Selected References:

• Allan-Blitz L.T, Klausner J.D. 2023. Current Evidence Demonstrates That Monkeypox Is a Sexually Transmitted Infection. Sex Transm Dis. 1;50(2):63-65.  
• Antinori A, et al; INMI Monkeypox Group. 2022. Epidemiological, clinical and virological characteristics of four cases of monkeypox support transmission through sexual contact, Italy. Euro Surveill;27(22):2200421.  
• Brosius I, et al. 2025. Epidemiological and clinical features of mpox during the clade Ib outbreak in South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a prospective cohort study. Lancet; 405(10478):547-559.   
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. How to Prevent STIs. Accessed August 2026. https://www.cdc.gov/sti/prevention/index.html.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2026. Monkeypox Clinical Care and Treatment During Pregnancy. https://www.cdc.gov/monkeypox/hcp/clinical-care/pregnancy.html. Accessed August 2026. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Preventing Mpox. Accessed August 2026.  https://www.cdc.gov/monkeypox/prevention/index.html.  
• D’Antonio F, et al. 2023. Monkeypox infection in pregnancy: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM; 5(1):100747.  
• Dorjey Y, Chhetri DK. 2026. Mpox (Monkeypox) in Pregnancy Updates. Health Sci Rep; 9(3):e72111.   
• García-Hernández L, et al. 2024. Case report: clinical presentation of Mpox in pregnancy. Rev Clin Esp (Barc). (4):245-247. 
• Hufstetler K, et al. 2024. Clinical Updates in Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2024. J Womens Health (Larchmt); 33(6):827-837.  
• Khalil A, et al. 2022. Mpox and pregnancy: what do obstetricians need to know? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 60(1):22-27. 
• Kisalu NK and Mokili JL. 2017. Toward understanding the outcomes of mpox infection in human pregnancy. J Infectious Diseases; 216(7):795–797. 
• Masirika LM, et al. 2025. Epidemiological and genomic evolution of the ongoing outbreak of clade Ib mpox virus in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Med; 31:1459–1463.  
• Mbala PK, et al. 2017.  Maternal and fetal outcomes among pregnant women with human mpox infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Infectious Diseases; 216(7):824-828. 
• Oakley LP, et al; CDC Mpox Analytics Team. 2023. Mpox Cases Among Cisgender Women and Pregnant Persons – United States, May 11-November 7, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 72(1):9-14. 
• Ogoina D, et al. 2020. Clinical course and outcome of human mpox in Nigeria. Clin Infect Dis. 71:e210–e214. 
• Ogoina D, et al. 2023. Clinical review of human mpox. Clin Microbiol Infect; 29(12):1493-1501.   
• Perez-Saez J, et al. 2026. The Incubation Periods of Mpox Virus Clade Ib. Ann Intern Med; 179(2):207-215.  
• Rao AK, et al. 2023. Interim Clinical Treatment Considerations for Severe Manifestations of Mpox — United States, February 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 72:232–243. 
• Roth NM, et al. 2026. Mpox Among Pregnant Women and Their Infants in the U.S. Outbreak, 2022-2023. Obstet Gynecol; 147(3):415-421.   
• Sampson MM, et al. 2023. Mpox (Monkeypox) Infection During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 1;141(5):1007-1010.  
• Sanchez Clemente N, et al. 2024. Paediatric, maternal, and congenital mpox: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health; 12(4):e572-e588.  
• Schwartz DA. 2024. High Rates of Miscarriage and Stillbirth among Pregnant Women with Clade I Mpox (Mpox) Are Confirmed during 2023-2024 DR Congo Outbreak in South Kivu Province. Viruses; 13;16(7):1123.  
• Selb R, et al; Berlin MPX study group. 2022. A shift from travel-associated cases to autochthonous transmission with Berlin as epicentre of the monkeypox outbreak in Germany, May to June 2022. Euro Surveill; 27(27):2200499. 
• Vakaniaki EH, et al; MBOTE-SK Consortium; PREGMPOX Consortium; PALM007 Consortium; Uvira Study Group. 2026. Maternal and neonatal outcomes after infection with monkeypox virus clade I during pregnancy in DR Congo: a pooled, prospective cohort study. Lancet; 407(10525):256-266. 
• Wang Y, et al. 2025. Mpox: disease manifestations and therapeutic development. J Virol; 99(9):e0015225.  
• World Health Organization. 2022. WHO recommends new name for Monkeypox disease. Accessed 9-2024 & 8-2026. https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease. 

Selected References – Rubella:  

• Aboudy Y, et al. 1997. Subclinical rubella reinfection during pregnancy followed by transmission of virus to the fetus. J Infect; 34(3):273-6. 
• Andrade JQ, et al. 2006. Rubella in pregnancy: intrauterine transmission and perinatal outcome during a Brazilian epidemic. J Clin Virol; 35:285-91. 
• Begum NNF. 2020. Novel facial characteristics in congenital rubella syndrome: a study of 115 cases in a cardiac hospital of Bangladesh. BMJ Paediatr Open; 4(1):e000860.   
• Best JM. 2007. Rubella. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med; 12(3):182-92.   
• Bouthry E, et al. 2014. Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes. Prenatal Diagnosis. 34(13). 
• Buimovici-Klein E, et al. 1997. Isolation of rubella virus in milk after pospartum immunization. J Pediatr; 91:939–41.  
• Bullens D, et al. 2000. Congenital rubella syndrome after maternal reinfection. Clin Pediatr (Phila); 39(2):113-6. 
• Burgess MA. 1992. Rubella reinfection–what risk to the fetus? Med J Aust; 156:824-5. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2001. Notice to Readers: Revised ACIP Recommendation for Avoiding Pregnancy After Receiving a Rubella–Containing Vaccine. MMWR 50(49):1117. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. Rubella Vaccination. https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/vaccines/index.html.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017. Rubella (German Measles, Three-Day Measles). https://www.cdc.gov/rubella/about/index.html.  
• De Santis M, et al. 2006. Rubella infection in pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol; 21(4):390-8. 
• Duszak RS. 2009. Congenital rubella syndrome-major review. Optometry; 80(1):36-43.  
• Enders G, et al. 1988. Outcome of confirmed periconceptional maternal rubella. Lancet; 1(8600):1445-7. 
• Forrest JM et al. 2002. Gregg’s congenital rubella patients 60 years later. Med J Aust; 177:664-7. 
• Grillner L, et al. 1983. Outcome of rubella during pregnancy with special reference to the 17th-24th weeks of gestation. Scand J Infect Dis; 15(4):321-5. 
• Gregg NM. 1941. Congenital cataract following German measles in the mother. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Aust; 3:35-46. 
• Johnson RE, Hall AP. 1958. Rubella arthritis; report of cases studied by latex tests. N Engl J Med; 258(15):743-5.  
• Klein EB, et al. 1980. Neonatal rubella in a breast-fed infant after postpartum maternal infection. J Pediatr; 97(5):774-5.  
• Menser MA, et al. 1967. A twenty-five year follow-up of congenital rubella. Lancet; 2:1347-50. 
• Miller E, et al. 1982. Consequences of confirmed maternal rubella at successive stages of pregnancy. Lancet; 2(8302):781-4. 
• Morgan-Capner P, et al. 1991. Outcome of pregnancy after maternal reinfection with rubella. CDR (Lond Engl Rev); 1(6):R57.  
• Paludetto R, et al. 1994. Rubella embryopathy after maternal reinfection. Biol Neonate; 65(5):340-1. 
• Peckham CS. 1972. Clinical and laboratory study of children exposed in utero to maternal rubella. Arch Dis Child; 47(254):571-7. 
• Rosa C. 1998. Rubella and rubeola. Semin Perinatol; 22(4):318-22.   
• Schulz J, et al. 2023. Dissecting rubella placental infection in an in vitro trophoblast model. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 24(9): 7894. 
• South MA, Sever JL. 1985. Teratogen update: the congenital rubella syndrome. Teratology; 31(2):297-307.  
• Swan C, et al. 1946. Final observations on congenital defects in infants following infectious diseases during pregnancy, with special reference to rubella; 2(26):889-908.  
• Webster WS. 1998. Teratogen update: congenital rubella. Teratology; 58:13-23. 
• Winter AK, Moss WJ. 2022. Rubella. Lancet; 399(10332):1336-1346.  
• Yazigi A, et al. 2017. Fetal and neonatal abnormalities due to congenital rubella syndrome: a review of literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 30(3): 274-278. 

Selected References:

• Achkar M, et al. 2015. Vitamin D status in early pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 212:511.e1-7. 
• Adrien N, et al. 2023. Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of select congenital anomalies in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res; 115:290-301. 
• Akhavizadegan H, Karbakhsh M. 2017. Comparison of serum vitamin D between fertile and infertile men in a vitamin D deficient endemic area: a case-control study. Urologia; 84(4):218-220. 
• Allan KM, et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J; 45(4):1027-1036. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2024. Committee Opinion No. 495: Vitamin D: screening and supplementation during pregnancy. Committee on Obstetric Practice.  
• Andersen LB, et al. 2015. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage in the Odense Child Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 102(3):633-638. 
• Bodnar LM, et al. 2007. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(9):3517-3522. 
• Bodnar LM, et al. 2014. Maternal vitamin D status and spontaneous preterm birth by placental histology in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Am J Epidemiol 179(2): 168-176. 
• Brooke OG, et al. 1980. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. Br Med J 280:751-754. 
• Camargo CA Jr, et al. 2007. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr; 85:788-795. 
• Caplan RH & Beguin EA. 1990. Hypercalcemia in a calcitriol-treated hypoparathyroid woman during lactation. Obstet Gynecol 76:485-489.  
• Caretta N, et al. 2016. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Endocrine; 53(3):831-838. 
• Chen C, et al. 2022. Association between serum vitamin D level during pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol; 88(3):e13582. 
• Chen YH, et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of small for gestational age and low birth weight infants in Chinese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 100(5):1912-1919. 
• Cockburn F, et al. 1980. Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and newborn infants. Br Med J; 281:11-13.  
• Correa P, et al. 2025. Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Western Countries: A Scoping Review. Nutrients; 17(15):2429.  
• Cundy T, et al. 1987. Remission of hypoparathyroidism during lactation: evidence for a physiological role for prolactin in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf); 26:667-674. 
• Daglar K, et al. 2016. Maternal serum vitamin D levels in pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 29(2):298-302. 
• De-Regil LM, et al. 2016. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 1: CD008873. 
• Delvin EE, et l. 1986.  Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis. J Pediatr; 109:328-334.  
• Demay MB, et al. 2024. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 109:1907-1947.  
• Devereux G, et al. 2007. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr; 85:853-859. 
• Dovnik A, Mujezinović F. 2018. The Association of Vitamin D Levels with common pregnancy complications. Nutrients; 10:867. 
• Dror DK. 2011. Vitamin D status during pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and postnatal outcomes. Curr Opinion Obstet Gynecol; 23:422-426. 
• Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F. 2025. Vitamin D and Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Int J Mol Sci; 26(23):11422. 
• Goodenday LS & Gordan GS. 1971. Fetal safety of vitamin D during pregnancy. Clin Res; 19:200. 
• Goodenday LS & Gordan GS. 1971. No risk from vitamin D during pregnancy. Ann Intern Med; 75:807-808. 
• Fung JL, et al. 2017. Association of vitamin D intake and serum levels with fertility: Results from the Lifestyle and Fertility Study. Fertil Steril; 108(2)L302-311. 
• Handel MN, et al. 2017. Prenatal exposure to vitamin D from fortified margarine and risk of fractures in late childhood: period and cohort results from 222 000 subjects in the D-tect observational study. Br J Nutr; 117(6):872-881. 
• Hansen S, et al. 2015. The long-term programming effect of maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnancy on allergic airway disease and lung function in offspring after 20 to 25 years of follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 136(1):169-176.e2. 
• Harvey NC, et al. 2014. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess; 18(45):1-190. 
• Haugen M, et al. 2009. Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Epidemiology; 20(5):720-726. 
• Haussler MR & McCain TA. 1977. Basic and clinical concepts related to vitamin D metabolism and action. N Engl J Med 297:1041-1050. 
• Heckmatt JZ, et al. 1979. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnant Asian women and their babies. Lancet; 2:546-548. 
• Holick MF, et al. 2012. Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; 97(4): 1153–1158. 
• Hollis BW. 2005. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr; 135(2):317-322. 
• Hollis BW & Wagner CL. 2004. Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr; 79(5):717-726.  
• Hollis BW, et al. 2015. Maternal versus infant vitamin D supplementation during lactation: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics; 136(4): 625–634. 
• Institute of Medicine, 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Available at https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/13050/chapter/1.  
• Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 
• Jensen MB. 2014. Vitamin D and male reproduction. Nature Reviews Endocrinology; 10: 175-186.  
• Krysiak R, et al. 2011. Hypoparathyroidism in pregnancy. Gynecol Endocrinol; 27:529-32. 
• Lawlor DA, et al. 2013. Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study. Lancet; 381(9884):2176-2183. 
• Lerchbaum E & Rabe T. 2014. Vitamin D and female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol; 26: 145-150. 
• Lu M, et al. 2021. Effect of early and late prenatal vitamin D and maternal asthma status on offspring asthma or recurrent wheeze. J Allergy Clin Immunol; 147(4):1234-1241.e3.  
• Mather KJ, et al. 1999. Maintenance of serum calcium by parathyroid hormone-related peptide during lactation in a hypoparathyroid patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 84:424-427. 
• Maxwell JD, et al. 1981. Vitamin D supplements enhance weight gain and nutritional status in pregnant Asians. Br J Obstet Gynecol; 88:987-991. 
• Meek JY, et al. 2022. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics; 150(1). 
• Melough MM, et al. 2021. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D during gestation is positively associated with neurocognitive development in offspring at age 4-6 years. J Nutr; 151(1):132-139. 
• Mirzaei F, et al. 2011. Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring. Ann Neurol; 70(1):30-40. 
• Mohaghegh Z, et al. 2015. The relation of preeclampsia and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in mothers and their neonates: a case control study in Iran. Horm Metab Res; 47(4):284-288. 
• Morales E, et al. 2012. Maternal Vitamin D Status in Pregnancy and Risk of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Wheezing, and Asthma in Offspring. Epidemiology; 23(1):64-71. 
• Mulligan ML, et al. 2010. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 202:429.e1-9.  
• Mumford SL, et al. 2018. Association of preconception serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with livebirth and pregnancy loss: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol; 6(9):725-732. 
• Murphy PK, et al. 2010. An exploratory study of postpartum depression and vitamin D. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc; 16(3): 170-177. 
• Nasri K, et al. 2016. Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the occurrence of neural tube defects in Tunisia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet; 134(2):131-134. 
• Norman AW. 2008. From vitamin D to hormone D: fundamentals of the vitamin D endocrine system essential for good health. Am J Clin Nutr; 88(2):491S-499S. 
• Oken E, et al. 2007. Diet during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. Ann Epidemiol. 17:663-668. 
• Paffoni A, et al. 2014. Vitamin D deficiency and infertility: insights from in vitro fertilization cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab; 99(11):E2372-2376. 
• Palacios C, et al. 2019. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; 7:CD008873. 
• Palacios C, et al. 2024. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 7(7):CD008873. 
• Perez-Lopez F, et al. 2015. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril; 103(5): 1278-1288e4.  
• Piekoszewska-Ziętek P, et al. 2025. Influence of Vitamin D on Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Nutrients; 17(8):1317. 
• Raia-Barjat T, et al. 2021. Vitamin D deficiency during late pregnancy mediates placenta-associated complications. Sci Rep; 11(1):20708. 
• Ramagopalan SV, et al. 2011. Relationship of UV exposure to prevalence of multiple sclerosis in England. Neurology. 76(16):1410-1414. 
• Ribamar A, et al. 2020. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and both gestational and postpartum depression. Nutr Hosp 37(6):1238-1245. 
• Robinson M, et al. 2014. Low maternal serum vitamin D during pregnancy and the risk for postpartum depression symptoms. Arch Womens Ment Health 17(3): 213-219. 
• Rude RK, et al. 1984. Postpartum resolution of hypocalcemia in a lactating hypoparathyroid patient. Endocrinol Jpn. 31:227-233. 
• Sadegi-Nejad A, et al. 1980. Hypoparathyroidism and pregnancy: treatment with calcitriol. JAMA 243:254-255. 
• Schneuer FJ, et al. 2014. Effects of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in the first trimester on subsequent pregnancy outcomes in an Australian population. Am J Clin Nutr 99: 287-295. 
• Singla R, et al. 2015. Vitamin-D deficiency is associated with gallbladder stasis among pregnant women. Dig Dis Sci. 60(9):2793-2799. 
• Singla R, et al. 2015. Relationship between preeclampsia and vitamin D deficiency: a case control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 291(6):1247-1251. 
• Sourander A, et al. 2021. Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 90(11):790-797. 
• Stafne, SN. 2020. Vitamin D and stress urinary incontinence in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. BJOG 127(13):1704-1711. 
• Staples J, et al. 2010. Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in pregnancy, month of birth, and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring: longitudinal analysis. BMJ. 340:c1640.  
• Sucksdorff M, et al. 2021. Maternal vitamin D levels and the risk of offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;60(1):142-151.e2. 
• Sweeney LL, et al. 2010. Decreased calcitriol requirements during pregnancy and lactation, with a window of increased requirements immediately postpartum. Endocr Pract. 1-11. 
• US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. 2024. Vitamin D. Office of Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/. Accessed July 2026.  
• van Tienhoven et al. 2025. Vitamin D in Reproductive Health Disorders: A Narrative Review Focusing on Infertility, Endometriosis, and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci; 26(5):2256. 
• Veena SR, et al. 2017. Association between maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring cognitive function during childhood and adolescence. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 26(3): 438-449. 
• Vieth R & Holick MF. 2018. Chapter 57B – The IOM—Endocrine Society Controversy on Recommended Vitamin D Targets: In Support of the Endocrine Society Position. Vitamin D (Fourth Edition). D. Feldman, Academic Press: 1091-1107. 
• Vinkhuyzen AAE, et al. 2017. Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism spectrum disorder. BJPsych Open 3(2): 85-90. 
• Visness CM, et al. 2015. Cord blood vitamin D concentrations are unrelated to atopy and wheeze in 2 diverse birth cohort studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 136(4):1108-10.e2. 
• Vollú AL, et al. 2024. Are low serum levels of Vitamin D associated with dental developmental defects in primary teeth? A systematic review. Evid Based Dent; 25(2):110.  
• Voltas N, et al. 2020. Effect of vitamin D status during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study. Nutrients. 12(10):3196. 
• Wadhwa L, et al. 2020. Impact of Vitamin D Supplementation on Semen Quality in Vitamin D-Deficient Infertile Males with Oligoasthenozoospermia. J Obstet Gynaecol India; 70(1):44-49. 
• Wagner CL, et al. 2013. A randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation in 2 community health center networks in South Carolina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(2):137.e1-13. 
• Whitehouse AJ, et al. 2012. Maternal Serum Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Offspring Neurocognitive Development. Pediatrics 129:485-493.  
• World Health Organization. 2023. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. E-library of evidence for nutrition actions (eLENA). https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/vitamind-supp-pregnancy. Accessed June 6 2024.  
• Xu N, et al. 2025. Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Dental Caries in Offspring. JAMA Netw Open; 8(12):e2546166.  
• Zhang C, et al. 2008. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus. PLoS One; 3(11):e3753.  
• Zhang P, et al. 2024. Causal association between vitamin D and gestational diabetes mellitus: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 37(1):2427760. 

Selected References:

• Adams J, et al. 2022. Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. Epilepsy Behav; 127:108533. 
• Antonucci R, et al. 2018. Maternal carbamazepine therapy and unusual adverse effects in a breastfed infant. Breastfeed Med; 13(2):155-157. 
• Baker GA, et al. 2015. IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: a controlled cohort study. Neurology; 84(4):382-390. 
• Battino D, et al. 2024. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol; 81(5):481-489. 
• Bech BH, et al. 2014. Use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth: population based cohort study. BMJ; 349:g5159. 
• Birnbaum AK, et al. 2020. Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy. JAMA Neurol; 77(4):441-450. 
• Bjork M-H, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurol. 79(7):672-681.  
• Blotiere PO, et al. 2020. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 7;10(6):e034829. 
• Bromley RL, et al. 2013. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84(6):637-643. 
• Bromley R, et al. 2023. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 29;8(8):CD010224.  
• Campbell E, et al. 2014. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drug monotherapies in pregnancy: updated results from the UK and Ireland Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry; 85(9):1029-1034. 
• Canger R, et al. 1999. Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study.  Epilepsia; 40(9):1231-1236. 
• Craig JJ, et al. 2022. Epilepsy and pregnancy: identifying risks. Pract Neurol; 22(2):98-106. 
• Daugaard CA, et al. 2020. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with intellectual disability and delayed childhood milestones. JAMA Netw Open; 3(11):e2025570. 
• Cohen JM, et al. 2023. Comparative safety of antiseizure medication monotherapy for major malformations. Ann Neurol; 93(3):551-562. 
• Cummings C, et al. 2011. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child; 96(7):643-647. 
• Davanzo R, et al. 2013.  Italian Journal of Pediatrics; 39:50-61. 
• Deshmukh U, et al. 2016. Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 54:5-14. 
• Fried S, et al. 2004.  Malformation rates in children of women with untreated epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf; 27(3):197-202. 
• Gaily E, et al. 2004. Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine. Neurology 62:28-32. 
• Gladstone DJ, et al. 1992. Course of pregnancy and fetal outcome following maternal exposure to carbamazepine and phenytoin: a prospective study. Reprod Toxicol; 6:257-261. 
• Harden CL. 2008. Antiepileptic drug teratogenesis:  what are the risks for congenital malformations and adverse cognitive outcomes? Int Rev Neurobiol; 83:205-213. 
• Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2000. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med; 343(22):1608-1614. 
• Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2025. Use of Antiseizure Medications Early in Pregnancy and the Risk of Major Malformations in the Newborn. Neurology; 105(3):e213786.  
• Holmes LB, et al. 2024. Facial dysmorphology in children exposed in pregnancy to anticonvulsant medications correlates with deficits in IQ. Am J Med Genet; 2024;194A:e63511. 
• Honybun E, et al. 2026. Neurocognitive Outcomes of In Utero Exposure to Antiseizure Medication: An Australian Cohort Study. Neurology; 107(1):e218122 
• Huber-Mollema Y, et al. 2020. Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, or valproate exposure. J Neurol; 267(6):1724-1736. 
• Husebye E, et al. 2020. Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero – the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. European Journal of Neurology; 27.3:667-675. 
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