446. 
• Scheftel JM, et. al. 2017. Review of hazards to female reproductive health in veterinary practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 250(8):862-872.  
• Schuhaber S, et al. 2002. A prospective-controlled study of pregnant veterinary staff exposed to inhaled anesthetics and x-rays. Int J Occup Med Environ Health, (15)4; 363-373.  
• Shirangi, A, et al. 2008. Maternal Occupational Exposures and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion in Veterinary Practice. Occup Environ Med. 65(11): 719-725.  
• Toppenberg K, et al. 1999. Safety of Radiographic Imaging During Pregnancy. Am Fam Physician. 59(7):1813-1818. 
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control. 2023. Hazards to Veterinary Medicine and Animal Care Workers. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/veterinary/about/hazards.html. Accessed 29 July 2025.  
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control. 2024. Veterinary Safety and Health Hazard Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/veterinary/prevention/index.html. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
• Varughese S, Ahmed R. 2021. Environmental and Occupational Considerations of Anesthesia: A Narrative Review and Update. Anesth Analg. 133(4):826-835. 
• Veterinary Infection Control Committee, National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians. 2015. Compendium of Veterinary Standard Precautions for Zoonotic Disease Prevention in Veterinary Personnel. http://www.nasphv.org/Documents/VeterinaryStandardPrecautions.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2025. 
• Wilkes MS, et al. 2019. One health-one education: Medical and veterinary inter-professional training. J Vet Med Educ 46(1):14-20. 

Selected References:  

• Broussard CS, et al. 2011. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(4):314.e1–e11. 
• Edwards JE, et al. 2003. Hydromorphone transfer into breast milk after intranasal administration. Pharmacotherapy, 23(2):153-158. 
• Fishman B, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: a cohort study. PLoS One, 14(7):e0219061. 
• Larson JJ, et al. 2019. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. Pediatrics, 144(2): e20190514. 
• Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systemic review. Pediatrics, 139(6):e20164131. 
• Rhodes Pharmaceuticals L.P. 2021. Hydromorphone hydrochloride product labeling. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=37565441-0d95-4743-a695-d7b3326f58a1.  
• Sinatra RS, et al. 2002. Continuous epidural infusion of 0.05% bupivacaine plus hydromorphone for labor analgesia: an observational assessment in 1830 parturients. Anesth Analg, 94(5):1310-1311. 
• Yazdy MM, et al. 2013. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. ObstetGynecol, 122(4):833-844. 

• Broussard CS, et al. 2011. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(4):314.e1–e11.
• Edwards JE, et al. 2003. Hydromorphone transfer into breast milk after intranasal administration. Pharmacotherapy, 23(2):153-158.
• Fishman B, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: a cohort study. PLoS One, 14(7):e0219061.
• Larson JJ, et al. 2019. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. Pediatrics, 144(2): e20190514.
• Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systemic review. Pediatrics, 139(6):e20164131.
• Rhodes Pharmaceuticals L.P. 2021. Hydromorphone hydrochloride product labeling. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=37565441-0d95-4743-a695-d7b3326f58a1.
• Sinatra RS, et al. 2002. Continuous epidural infusion of 0.05% bupivacaine plus hydromorphone for labor analgesia: an observational assessment in 1830 parturients. Anesth Analg, 94(5):1310-1311.
• Yazdy MM, et al. 2013. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. ObstetGynecol, 122(4):833-844.

Selected References:

• Abdullahi H, et al. 2021. Seasonal influenza during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 258:235-239.  
• Anselem O et al. 2019. Improving care for pregnant women with suspected influenza: A retrospective study before and after introduction of a rapid molecular assay. PLoS One. Jun 14;14(6):e0217651 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. About influenza.  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/index.html [Accessed 7/2025]  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Preventing seasonal flu.  https://www.cdc.gov/flu/prevention/index.html (Accessed 7/2025) 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. Influenza (flu) and breastfeeding. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/hcp/illnesses-conditions/flu.html [Accessed 7/2025]. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023Influenza antiviral medications: Summary for clinicians. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/flu/hcp/antivirals/summary-clinicians.html  
• Dawood FS, et al. 2021. Incidence of influenza during pregnancy and association with pregnancy and perinatal outcomes in three middle-income countries: a multisite prospective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 21(1):97-106.  
• Dotters-Katz SK. 2024. Influenza in Pregnancy: Maternal, Obstetric, and Fetal Implications, Diagnosis, and Management. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 67(3):557-564 
• Fell DB, et al. 2018. The relationship between 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza during pregnancy and preterm birth. Epidemiology 29:107-116.  
• Fiore AE, et al. 2010. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 59(RR-8):1-62. Erratum: Vol. 59, No. RR-8. 
• Grohskoft LA, et al. 2020. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2020-2021 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep 69(8):1-24. 
• Gunnes N, et al. 2020. Seasonal and pandemic influenza during pregnancy and risk of fetal death: A Norwegian registry-based cohort study. Eur J Epidemiol 35(4):371-379. 
• Haberg SE, et al: 2013. Risk of fetal death after pandemic influenza virus infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 368: 333-340.  
• Legge A, et al. 2014. Rates and determinants of seasonal influenza vaccination in pregnancy and association with neonatal outcomes. CMAJ 186(4): E157-E164.  
• Louie JK, et al. 2015. Pregnancy and severe influenza infection in the 2013-2014 influenza season. Ob Gyn 125(1): 184-192. 
• Luteijn JM, Brown MJ, Dolk H. 2014. Influenza and congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 29(4):809-23. 
• Mátrai Á, et al. 2022. First-Trimester Influenza Infection Increases the Odds of Non-Chromosomal Birth Defects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2022 Dec 2;14(12):2708.  
• Mátrai Á, et al 2023. Reducing the Risk of Birth Defects Associated with Maternal Influenza: Insights from a Hungarian Case-Control Study. J Clin Med. 12(21):6934.  
• Memoli MJ, et al. 2013. Influenza in pregnancy. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 7(6):1033-9.  Neuzil KM, et al. 1998. Impact of influenza on acute cardiopulmonary hospitalizations in pregnant women. Am J Epidemiol. 148(11):1094-1102.  
• Nypaver C, et al. 2021. Influenza and Influenza Vaccine: A Review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 66(1):45-53. PMID: 33522695. 
• Oseghale O, et al. 2022. Influenza Virus Infection during Pregnancy as a Trigger of Acute and Chronic Complications. Viruses. 14(12): 2729. 
• Payne K, et al. 2020. Twenty-First Century Viral Pandemics: A Literature Review of Sexual Transmission and Fertility Implications in Men. Sex Med Rev 8(4):518-530. 
• Selten JP,et al. 2017. The serological evidence for maternal influenza as risk factor for psychosis in offspring is insufficient: critical review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res 183:2-9. 
• Tamma PD, et al. 2009. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 201(6):547-52. 
• Zerbo O, et al. 2017. Association between influenza infection and vaccination during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Pediatr 171(1):e163609. 

Selected References:  

• American Dental Association (ADA). https://www.ada.org/resources/practice/legal-and-regulatory/amalgam (accessed 6/25/2025). 
• Bjorklund G, et. al. 2019. Mercury exposure and its effects on fertility and pregnancy outcome. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 125(4):317-327 Brodsky JB, et al. 1985. Occupational exposure to mercury in dentistry and pregnancy outcome. J Am Dent Assoc; 111:779-780. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003. Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 52(RR17):1-61.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2021. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/summary-infection-prevention-practices/index.html 
• CDC. 2011. Immunization of Health-Care Personnel: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR); 60 (RR07):1-45. 
• Ericson A, Kallen B. 1989. Pregnancy outcome in women working as dentists, dental assistants or dental technicians. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 61:329-33. 
• Glick M, Goldman HS. 1993. Viral infections in the dental setting: potential effects on pregnant HCWs. J Am Dent Assoc. 124(6):79-86. 
• Heggland I, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcomes among female dental personnel-a registry-based retrospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health; 37(6): 539-546. 
• Knill-Jones RP, et al. 1975. Anaesthetic practice and pregnancy. Lancet; 2:807-9. 
• LeBeau J. 2015. Laser Safety in the Dental Office. https://www.aldadmin.org/index.cfm/patients/ALD_Blog/show/blogPost/LaserSafetyInTheDentalOffice [Accessed 2025]. 
• Lindbohm ML, et al. 2007.Occupational exposure in dentistry and miscarriage. Occup Environ Med; 64:127-133. 
• Mann A, et. al. 2020. Considerations for pregnant dental and health care workers amid COVID-19. JDR Clin Trans Res 5(4):300-306. 
• Marklund S, et al. 2019. Work ability and productivity among dentists: associations with musculoskeletal pain, stress, and sleep. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. PMID: 31654126 
• Nagpal N, et al. 2017. A Review of Mercury Exposure and Health of Dental Personnel. Saf Health Work. 8(1): 1-10. ‘
• Naimi-Akbar A, et al. 2012. Cognitive function among sons of women who worked in dentistry. Scand J Work Environ Health. 38(6):546-552. 
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Dentistry Hazard Recognition, Control and Prevention: Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dentistry/hazard-control-prevention [Accessed 6/2025]. 
• OSHA. Laser/Electrosurgery Plume. https://www.https://www.osha.gov/laser-electrosurgery-plume [Accessed 6/25/2025].  
• OSHA. Mercury OSHA Standards. https://www. https://www.osha.gov/mercury/standards [Accessed 6/25/2025]. 
• Olfert SM. 2006. Reproductive outcomes among dental personnel: a review of selected exposures. J Can Dent Assoc. 72(9):821-5. 
• Romano F, et al. 2017. Electrosurgical Smoke: Ultrafine Particle Measurements and Work Environment Quality in Different Operating Theatres. Int J Environ Res Public Health; 14(2): 137.  
• Rowland A et al. 1995. Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants. Am J Epidemiol. 141(6):531-8. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117468. PMID: 7900720. 
• Smalley P. 2011. Laser safety: Risks, hazards, and control measures. Laser Ther; 20(2): 95-106. 
• Warwick D, et al. 2019. Mercury vapor volatilization from particulate generated from dental amalgam removal with a high-speed dental drill – a significant source of exposure. Jrnl of Occ Med & Tox. 14,22. 
• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2017. About Dental Amalgam Fillings.  https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/dental-devices/dental-amalgam-fillings [Accessed 6/25/2025].