Selected References:

• Adams J, et al. 2022. Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. Epilepsy Behav; 127:108533. 
• Antonucci R, et al. 2018. Maternal carbamazepine therapy and unusual adverse effects in a breastfed infant. Breastfeed Med; 13(2):155-157. 
• Baker GA, et al. 2015. IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: a controlled cohort study. Neurology; 84(4):382-390. 
• Battino D, et al. 2024. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol; 81(5):481-489. 
• Bech BH, et al. 2014. Use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth: population based cohort study. BMJ; 349:g5159. 
• Birnbaum AK, et al. 2020. Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy. JAMA Neurol; 77(4):441-450. 
• Bjork M-H, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurol. 79(7):672-681.  
• Blotiere PO, et al. 2020. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 7;10(6):e034829. 
• Bromley RL, et al. 2013. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84(6):637-643. 
• Bromley R, et al. 2023. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 29;8(8):CD010224.  
• Campbell E, et al. 2014. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drug monotherapies in pregnancy: updated results from the UK and Ireland Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 85(9):1029-1034. 
• Canger R, et al. 1999. Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study.  Epilepsia; 40(9):1231-1236. 
• Craig JJ, et al. 2022. Epilepsy and pregnancy: identifying risks. Pract Neurol; 22(2):98-106. 
• Daugaard CA, et al. 2020. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with intellectual disability and delayed childhood milestones. JAMA Netw Open; 3(11):e2025570. 
• Cohen JM, et al. 2023. Comparative safety of antiseizure medication monotherapy for major malformations. Ann Neurol; 93(3):551-562. 
• Cummings C, et al. 2011. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child; 96(7):643-647. 
• Davanzo R, et al. 2013.  Italian Journal of Pediatrics; 39:50-61. 
• Deshmukh U, et al. 2016. Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 54:5-14. 
• Fried S, et al. 2004.  Malformation rates in children of women with untreated epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf; 27(3):197-202. 
• Gaily E, et al. 2004. Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine. Neurology 62:28-32. 
• Gladstone DJ, et al. 1992. Course of pregnancy and fetal outcome following maternal exposure to carbamazepine and phenytoin: a prospective study. Reprod Toxicol; 6:257-261. 
• Harden CL. 2008. Antiepileptic drug teratogenesis:  what are the risks for congenital malformations and adverse cognitive outcomes? Int Rev Neurobiol; 83:205-213. 
• Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2000. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med; 343(22):1608-1614. 
• Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2025. Use of Antiseizure Medications Early in Pregnancy and the Risk of Major Malformations in the Newborn. Neurology; 105(3):e213786.  
• Holmes LB, et al. 2024. Facial dysmorphology in children exposed in pregnancy to anticonvulsant medications correlates with deficits in IQ. Am J Med Genet; 2024;194A:e63511. 
• Honybun E, et al. 2026. Neurocognitive Outcomes of In Utero Exposure to Antiseizure Medication: An Australian Cohort Study. Neurology; 107(1):e218122 
• Huber-Mollema Y, et al. 2020. Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, or valproate exposure. J Neurol; 267(6):1724-1736. 
• Husebye E, et al. 2020. Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero – the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. European Journal of Neurology; 27.3:667-675. 
• Li Y, Meador KJ. 2022. Epilepsy and Pregnancy. Continuum (Minneap Minn); 28(1):34-54. 
• Jones KL, et al. 1989.  Patterns of malformations in the children treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med; 320(25):1661-1666. 
• Kacirova I, et al. 2021. Therapeutic monitoring of carbamazepine and its active metabolite during the 1st postnatal month: Influence of drug interactions. Biomed Pharmacother; 137:111412. 
• Kacirova I, et al. 2022. Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide concentrations in mothers, colostrum, and breastfed newborns: Comparison with concentrations determined during delivery and in the mature milk period. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy; 151:113176. 
• Kallen AJB. 1994. Maternal carbamazepine and infant spina bifida. Reprod Toxicol 8(3):203-205. 
• Kaplan YC, et al. 2021. Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital carbamazepine, levetiracetam lamotrigine and valproate in pregnancy and breastfeeding: risk of major malformations, dose-dependency, monotherapy vs polytherapy, pharmacokinetics and clinical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol; 19(11):1805-1824. 
• Karain A, et al. 2025. Educational outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to antiseizure medications: A systematic literature review and meta-Analysis. Seizure; 32:37-45.  
• Leite ML, et al. 2024. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes, antiseizure medication profile, and seizure types in pregnant women in a vulnerability state from Brazil. PLoS One; 1;19(4):e0291190. 
• Meador KJ, et al. 2009. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs.  N Engl J Med; 360(16):1597-1605. 
• Margulis A, et al. 2019. Relation of in-utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs to pregnancy during and size at birth. PLoS One; 14(8):e0214180. 
• Mazzone PP, et al. 2023. Comparison of perinatal outcomes for women with and without epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol; 80(5):484-494. 
• Meador KJ, et al. 2014. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr; 168(8):729-736. 
• Morrell M. 1996. The new antiepileptic drugs and women:  efficacy, reproductive health, pregnancy and fetal outcome. Epilepsia 37(Suppl. 6):S34-S44. 
• Novartis. (n.d.). Tegretol – Food and Drug Administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2025/018927Orig1s061;016608Orig1s122;020234Orig1s055lbl.pdf. Accessed July 2026. 
• Nulman I, et al. 1997. Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: independent effects of epilepsy and medications. Am J Med Genet; 68:18-24. 
• O’Brien MD and Gilmour-White SK. 2005. Management of epilepsy in women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Postgrad Med J; 81(955):278-285. 
• Ornoy A and Cohen E.  1996.  Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Arc Dis Child; 75:517-520 
• Patel N, et al. 2018. Mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants, spina bifida, and folate supplementation: commentary. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 38(1):7-10. 
• Rosa FW. 1991. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med; 324(10)674-677. 
• Samren EB, et al. 1999. Antiepileptic drug regimens and major congenital abnormalities in the offspring. Ann Neurol; 46(5):739-746. 
• Scolnik D, et al. 1994. Neurodevelopment if children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy. JAMA; 271(10):767-770. 
• Shawahna R, Zaid L. 2022. Concentrations of antiseizure medications in breast milk of lactating women with epilepsy: A systematic review with qualitative synthesis. Seizure; 98:57-70.  
• Straub L, et al. 2026. Prenatal antiseizure drug exposure and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children: population based cohort study. BMJ; 392:e085725.  
• Tang W, et al. 2023. Adverse perinatal pregnancy outcomes in women with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Res; 262:156-167.  
• Tomson T and Barrino D.  2008. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure; 17(2):166-171. 
• Tomson T and Klein P. 2015. Fine-tuning risk assessment with antiepileptic drug use in pregnancy. Neurology; 84(4):339-340. 
• Tomson T, et al. 2015. Antiepileptic drugs and intrauterine death: A prospective observational study from EURAP. Neurology; 85(7):580-588. 
• Tomson T, et al. 2018. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet Neurol; 17(6):530-538. 
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2026. Data and statistics on Spina Bifida. https://www.cdc.gov/spina-bifida/data/.  
• Vajda F. 2014. Epilepsy: Effects of exposure to antiepileptic drugs during development. Nat Rev Neurol; 10:11-12. 
• Vajda F, et al. 2018. Anti-epileptic drug exposure and risk of foetal death in utero. Acta Neurol Scand; 137(1):20-23. 
• Wallace H, et al. 1998. Age-specific incidence and prevalence rates of treated epilepsy in an unselected population of 2,052,922 and age-specific fertility rates of women with epilepsy. Lancet; 352:1970-1973. 
• Weston J, et al. 2016. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 11:Cd010224. 
• Wide K, et al. 2000. Psychomotor development and minor anomalies in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero: A prospective population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol; 42:87-92. 
• Wiggs K, et al. 2020. Anti-seizure medication use during pregnancy and risk of ASD and ADHD in children. Neurology; 95(24):e3232-e3240.  

Selected References:

• Beex-Oosterhuis MM, et al. 2021. Clozapine treatment during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic literature review. J Clin Psychiatry; 83(1):21r13952. 
• Bolu A, et al.  2018. Low-dose clozapine-induced retrograde ejaculation. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci; 72(7):541-542. 
• Borisch C, et al. 2012. Severe neutropenia in a newborn after clozapine therapy during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol; 34:158. 
• Damkier P & Videbach P. 2018. The safety of second-generation antipsychotics during pregnancy: a clinically focused review. CNS Drugs; 32:351–366. 
• Dev VJ & Krupp P. 1995. Adverse event profile and safety of clozapine. Rev Contemp Pharmacother; 6:197–208. 
• Grover S, Gupta S. 2025. Use of clozapine in pregnancy: a retrospective study from North India. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology; 45(4):353-355.  
• Haddad PM, et al. 2004. Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, clinical features and management. Drugs; 64(20):2291-2314. 
• Husain K, et al. 2025. Limitations in Recent Study of Clozapine Use During Pregnancy. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 45(6):688-689. 
• Imaz ML,et al. 2018. Clozapine use during pregnancy and lactation: A case-series report. Front Pharmacol; 9:264. 
• Jing H, Tang X. 2026. Risk factors for drug-related gestational diabetes mellitus: a real-world pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS database. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 26(1):687.  
• Kulkarni J, et al. 2026. Clozapine safety in pregnancy: a clinical study. Schizophrenia Bulletin; 52(2):sbae132.  
• Larsen ER, et al. 2015. Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl; 132 Suppl 445:1–28.  
• Mehta TM, et al. 2017. A review of the safety of clozapine during pregnancy and lactation. Arch Womens Ment Health; 20(1):1-9. 
• Shao P, et al. 2015. Effects of clozapine and other atypical antipsychotics on infants development who were exposed to as fetus: a post-hoc analysis. PLoS One; 10(4):e0123373. 
• Thanigaivel R, et al.  2022 A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes after clozapine continuation in pregnancy. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract; 26(2):178-182. 
• Tsukiji M, et al. 2025. A Japanese pregnant woman with treatment-resistant schizophrenia who continued clozapine with blood concentration monitoring during the perinatal period and had a healthy baby: a case report. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports; 45(4):e70074.  
• Uguz F. 2016. Second-generation antipsychotics during the lactation period: a comparative systematic review on infant safety. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 36:244–252.  
• Uguz F. 2020. The use of clozapine during pregnancy and lactation: a case report. Psychiat Clin Psychopharmacol; 30:193–195. 
• Uguz F. 2021. A new safety scoring system for the use of psychotropic drugs during lactation. Am J Ther; 28:e118–e126.  
• Uygur OF, Uygur H. 2019. Neurodevelopmental and growth follow-up of the baby exposed to antipsychotics during pregnancy and lactation: A case report. Psychiat Clin Psychopharmacol; 29:744–747. 

Selected References:

• Aselton P, et al. 1985. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol; 65(4):451-455. 
• Cao Y, et al. 2021. Maternal use of cough medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: a US multisite, case–control study. BMJ Open; 11:e053604. 
• Einarson A, et al. 2001. The safety of dextromethorphan in pregnancy: Results of a controlled study. Chest; 119(2):466-469. 
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, Mass.: John Wright-PSG, page 382. 
• Martinez-Frias ML, et al. 2001. Epidemiologic analysis of prenatal exposure to cough medicines containing dextromethorphan: no evidence of human teratogenicity. Teratology; 63(1):38-41. 
• Shum S, et al. 2022. Infant dextromethorphan and dextrorphan exposure via breast milk from mothers who are CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers. J Clin Pharmacol; 62(6):747-755. 
• Ward KE. 2005. Can Robitussin DM be used to treat cough during pregnancy? Med Health R I; 88(3):99-100. 

Selected References

• Anderson PO, McGuire GG. 1989. Neonatal alprazolam withdrawal -possible effects of breastfeeding. DICP. 23:614. Letter. 
• Andrade C. 2019. Gestational Exposure to Benzodiazepines, 1: The Risk of Spontaneous Abortion Examined Through the Prism of Research Design. J Clin Psychiatry; 80(5):19f13076  
• Barry WS, St. Clair SM. 1987. Exposure to benzodiazepines in utero. Lancet; 1:1436-7. 
• Browne JL, Hauge KJ. 1986. A review of alprazolam withdrawal. Drug Intell Clin Pharm; 20(11):837-41. 
• Eros E, et al. 2002. A population-based case-control teratologic study of nitrazepam, medazepam, tofisopam, alprazolum and clonazepam treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 101:147-54. 
• Freeman MP, et al. 2018.  Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes after benzodiazepine exposure during pregnancy: Results from a prospective registry of women with psychiatric disorders. Gen Hosp Psychiatry; 53:73-79. 
• Furugen A, et al. 2019. Quantification of eight benzodiazepines in human breastmilk and plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: Application to evaluation of alprazolam transfer into breastmilk. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 168:83-93.  
• García-Algar O, et al. 2007. Confirmation of gestational exposure to alprazolam by analysis of biological matrices in a newborn with neonatal sepsis. Clin Toxicol (Phila); 45(3):295-8. 
• Grigoriadis S, er al. 2019.  Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy Alone or in Combination With an Antidepressant and Congenital Malformations: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry; 80(4):18r12412. 
• Ishikawa T, et al. 2026. Benzodiazepine exposure during early pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: dose-response, half-life classification, and individual agents. Arch Womens Ment Health; 29(3):86.  
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168:1393-9. 
• Källén B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel); 6(10):1221-86. 
• Kelty E, et al. 2023. Safety of alprazolam use in pregnancy in Western Australia: A retrospective cohort study using linked health data. J of Psychoactive Drugs; 1-7.  
• Lee H, et al. 2022. Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes After Exposure to Alprazolam in Pregnancy. Front Pharmacol; 25: 13:854562. 
• Mazzilli R, et al. 2021. Psychotropic Drugs Levels in Seminal Fluid: A New Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Analysis?. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne); 12:620936.  
• Meng LC, et al. 2024. Benzodiazepine Use During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage. JAMA Psychiatry; 81(4):366-373. 
• Munjack DJ, Crocker B. 1986. Alprazolam-induced ejaculatory inhibition. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 6:57-8. 
• Ogawa Y, et al. 2018.  Maternal exposure to benzodiazepine and risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: A case-control study using a claims database in Japan. Asia Pac Psychiatry; 10(3):e12309 
• Nishimura A, et al. 2021. Benzodiazepine Concentrations in the Breast Milk and Plasma of Nursing Mothers: Estimation of Relative Infant Dose. Breastfeed Med; 16(5):424-432. 
• Noh Y, et al. 2022. First-trimester exposure to benzodiazepines and risk of congenital malformations in offspring: A population-based cohort study in South Korea. PLoS Med. 2022; 19(3):e1003945 
• Nonacs R. 2020. “Benzodiazepines and Risk of Ectopic Pregnancy”. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/benzodiazepine-ectopic/. Psychiatric Disorder during Pregnancy 
• Nonacs R. 2019. “Benzodiazepines During Early Pregnancy and risk of Miscarriage”. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/benzodiazepine-during-early-pregnancy-and-risk-of-miscarriage-2/. Anxiety Disorder, June. Pregnancy Loss, Pregnancy Outcome. 
• Nonacs R. 2019. “Interpreting New Data on the Use of Benzodiazepines During Pregnancy. MGH Center for Women’s Mental Health. https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/interpreting-new-data-on-the-use-of-benzodiazepines-during-pregnancy/. December. Psychiatric Disorders during Pregnancy
• Oo CY, et al. 1995. Pharmacokinetics in lactating women: prediction of alprazolam transfer into milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 40:231-6.  
• Petric D, et al. 2011. High doses alprazolam induced amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. Psychiatr Danub; 23(1):123-4. 
• Sheehy O, et al. 2019. Association Between Incident Exposure to Benzodiazepines in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion. JAMA Psychiatry; 76(9):948–957.
• Shyken JM, et. Al. 2019.  Benzodiazepines in Pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol; 62(1):156-167  
• St Clair SM, Schnirmer RG. 1992. First-trimester exposure to alprazolam. Obstet Gynecol; 80:843-846. 
• Tinker SC, et al; National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2019. Use of benzodiazepine medications during pregnancy and potential risk for birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res; 111(10):613-620.  
• Wall-Wieler et al.. 2020. Benzodiazepine use before conception and risk of ectopic pregnancy. Human Reproduction; 35(7):1685–1692. 
• Wisner KL, Yonkers KA. 2019. Are Adverse Reproductive Outcomes Associated With the Illness or Its Treatment (or Both)?. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76(12):1317-1318 
• Yamamoto K, et al. 2019. Pharmacokinetic assessment of alprazolam-induced neonatal abstinence syndrome using physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet; 34(6):400-402. 

Selected References:

• Almeida AR, et al. 2023. Challenges encountered by natural repellents: Since obtaining until the final product. Pestic Biochem Physiol; 195:105538.  
• Barr DB, et al. 2010. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ; 408(4):790-795. 
• Consumer Reports. 2018. Mosquito Repellents That Best Protect Against Zika. Available at: http://www.consumerreports.org/insect-repellents/mosquito-repellents-that-best-protect-against-zika/  
• Diaz JH. 2016. Chemical and plant-based insect repellents: efficacy, safety, and toxicity. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine; 27(1):153-63. 
• Dugas J, et al. 2010. Use of biocides and insect repellents and risk of hypospadias. Occup Environ Med; 67:196-200. 
• EPA. 2026. Repellents: Protection against Mosquitoes, Ticks and Other Arthropods. Available at:  https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents. Accessed July 2026. 
• Fradin MS, et al. 2002. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. New Eng J of Med; 347(1):13-8. 
• Goodyer, L. et al. 2018. Mosquito repellents for the traveller: does picaridin provide longer protection than DEET? J Travel Med; 25:S10. 
• Lupi E, et al. 2013. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.—a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis; 11(6):374-411.  
• McGready R, et al. 2001. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 65(4):285-9. 
• Nguyen QD, et al. 2023. Insect repellents: An updated review for the clinician. J Am Acad Dermatol; 88(1):123-130.  
• Orders, M. 2021. Insect Repellents. Med Lett Drugs Ther; 63(1628): 109-112. 
• Segal TR, et al. 2017. Urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA), a major metabolite of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Hum Reprod; 32(12):2532-2539. 
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2019. Management of patients in the context of Zika virus. ACOG Committee Opinion, number 784. Obstet Gynecol; 134:e64. 
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Mosquitoes, Ticks, and Other Arthropods. https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/environmental-hazards-risks/mosquitoes-ticks-and-other-arthropods.html.   
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Prevent Mosquito Bites. https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/?CDC.  
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2025. Find the Repellent that is Right for You. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/find-repellent-right-you.  
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2026. Skin-Applied Repellent Ingredients. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/skin-applied-repellent-ingredients.  
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 2025. Using Insect Repellents Safely and Effectively. https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/using-insect-repellents-safely-and-effectively.  
• Wylie B, et al. 2016. Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika Virus. Obstetrics and Gynecology; 128(5), 1111–1115.