Selected References:

• Abhyankar A, et al. 2013. Meta-analysis: the impact of disease activity at conception on disease activity during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 38(5):460-466.  
• Afzali A. 2019. Update on Pregnancy in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY), 15(6):313–315. Andoh A, et al. 2021. Thiopurine pharmacogenomics and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol, 56(10):881-890
• Avni Biron I, et al. 2023. Pregnancy Outcomes in a Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Data from a Multidisciplinary Clinic in a Tertiary Center. J Clin Med, 12(12):4120. 
• Ban L, et al. 2014. Limited risks of major congenital anomalies in children of mothers with IBD and effects of medications. Gastroenterology, 146(1):76-84.  
• Darmadi D, et al. 2023. Inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis type) severity shows inverse correlation with semen parameter and testosterone levels. Asian J Androl, online ahead of print.  
• Dominitz JA. 2002. Outcomes of infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: a population based cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol, 97(3):641-648.  
• Donovan B & Spiel M. 2023. Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the Childbearing Adult and Newborn. Neoreviews, 24(1):10-23. 
• Druvefors E, et al. 2022. Minor impact on fertility in men with inflammatory bowel disease: A National Cohort Study from Sweden. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 56(2):292-300. 
• Druvefors E, et al. 2023. Female and Male Fertility after Colectomy and Reconstructive Surgery in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A National Cohort Study from Sweden. J Crohns Colitis, 17(10):1631-1638. 
• Fabisiak N, et al. 2017. Fat-soluble Vitamin Deficiencies and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol, 51(10):878-889.  
• Friedman S, et al. 2025. The Consequences of Preterm Birth in the Children of Mothers with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 31(9):2400-2407. 
• Hirose M, et al. 2001. Active Crohn’s disease with maternal vitamin K deficiency and fetal subdural hematoma. Obstet Gynecol, 98(5):919-921.  
• Innocenti T, et al. 2022. Pregnancy outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease: Data from a large cohort survey. Journal of digestive diseases, 23(8-9):473–481. 
• Kasper OO, et al. 2002. Ulcerative colitis: female fecundity before diagnosis, during disease, and after surgery compared with a population sample. Gastroenterology, 122:15-19.  
• Killeen S, et al. 2017. Surgical management of complicated and medically refractory inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy. Colorectal Dis, 19(2):123-138.  
• Lee S, et al. 2018. Pregnant Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Are at Increased Risk of Vitamin D Insufficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Crohn’s & colitis, 12(6):702–709. 
• Leenhardt R, et al. 2019. Sexual health and fertility for individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol, 25(36):5423-5433.  
• Lever G, et al. 2022.  Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes for Women with IBD in an Expert IBD Antenatal Clinic. Journal of clinical medicine, 11(10):2919. 
• Mahadevan U & Matro R. 2015. Care of the Pregnant Patient With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Obstet Gynecol, 126(2):401-412.  
• Malhi G, et al. 2022. Risk Factors for Postpartum Disease Activity in Women With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 28(7):1090-1099. 
• Maliszewska A, et al. 2017. Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Ginekologia Polska, 88(7):398–403. 
• Marild K, et al. 2022. Histological remission in inflammatory bowel disease and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. A nationwide study. E Clinical Medicine, 53:101722. 
• Moens A, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with vedolizumab, anti-TNF or conventional therapy: results of the European CONCEIVE study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 51(1):129-138.  
• Moffat D, et al. 2009. A population-based study of breastfeeding in inflammatory bowel disease: initiation, duration, and effect on disease in the postpartum period. The Am J of Gastroenterol, 104(10):2517-2523. 
• Morales M, et al. 2000. Crohn’s disease as a risk factor for the outcome of pregnancy. Hepatogastroenterology, 47:1595-1598.  
• Norgard B, et al. 2000. Birth outcomes of women with ulcerative colitis: a nationwide Danish cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol, 95(11):3165-3170.  
• Olendzki B, et al. 2023.  Dietary Intake of Pregnant Women with and without Inflammatory Bowel Disease in the United States. Nutrients, 15(11):2464. 
• O’Toole A, et al. 2015. Inflammatory Bowel Disease Increases Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci, 60(9):2750-2761. 
• Palomba S, et al. 2014. Inflammatory bowel diseases and human reproduction: a comprehensive evidence-based review. World J Gastroenterol, 20(23):7123-7136.  
• Pervez H, et al. 2019. The Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease on Pregnancy and the Fetus: A Literature Review. 11(9): e5648 
• Restelini S, et al. 2020. Update on the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Digestion, 8:1-16. 
• Shmidt E, & Dubinsky MC. 2022. Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pregnancy. The American journal of gastroenterology, 117(10S), 60–68.  
• Sousa P, et al. 2024. Navigating Reproductive Care in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Review.J Crohns Colitis;18(Supplement_2):ii16-ii30. 
• Szymańska E, et al. 2021. Reproduction and Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Management and Treatment Based on Current Guidelines. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod, 50(3):101777. 
• Talavera JIR, et al. 2021. The association between ectopic pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and celiac disease: A systematic review. J Obstet Gynaecol Res, 47(5):1601-1609.  
• Torres J, et al. 2023. European Crohn’s and Colitis Guidelines on Sexuality, Fertility, Pregnancy, and Lactation. J Crohns Colitis, 17(1):1-27. 
• Vestergaard T, et al. 2023. Predictors of disease activity during pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease-a Danish cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 57(3):335–344. 
• Wolf JL. 2002. The impact of surgery for ulcerative colitis on fertility and sexual function in women. Gastroenterology, 122(1):226-227.  
• Winter R, et al. 2016. Treatment of the Pregnant Patient with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis, 22(3):733-744. 

Selected References:

• Al Hasan S, et al. 2026. Prescription Stimulant Continuation in Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes. J Atten Disord 30(3):315-328.  
• Aliakbari F, et al. 2022. Relationship between long-term use of Ritalin and semen parameters in patients referred to psychiatric centres. First International Journal of Andrology, 54(11):1-6.  
• Baker AS, et al. 2018. Management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am, 45(3):495-509.  
• Bateman B, et. al. 2015. Attention deficit hyperactivity medications during pregnancy and the risk of congenital cardiac malformations: A cohort study, abstracts, 368. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 24:1–587. 
• Bello G, et al. 2022. Successful lactation after resuming methylphenidate in a woman with narcolepsy. J Clin Sleep Med 18:1891–1894.  
• Besag F, 2014. ADHD treatment and pregnancy. Drug Saf, 37:397-408. 
• Bolea-Alamanac B et. al. 2014. Methylphenidate use in pregnancy and lactation: a systematic review of evidence. Br J of Clin Pharm, 77(1):96-101. 
• Briggs G, et. al. 2017. Drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. Tenth edition. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health. 
• Bro SP, et. al. 2015. Adverse pregnancy outcomes after exposure to methylphenidate or atomoxetine during pregnancy. Clinical Epi, 7:139-147. 
• Camacho X, et al. 2023. The association between psychostimulant use in pregnancy and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes: results from a distributed analysis in two similar jurisdictions. Int J Epidemiol 52(1):190-202. 
• Cohen JM, et al. 2017. Placental complications associated with psychostimulant use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 130(6):1192-1201. 
• Collin-Levesque L, et al. 2018. Infant exposure to methylphenidate and duloxetine during lactation: A case report. Breastfeed Med 13:221–225. 
• Debooy, VD. 1993. Intravenous pentazocine and methylphenidate abuse during pregnancy. Am J dis Child 147(10):1062-1065. 
• Diav-Citrin, O et. al. 2016. Methylphenidate in Pregnancy: A multicenter, prospective, comparative, observational study. J Clin Psychiatry, 77(9):1176-1181. 
• Dideriksen D, et. al. 2013. First trimester in utero exposure to methylphenidate. Basic and Clin Pharm and Tox, 112:73-76. 
• Golub M, et al. 2005. NTP CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, 74(6):471-584. 
• Hackett LP, et al. 2005. Infant dose and safety of breastfeeding for dexamphetamine and methylphenidate in mothers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Ther Drug Monit 27:220–221. 
• Hackett LP, et al. 2006. Methylphenidate and breast-feeding. Ann Pharmacother 40:1890–1891. 
• Haervig KB, et. al. 2014. Use of ADHD medication during pregnancy from 1999-2010: a Danish register-based study. Pharmacoepidemiol and Drug Saf, 23:526-533. 
• Humphreys C, et. al. 2007. Exposure to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician, 53:1153-1155. 
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2018. Association between methylphenidate and amphetamine use in pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations: a cohort study from the International Pregnancy Safety Study Consortium. JAMA Psychiatry, 75(2):167-175.  
• Ilett KF, et. al. 2006. Transfer of dexamphetamine into breast milk during treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J of Clin Pharm, 63(3):371-375. 
• Kallen B, et. al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals, 6:1221-1286. 
• Kim J, et al. 2025. Managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a breastfeeding mother: A case report. Pharmacotherapy 45:529–534. 
• Louik C, et. al. 2015. Increasing use of ADHD medications in pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 24(2):218-220. 
• Madsen KB, et al. 2023. In utero exposure to ADHD medication and long-term offspring outcomes. Mol Psychiatry, 28(4):1739-1746.  
• Madsen KB, et al. 2025. In utero exposure to methylphenidate, amphetamines and atomoxetine and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders – a population-based cohort study and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 30(9): 3885-3894. 
• Malo J et. al. 2015. ADHD drugs, pregnancy and lactation—increasing inquiries and need for more safety data. Birth Def Res Pt A, 103:458-464. 
• Ornoy A, et al. 2020. The effects of drugs used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on pregnancy outcome and breast feeding: a critical review. Curr Neuropharmacol, Online ahead of print.  
• Pottegard A, et. al. 2014. First-trimester exposure to methylphenidate: a population-based cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry, 75(1):e88-93. 
• Spigset O, et. al. 2007. Excretion of methylphenidate in breast milk. Am J Psychiatry, 164:348.  
• Suarez, EA, et al. 2024. Prescription stimulant use during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. JAMA Psychiatry, e235073.  
• Szpunar MJ, et al. 2023. Risk of major malformations in infants after first-trimester exposure to stimulants. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 43:326–332. 
• Upadhyaya HP, et al. 2003. Neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to dopaminergic agonists in adolescents with alcohol abuse. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 166:95–101. 
• Wajnberg R, et. al. 2011. Pregnancy outcome after in-utero exposure to methylphenidate: a prospective comparative cohort study. Repro Tox, 31:255-268. 

Selected References:

• Diav-Citrin et al. 2003. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a prospective controlled cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(6):1239-1243.  
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85(2):137-150. 
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(12): 1667-1698. 
• Gonzalez-Estrada A et al. 2016. Allergy medications during pregnancy. American J Med Sci 352(3):326-331. 
• Hilbert J, et al. 1988. Excretion of loratadine in human breast milk. J Clin Pharamacol 28:234-239. 
• Kallen, B. 2005. Methodologic issues in the epidemiologic study of the teratogenicity of drugs. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 45: 44-51.  
• Kallen B, Otterblad Olausson P. 2001. Monitoring of maternal drug use and infant congenital malformations. Does loratadine cause hypospadias? Int J Risk Saf Med 14(3-4):115-119.  
• Kallen B, Otterblad Olausson P. 2006. No increased risk of infant hypospadias after maternal use of loratadine in early pregnancy. Int M Med Sci 3(3):106-107.  
• Keles N. 2004. Treatment of allergic rhinitis during pregnancy. Am J Rhinol 18(1):23-28.  
• Li Q, et al. 2013. Assessment of antihistamine use in early pregnancy and birth defects. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 1(6):666-74.e1. 
• Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2019. OTC drugs for seasonal allergies; 61(1570):57-60. 
• Merlob P, Stahl B. 2002. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to loratadine treatment (1999-2001). BENTIS Newsletter Number 10: 43-51.  
• Moretti M, et al. 2003. Fetal safety of loratadine use in the first trimester of pregnancy: A multicenter study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 111(3) 479-483.  
• Pedersen L, et al. 2006b. Maternal use of loratadine during pregnancy and risk of hypospadias in offspring. Int J Med Sci 3(1) 21-25.  
• Schwarz EB et al. 2008. Risk of hypospadias in offspring of women using loratadine during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf 31(9):775-788. 
• Werler M, et al. 2004. Evaluation of an association between loratadine and hypospadias – United States, 1997-2001. MMWR 53(10):219-221. 

Selected References:

• Bjørk M. et al. 2002. Association of Prenatal Exposure to Antiseizure Medication With Risk of Autism and Intellectual Disability. JAMA Neurol. 79(7):672–681. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1269 
• Blotiere PO. et al. 2020. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open 10(6). 
• Brannon, GE. et al. 2000. Anorgasmia in a patient with bipolar disorder type 1 treated with gabapentin. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 20(3):379-81. 
• Carrasco M, et al. 2015. Neonatal gabapentin withdrawal syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 53:445-447  
• Desrochers, B. et al. 2024. Risks of congenital malformations and neonatal intensive care unit admissions with gabapentin use in pregnancy: A cohort study and scoping review with meta-analysis. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 38,6: 486-494. doi:10.1111/ppe.13086 
• FDA Drug Label. Gabapentin. Food and Drug Administration. Updated date: 2025-05-23. 
• Fujii H. et al. 2013. Pregnancy outcomes following gabapentin use: results of a prospective comparative cohort study. Neurology.80(17):1565-1570. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828f18c1 
• Grant AC. 2002. Gabapentin-induced anorgasmia in women. Am J Psychiatry. 159(7):1247. 
• Hernandez-Diaz S. et al., 2025. Use of Antiseizure Medications Early in Pregnancy and the Risk of Major Malformations in the Newborn. Neurology. 12;105(3): e213786. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000213786.  
• Huybrechts, KF. et al. (2017). Risk of neonatal drug withdrawal after intrauterine co-exposure to opioids and psychotropic medications: cohort study. Bmj. 2017;358:j3326. doi:10.1136/bmj.j3326. 
• Johannessen SI, Helde G, Brodtkorb E. Levetiracetam concentrations in serum and in breast milk at birth and during lactation. Epilepsia. 2005;46:775–7. 
• Kaufman KR, Struck PJ. 2011. Gabapentin-induced sexual dysfunction. Epilepsy Behav. 21(3):324-6. 
• Kristensen JH. et al. 2006. Gabapentin and breastfeeding: A case report. J Hum Lact. 22:426–8.  
• Linnebank M, et al. 2011. Antiepileptic drugs interact with folate and vitamin B12 serum levels. Ann Neurol; 69(2):352-9.  
• Loudin, S, et al. 2017. An Atypical Withdrawal Syndrome in Neonates Prenatally Exposed to Gabapentin and Opioids. Clinical and Laboratory Observations. 181:286-288.  
• Ohman I. et al. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of gabapentin during delivery, in the neonatal period, and lactation: Does a fetal accumulation occur during pregnancy? Epilepsia. 46:1621–4.  
• Ohman I. et al. 2009. Gabapentin kinetics during delivery, in the neonatal period, and during lactation. Epilepsia. 50 (Suppl. 10):108. Abstract. 
• Pack AM. et al. 2024. Teratogenesis, perinatal, and neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero exposure to antiseizure medication: practice guideline from the AAN, AES, and SMFM. Neurology. 102(11):e209279. 
• Patorno E, et al. 2020. Gabapentin in pregnancy and the risk of adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes: A population-based cohort study nested in the US Medicaid Analytic eXtract dataset. PLoS Med. 17(9):e1003322. 

Selected References:

• Ailes EC, et al, & The National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2016. Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol; 106(11):940–949.  
• Ansaldi Y, et al. 2023. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Clin Microbiol Infect; 29(10):1249–1253.  
• Ben David S, et al. 1995. The safety of nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy: meta-analysis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol; 9(5):503–507. 
• Boissiere-O’Neill T, et al. 2025. Exposure to Systemic Antimicrobials During Pregnancy and Risk of Miscarriage: A Population-Based Registry Study. BJOG: doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.18155. Online ahead of print. 
• Bookstaver PB, et al. 2015. A Review of Antibiotic Use In Pregnancy. Pharmacotherapy, 35(11):1052-1062. 
• Bruel H, et al. 2000. Anémie hémolytique chez un nouveau-né après prise maternelle de nitrofurantoïne en fin de grossesse [Hemolytic anemia in a newborn after maternal treatment with nitrofurantoin at the end of pregnancy]. Arc Pediatr; 7(7):745–747.  
• Chang E, et al. 2005. Urinary Tract Infections are Associated with an Increased Risk of Preeclampsia. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 193(6):S71. 
• Christensen B. 2000. Which antibiotics are appropriate for treating bacteriuria in pregnancy? J Antimicrob Chemother; 46 Suppl A:29–34. 
• Crider KS, et al. 2009. Antibacterial medication use during pregnancy and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med; 163(11):978–985.  
• Czeizel AE, et al. 2001. Nitrofurantoin and congenital abnormalities. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Rep Biol; 95(1):119–126.  
• Damkier P, et al. 2019. In utero exposure to antibiotics and risk of congenital malformations: a population-based study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 221(6):648.e1–648.e15. 
• de Jonge L, et al. 2013. Identifying associations between maternal medication use and birth defects using a case-population approach: an exploratory study on signal detection. Drug Saf; 36(11):1069–1078.  
• Gardner JS, et al. 1998. Maternal exposure to prescription and non-prescription pharmaceuticals or drugs of abuse and risk of craniosynostosis. Int J Epidemiol; 27(1):64–67. 
• Gerk PM, et al. 2001. Active transport of nitrofurantoin into human milk. Pharmacotherapy; 21(6):669-675. 
• Goldberg O, et al. 2013. Exposure to nitrofurantoin during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk for major malformations. J Clin Pharmacol. 53(9):991–995.  
• Goldberg O, et al. 2015. Exposure to nitrofurantoin during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can; 37(2):150–156.  
• Hailey FJ, et al. 1983. Foetal safety of nitrofurantoin macrocrystals therapy during pregnancy: a retrospective analysis. J Int Med Res; 11(6):364–369.  
• Hjorth S, et al. 2022. Prenatal exposure to nitrofurantoin and risk of childhood leukaemia: a registry-based cohort study in four Nordic countries. Int J Epidemiol; 51(3):778-788. 
• Källén BAJ, Olausson P0. 2003. Maternal drug use in early pregnancy and infant cardiovascular defect. Rep Toxicol; 17(3):255–261.  
• Källén B, Robert-Gnansia E. 2005. Maternal drug use, fertility problems, and infant craniostenosis. Cleft Palate Craniofac J; 42(6):589–593.  
• Kass EH. 1960. Bacteriuria and pyelonephritis of pregnancy. Arch Intern Med; 105:194-198. 
• Laspro M, et al. 2025. Association of commonly prescribed antepartum medications and incidence of orofacial clefting. Cleft Palate Craniofac J; 62(7):1164-1174.  
• Lenke RR, et al. 1983. Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a prospective randomized trial to prevent recurrent disease evaluating suppressive therapy with nitrofurantoin and close surveillance. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 146(8):953–957.  
• Lind JN. 2012. Maternal Medication Use and Risk of Hypospadias – An Exposure Spectrum Approach. Georgia State University, Thesis. 
• Lumbiganon P, et al. & World Health Organization Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Trial Group. 2009. One-day compared with 7-day nitrofurantoin for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial. Obst Gynecol; 113(2 Pt 1):339–345.  
• Macrobid® Medication label. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=8f270a9f-12a1-44d4-bc7e-873613555801&type=display.    
• McGrady GA, et al. 1985. Maternal urinary tract infection and adverse fetal outcomes. Am J Epidemiol; 121(3):377-381. 
• Miller JE, et al. 2013. Maternal Use of Antibiotics and the Risk of Childhood Febrile Seizures: A Danish Population-Based Cohort. PloS One; 8(4):e61148. 
• Nelson WO & Bunge RG. 1957. The effect of therapeutic dosages of nitrofurantoin (furadantin) upon spermatogenesis in man. J Urol; 77(2):275–281. 
• Osmundson SS, et al. 2025. First-Trimester Antibiotic Use for Urinary Tract Infection and Risk of Congenital Malformations. JAMA Netw Open; 8(7):e2519544.  
• Patel J, et al. & National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2023. Fever and antibiotic use in maternal urinary tract infections during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res; 116(1):e2281  
• Patel J, et al. 2024. Fever and antibiotic use in maternal urinary tract infections during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: Findings from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res; 116(1):e2281.  
• Philpot J, et al. 1995. Congenital symmetrical weakness of the upper limbs resembling brachial plexus palsy: a possible sequel of drug toxicity in first trimester of pregnancy? Neuromuscul Disord; 5(1):67–69.  
• Puhó EH, et al. 2007. Drug treatment during pregnancy and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary. Cleft Palate Craniofac J; 44(2):194–202.  
• The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG). 2023. Urinary Tract Infections in Pregnant Individuals. Obstet Gynecol; 142(2):435-445. 
• Zao J, et al. 2014. Using nitrofurantoin while breastfeeding a newborn. Can Fam Physician; 60(6):539–540.