Selected References:

• Bakhireva LN, et al., 2007. Safety of leukotriene receptor antagonists in pregnancy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 119; 618-625.  
• Cavero-Carbonell C, et al. 2017. Fetal exposure to montelukast and congenital anomalies: a population based study in Denmark. Birth Defects Res, 109(6):452-459.  
• Datta P, et al. 2017. Transfer of montelukast into human milk during lactation. Breastfeed Med, 12:54-57. Hatakeyama S, et al., 2022. The safety of pranlukast and montelukast during the first trimester of pregnancy: a prospective, two-centered cohort study in Japan. Congenit Anom (Kyoto), 62(4):161-168. 
• Fareed A et al. 2024. Montelukast use in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in asthma treatment. Congenit Anom (Kyoto), 64(6):220-227. doi: 10.1111/cga.12581. Epub 2024 Aug 11. PMID: 39129058. 
• Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. 2022. Singulair product labeling. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm  
• Nelsen LM, et al., 2012. Congenital malformations among infants born to women receiving montelukast, inhaled corticosteroids, and other asthma medications. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 129(1):251-254.e1-6.  
• Sarkar M, et al. 2009. Montelukast use during pregnancy: a multicentre, prospective, comparative study of infant outcomes Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 65(12):1259-1264.  
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). 2000. The use of newer asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol, 84:475-480. 
• Tsai HJ et al. Use of Leukotriene-Receptor Antagonists During Pregnancy and Risk of Neuropsychiatric Events in Offspring. 2023. JAMA Netw Open, 6(3): e231934. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.1934. PMID: 36881413; PMCID: PMC9993182. 

Selected References:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About RSV. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/index.html. Accessed 4 March 2026. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. RSV Vaccine Guidance for Pregnant Women. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/vaccine-clinical-guidance/pregnant-people.html. Accessed 4 March 2026. 
• DeSilva M. 2025. Prenatal RSVpreF Vaccine Safety 2023–2024 Respiratory Season: The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Presented at: Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); June 25, 2025; Atlanta, Georgia. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/acip/downloads/slides-2025-06-25-26/04a-DeSilva-Mat-Peds-RSV-508.pdf. Accessed 4 March 2026.  
• Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. 2023. Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 72(41):1115-1122. 
• Kampmann B, et al. 2023. Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants. N Engl J Med; 388:1451-146. 
• Marchand GJ, et al. 2024. RSVpreF vaccination in pregnancy: a meta-analysis of maternal-fetal safety and infant efficacy. Obstet Gynecol Sci 67(6): 511-524. 
• Michnick AI, et al. 2026. Interim safety of RSVpreF vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA. 335(5):456–459. 
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023 (Revised 2025). AbrysvoTM Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/168889/download. Accessed 4 March 2026. 
• Son M, et al. 2024. Nonadjuvanted bivalent respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and perinatal outcomes. JAMA Netw Open; 7(7):e2419268.  

Selected References:

• Anderson PO. 2021. Monoclonal antibodies during breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med; 16(8):591-593.  
• Jang W, et al. 2025. Use of biologics to treat asthma during pregnancy and adverse events in pregnant women and newborns: A global pharmacovigilance analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol; 186(9):875-888. 
• Kasuya A, et al. 2019. Successful control of severe eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis in pregnancy and perinatal period: A use of mepolizumab. The Journal of Dermatology; 46(9):e309-e311. 
• Marques Simões J, et al. 2026. Safety and Efficacy of Mepolizumab during Pregnancy and Postpartum. Acta Med Port; 39(3):239-240.  
• Nucala® Prescribing Information. Revised 1/2022. Available online at: https://gskpro.com/content/dam/global/hcpportal/en_US/Prescribing_Information/Nucala/pdf/NUCALA-PI-PIL-IFU-COMBINED.PDF.  
• Ramos CL, Namazy J. 2023. Monoclonal antibodies (biologics) for allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis during pregnancy and lactation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am; 43(1):187-197.  
• Shakuntulla F, Chiarella SE. 2022. Safety of biologics for atopic diseases during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract; 10(12):3149-3155. 
• Sitek AN, et al. 2023. Risks and safety of biologics: A practical guide for allergists. World Allergy Organ J; 16(1):100737. 
• Smith DA, et al. 2011. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of mepolizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody. Clin Pharmacokinet; 50(4):215-227.  
• Vittorakis SK, et al. 2022. Successful and safe treatment of severe steroid depended eosinophilic asthma with mepolizumab in a woman during pregnancy. Respir Med Case Rep; 28;41:101785. 

Selected References:

• DeSisto CL, et al. 2021. Risk of stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization – United States, March 2020 – September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 70(47):1640-1645.  
• Hashemian SMR, et al. 2022. RdRp inhibitors and COVID-19: Is molnupiravir a good option? Biomed Pharmacother. 146:112517. 
• Li G. et al. 2023. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 22(6):449-475.  
• Kasehagen L, et al. 2021. COVID-19 – associated deaths after SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy – Mississippi, March 1, 2020 – October 6, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 70(47):1646-1648. 
• Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC. 2024. Lagevrio product labeling. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=1b0da643-ab23-4a0b-a9ec-a434522446d0&type=display. Accessed 10 August 2026.  
• Pagliano P et al. 2022. The preclinical discovery and development of molnupiravir for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Expert Opin Drug Discov. 17(12):1299-1311.  
• Regan AK, et al. 2022. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and associated perinatal health outcomes: a national US cohort study. J Infect Dis. 225(5):759-767.  
• U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee. November 30, 2021. Molnupiravir. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/165856/download. Accessed 10 August 2026. 
• U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2021 (Revised October 2023). Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Emergency Use Authorization for Molnupiravir. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/155054/download. Accessed 10 August 2026. 
• Wan EYF, et al. 2025. Comparative effectiveness of combination therapy with nirmatrelvir-ritonavir and molnupiravir versus monotherapy with molnupiravir or nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A target trial emulation study. Int J Infect Dis161:108097. 

Selected References:

• Brown S, Mozurkewich E. 2013. Trauma during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 40(1):47-57. 
• Cahill AG, et al. 2008. Minor trauma in pregnancy–is the evaluation unwarranted? Am J Obstet Gynecol, 198(2):208.e1-5.  Colantonio A, Mar W, Escobar M, Yoshida K, Velikonja
• D, Rizoli S, Cusimano M, Cullen N. 2010. Women’s health outcomes after traumatic brain injury. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 19(6):1109-16.  
• Dalton SE, et al. 2023. Major trauma in pregnancy: prediction of maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM, 5(9):101069. 
• Dina EK. 2004. Trauma during pregnancy: An analysis of maternal and fetal outcomes in a large population, Am J Obstet and Gynecol, 190, 1661-1668. 
• Dorairaj J, et al. 2012. Delayed presentation of intraperitoneal bladder rupture following domestic violence in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 38(4):753-6.  
• Fabricant SP, et al.  2021. Trauma in pregnancy and severe adverse perinatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 34(18):3070-3074. 
• Hattori S, et al. 2021.Factors Influencing Pregnant Women’s Injuries and Fetal Loss Due to Motor Vehicle Collisions: A National Crash Data-Based Study. Healthcare (Basel). 9(3):273. 
• Hauff NJ, et al. 2017. Cumulative trauma and partner conflict predict post-traumatic stress disorder in postpartum African American women. J Clin Nurs, 26(15-16):2372-2383.  
• Huls CK, et al. 2018. Trauma in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol, 42:13-20.  
• Kallen B, et al.1995. Automobile accidents during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol, 9:591,  
• Leroy-Malherbe V, Bonnier C, Papiernik E, Groos E, Landrieu P. 2006. The association between developmental handicaps and traumatic brain injury during pregnancy: an issue that deserves more systematic evaluation. Brain Inj, 20(13-14):1355–65.  
• Lipson AH. 1990. Trauma and intrauterine amputation/constriction rings/syndactyly. Human/animal model correlation. Teratology, 42:330.  
• Luley T, et al. 2013. Perinatal implications of motor vehicle accident trauma during pregnancy: identifying populations at risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 208(6): 466.e1-5. 
• Muench MV, et al. 2004. Kleihauer-betke testing is important in all cases of maternal trauma. J Trauma; 57(5):1094-8. 
• Murphy NJ, Quinlan JD, 2014. Trauma in pregnancy: assessment, management, and prevention. Am Fam Physician, 15;90(10):717-22. 
• Munter DW, Faleski EJ. 1989. Blunt scrotal trauma: emergency department evaluation and management. Am J Emerg Med, 7:227-34. 
• Nelson DB, et al. 2003. Violence does not influence early pregnancy loss. Fertil Steril. 80:1205–1211. 
• Safdari, M., Safdari, Z., & Pishjoo, M. 2018. Intrauterine Fetal Traumatic Brain Injury Following Motor Vehicle Accident; A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Bulletin of emergency and trauma, 6(4), 372–375.  
• Normann A., et al. 2020. Intimate Partner Violence and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open, 10(10):e034153.  
• Sakamoto J, et al. 2019. Trauma in pregnancy. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 37(2):317-338.  
• Shah PS, Shah J. 2010. Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births. Maternal exposure to domestic violence and pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analyses. J Womens Health (Larchmt), 19(11):2017-31.  
• Smith KA, Bryce S. 2013. Trauma in the pregnant patient: an evidence-based approach to management. Emerg Med Pract, 15(4):1-18. 
• Tinker SC, et al. 2011. Maternal injuries during the periconceptional period and the risk of birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2005. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 25(5):487-96. 
• van der Knoop BJ, et al. 2015. Effect of (minor or major) maternal trauma on fetal motility: A prospective study. Early Hum Dev, 91: 511-517. 
• van der Knoop BJ, et al. 2017. Trauma in pregnancy, obstetrical outcome in a tertiary centre in the Netherlands. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 11: 1-11. 
• Vaajala, M., et al. 2023. Previous traumatic brain injury is associated with an increased odds for gestational diabetes: a nationwide register-based cohort study in finland. Acta Diabetol, 60(10), 1399–1404. 
• Yu H, et al. 2018. Association of intimate partner violence during pregnancy, prenatal depression, and adverse birth outcomes in Wuhan, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 18(1):469.