Selected References: 

• American Academy of Pediatrics. 2023. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at URL: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/COVID-19/Pages/Breastfeeding-During-COVID-19.aspx 
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2020. ABM Statement: Considerations for COVID-19 vaccination in lactation. Available at URL: https://abm.memberclicks.net/abm-statement-considerations-for-covid-19-vaccination-in-lactation 
• Aghsami M, et al. 2024. Effect of SpikoGen subunit vaccine administration during pregnancy on fetal development of rats. Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research. 13(4): 301. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2024. COVID-19 vaccination considerations for obstetric-gynecologic care. Available at URL: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/covid-19-vaccination-considerations-for-obstetric-gynecologic-care 
• American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2022. Patient management and clinical recommendations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Available at URL: https://www.asrm.org/news-and-publications/covid-19/statements/patient-management-and-clinical-recommendations-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic  
• Ciapponi A, et al. 2021. Safety of components and platforms of COVID-19 vaccines considered for use in pregnancy: a rapid review. Vaccine. 39(40): 5891-5908. 
• Etti M, et al. 2022. Maternal vaccination: a review of current evidence and recommendations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 226(4): 459-74. 
• Hatami D, et al. 2024. Perinatal outcomes and sinopharm BBIBP-CorV vaccination during pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 24(1): 190. 
• Novavax Fact Sheet for Health Care Providers Administering Vaccine. Revised 7/13/2022. Available at URL: https://www.fda.gov/media/159897/download   
• Ma Y, et al. 2023. Safety and efficacy of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in women vaccinated during the first trimester of pregnancy. International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 130: 196-202. 
• Rasmussen SA, et al. 2024. Vaccines in Pregnancy: An Update on Recommendations From CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Birth defects research. 117.2: e2459. 
• Rimmer MP, et al. 2023. The risk of miscarriage following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human Reproduction. 38(5): 840-52. 
• Shook LL, et al. 2022. Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection. JAMA 327(11):1087-89.  
• Qiao Y. et al. 2021. Safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines in pregnant and postpartum women in Brazil. MedRXIV, 2021-12. 
• Underwood E, et al. 2023. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of the NVX-CoV2373 vaccine. Expert Review of Vaccines. 22(1): 501-17. 
• Wang Y, et al. 2022. Receipt of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine had no adverse influence on embryo implantation, clinical pregnancy and miscarriage in early pregnancy. Sci China Life Sci. 65:2332–34. 
• Yang C, et al. 2023. Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in peri-pregnancy period: Evaluation of safety for both pregnant women and neonates. Vaccine. 41(49): 7450-59. 
• Zambrano LD, et al. 2020. Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 69:1641–47. 

.

Selected References: 

• American Academy of Pediatrics. 2021. Breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at URL: https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/COVID-19/Pages/Breastfeeding-During-COVID-19.aspx  
• Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine. 2020. ABM Statement: Considerations for COVID-19 vaccination in lactation. Available at URL: https://abm.memberclicks.net/abm-statement-considerations-for-covid-19-vaccination-in-lactation 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2023. COVID-19 vaccination considerations for obstetric-gynecologic care. Available at URL: https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2020/12/covid-19-vaccination-considerations-for-obstetric-gynecologic-care 
• American Society for Reproductive Medicine. 2022. Patient management and clinical recommendations during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Available at URL: https://www.asrm.org/news-and-publications/covid-19/statements/patient-management-and-clinical-recommendations-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic  
• Avraham S, et al. 2022. COVID-19 vaccination and fertility treatment outcomes. Fertility and Sterility 117(6):1291-1299.  
• Baird JK, et al. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Detected in Mother’s Milk Post-Vaccination. J Hum Lact. 37(3):492-498.  Beharier O, et al. 2021. Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 antibodies. J Clin Invest 131(13):e150319
• Bertrand K, et al. 2021. Maternal and child outcomes reported by breastfeeding women following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Breastfeeding Medicine 16(9).  
• Bookstein Peretz S, et al. 2021. Short-term outcome of pregnant women vaccinated by BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 58(3):450-456.  
• Carlsen EØ, et al. 2022. Association of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy with incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants. JAMA Intern Med. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.2442  
• Ciapponi A, et al. 2023. Safety of COVID-19 vaccines during pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 41(25): 3688–700.  
• Ciapponi A, et al. 2024. Safety and Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines During Pregnancy: A Living Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Drug safety. 47(10): 991–1010.  
• Dong Y, et al. 2024. Comprehensive evaluation of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination on sperm parameters and sex hormones. Frontiers in immunology. 15: 1321406.  
• Edele Santos D, et al. 2023. Effects of COVID-19 or vaccines for SARS-COV-2 on sperm parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of reproductive immunology, 160, 104140.  
• Edelman A, et al. 2022. Association between menstrual cycle length and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination: a U.S. cohort. Obstet Gynecol Apr, 1;139(4):481-489. 
• Esteve-Palau E, et al. 2021. Quantification of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk of lactating women vaccinated with an mRNA vaccine. JAMA Netw Open. 4(8):e2120575.  
• Favre G, et al. 2025. Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants after in utero exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or mRNA-COVID-19 vaccine compared with unexposed infants: a COVI-PREG prospective cohort study. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 31(2). 266–73.  
• Fell DB, et al. 2022. Association of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy with adverse peripartum outcomes. JAMA 327(15):1478–87.  
• Gonzalez D, et al. 2021. Sperm parameters before and after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. JAMA 326(3):273–274. 
• Gray KJ, et al. 2021. COVID-19 vaccine response in pregnant and lactating women: a cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol Mar 24:S0002-9378(21)00187-3.   
• Golan Y, et al. 2021. Evaluation of messenger RNA from COVID-19 BTN162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines in human milk. JAMA Pediatr 175(10):1069-71.   
• Goldshtein I, et al. 2022. Association of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy with neonatal and early infant outcomes. JAMA Pediatr 176(5):470-77.  
• Halasa NB, et al. 2022. Effectiveness of maternal vaccination with mRNA COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy against COVID-19–associated hospitalization in infants aged <6 months — 17 states, July 2021–January 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 71:264–70. 
• Hamouda NI, et al. 2024. Persistence of COVID-19 Human Milk Antibodies After Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis. Cureus. 16(5): e59500.  
• Hanna N, et al. 2023. Biodistribution of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in human breast milk. EBioMedicine. 96: 104800.  
• Hariton E, et al. 2023. The effect of the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine and infection on menstrual cycle length: an analysis of 12 months of continuous menstrual cycle data from 5,314 participants. Fertility and sterility. 120(2): 387–88.  
• Jorgensen SCJ, et al. & Canadian Immunization Research Network (CIRN) Provincial Collaborative Network (PCN) Investigators. 2024. Association between maternal mRNA covid-19 vaccination in early pregnancy and major congenital anomalies in offspring: population based cohort study with sibling matched analysis. BMJ medicine. 3(1): e000743.  
• Jorgensen SCJ, et al. 2023. Newborn and Early Infant Outcomes Following Maternal COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy. JAMA pediatrics. 177(12): 1314–23.  
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2021. Spontaneous abortion following COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA 326(16):1629-31.  
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2023. COVID-19 Booster Vaccination in Early Pregnancy and Surveillance for Spontaneous Abortion. JAMA network open. 6(5): e2314350. 
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2024. COVID-19 Vaccination in the First Trimester and Major Structural Birth Defects Among Live Births. JAMA pediatrics. 178(8): 823–29. 
• Kigel A, et al. 2023. Maternal Immunization During the Second Trimester with BNT162b2 mRNA Vaccine Induces a Robust IgA Response in Human Milk: A Prospective Cohort Study. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 118(3): 572–78.  
• Kim K, et al. 2025. Maternal Exposures to COVID-19 Vaccine and Adverse Birth Outcomes: National Population Study in Korea. Journal of Korean medical science. 40(17): e63.  
• Lipkind HS, et al. 2022. Receipt of COVID-19 vaccine during pregnancy and preterm or small-for-gestational-age at birth — Eight integrated health care organizations, United States, December 15, 2020–July 22, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 71:26–30. 
• Lipschuetz M, et al. 2023. Maternal third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and risk of infant COVID-19 hospitalization. Nat Med. 10.1038/s41591-023-02270-2.  
• Low JM, et al. 2021. Codominant IgG and IgA expression with minimal vaccine mRNA in milk of BNT162b2 vaccines. npj Vaccines 202;6:105. 
• Magnus MC, et al. 2022. Association of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination during pregnancy with pregnancy outcomes. JAMA 327(15):1469-1477.  
• McLaurin-Jiang S, et al. 2021. Maternal and child symptoms following COVID-19 vaccination among breastfeeding mothers. Breastfeeding Medicine 16(9).  
• Morgan JA, et al. 2022. Maternal outcomes after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in vaccinated compared with unvaccinated pregnant patients. Obstet Gynecol 139:107-109.  
• Morris RS. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein seropositivity from vaccination or infection does not cause sterility. F&S Reports 2(3):253-255.  
• Nicolaidou V, et al. 2023. Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Antibodies in Human Breast Milk and Their Neutralizing Capacity after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review. International journal of molecular sciences. 24(3): 2957.  
• Norman M, et al. 2024. Neonatal Outcomes After COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy. JAMA, 331(5), 396–407.  
• Otero S, et al. 2022. Maternal antibody response and transplacental transfer following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination in pregnancy. Pre-print online March 20, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.17.22272574.  
• Perez SE, et al. 2022. Human milk SARS-CoV-2 antibodies up to 6 months after vaccination. Pediatrics 148(2): e2021054260. 
• Perl SH, et al. 2021. SARS-CoV-2–specific antibodies in breast milk after COVID-19 vaccination of breastfeeding women. JAMA 325(19):2013-14.   
• Piekos SN, et al. 2023. Effect of COVID-19 vaccination and booster on maternal-fetal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. Digital health. 5(9): e594–e606.  
• Rosenberg-Friedman M, et al. 2021. BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine elicited antibody response in blood and milk of breastfeeding women. Nat Commun. 12(1):6222. 
• Rottenstreich M, et al. 2023. Covid-19 third vaccination during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes-a retrospective study. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 308(4): 1197–1205.  
• Rowe SL, et al. 2025. COVID-19 Vaccination During Pregnancy and Major Structural Birth Defects. Pediatrics. 155(4): e2024069778. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.30.21258079.  
• Safrai M, et al. 2022. The BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine does not impair sperm parameters. Reproductive BioMedicine 44(4):685-88.  
• Sajadi MM, et al. 2023. Maternal transfer of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies transplacentally and via breast milk feeding. PloS one. 18(4): e0284020.  
• Santimano AJ, et al. 2024. Efficacy and Clinical Outcomes of mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Intervirology. 67(1): 40–54. 
• Shimabukuro TT, et al. Preliminary findings of mRNA Covid-19 vaccine safety in pregnant persons. N Engl J Med 384:2273-82.  
• Shook LL, et al. 2022. Durability of anti-spike antibodies in infants after maternal COVID-19 vaccination or natural infection. JAMA 327(11):1087-89.  
• Suseeladevi AK, et al. 2024. COVID-19 vaccination and birth outcomes of 186,990 women vaccinated before pregnancy: an England-wide cohort study. The Lancet regional health. Europe, 45: 101025.  
• Takeshita T, et al. 2025. Does COVID-19 infection or COVID-19 mRNA vaccination induce antiphospholipid antibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss?. Journal of reproductive immunology. 168:104442.  
• Tavares Veras Florentino P, et al. 2023. Safety of BNT162b2 and CoronaVac during pregnancy on birth outcomes and neonatal mortality: a cohort study from Brazil. International journal of epidemiology. 52(6): 1708–15.  
• Temocin F, et al. 2024. Investigation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG Levels in Breast Milk after Vaccination or COVID-19 Infection. American journal of perinatology. 41: e3085–90.  
• Vesco KK, et al. 2024. Obstetric Complications and Birth Outcomes After Antenatal Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccination. Obstetrics and gynecology. 143(6): 794–802.  
• Ware J, et al. 2023. Sustained and Boosted Antibody Responses in Breast Milk After Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination. Breastfeeding medicine : the official journal of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, 18(8: 612–20.  
• Zambrano LD, et al. 2020. Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69:1641–47. 
• Zauche LH, et al. 2021. Receipt of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines and risk of spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med 385:1533-153. 

Selected References:

• Aubard Y and Magne I. 2000. Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy. BJOG. 107(7):833-838. 
• Arslan A. 2021. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnancy: Maternal and fetal outcome. Am J Emerg Med.43:41-45. 
• Ernst A and Zibrack J. 1998. Carbon monoxide poisoning. New Engl J Med. 339:1603-1608. 
• Friedman P, et al. 2015 Carbon Monoxide Exposure During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surv.70(11):705-12. 
• Longo L. 1977. The biological effects of carbon monoxide on the pregnant woman, fetus, and newborn infant. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 129:69-103. 
• McElhatton PR, Easton T: 2003. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning in Pregnancy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41:552. 
• Norman C and Halton D. 1990. Is Carbon Monoxide a Workplace Teratogen? A Review and Evaluation of the Literature. Ann Occup Hyg. 34(4)335-347. 
• Nowadly C, et al. 2018. Severe unintentional first trimester carbon monoxide poisoning: case report. Undersea Hyperb Med. 45(4):453-456. 
• Palmer J, et al. 2015. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Pregnancy: Critical Nursing Interventions. J Emerg Nurs. 
• Pietrus M, et al. 2015. [Carbon monoxide poisoning in pregnant woman]. Przegl Lek. 72(9): 482-484. 
• Quinn AK, et al. 2021. Prenatal household air pollutant exposure is associated with reduced size and gestational age at birth among a cohort of Ghanaian infants. Environ Int. 155:106659.  
• Reynolds CME, et al. 2019. The implications of high carbon monoxide levels in early pregnancy for neonatal outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 233:6-11. 
• Salam M, et al. 2005. Birth outcomes and prenatal exposure to ozone, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter: results from the Children’s Health Study. Environ Health Perspect. 113:1638-1644. 
• Seeni I, et al. 2018. Air pollution exposure during pregnancy: maternal asthma and neonatal respiratory outcomes. Ann Epidemiol. 28(9):612-618. 
• Sexton M, et al. 1986. The effect of maternal smoking on the cognitive development of three year old children. Teratology. 33:31c-32c. 
• Singh, J. 1986. Early behavioral alterations in mice following prenatal carbon monoxide exposure. Neurotoxicology. 7:475-482. 
• Yildiz H, et al. 2010. A rare case of perinatal asphyxia: maternal carbon monoxide poisoning. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 281(2):251-4. 

Selected References:

• Aichhorn, Wolfgang et al. 2014. Mirtazapine and breast-feeding. The American journal of psychiatry vol. 161,12 (2004): 2325. 
• Biswas PN, et al. 2003. The pharmacovigilance of mirtazapine: results of a prescription event monitoring study on 13,554 patients in England. J Psychopharmacol 17:121-6. 
• Carvalho, André F et al. 2016. The Safety, Tolerability and Risks Associated with the Use of Newer Generation Antidepressant Drugs: A Critical Review of the Literature. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics vol. 85,5 (2016): 270-88. 
• Djulus J, et al. 2006. Exposure to mirtazapine during pregnancy: a prospective, comparative study of birth outcomes. J Clin Psychiatry 67(8):1280-4. 
• Einarson A, et al. 2009. Incidence of major malformations in infants following antidepressant exposure in pregnancy: results of a large prospective cohort study. Can J Psychiatry 54(4): 242-246. 
• Grigoriadis S, et al. 2013. The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 74(4):e309-20. 
• Goracci, Arianna et al. 2015. Benefici e potenziali rischi dell’utilizzo di antidepressivi in gravidanza: una revisione della letteratura [Antidepressant use in pregnancy: a critical review of the risk and benefits]. Rivista di psichiatria vol. 50,3 (2015): 118-26.     
• Guclu S, et al. 2005. Mirtazapine use in resistant hyperemesis gravidarum: report of three cases and review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 272(4):298-300 
• Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr 104(4):384-91.   
• Kjaersgaard MI, et al. 2013. Prenatal antidepressant exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion – a population-based study. PLoS One 8(8):e72095.   
• Klier C, et al. 2007. Mirtazapine and breastfeeding: maternal and infant plasma levels. Am J Psychiatry 164:2: 348-349. 
• Kristensen JH, et al. 2007. Transfer of the antidepressant mirtazapine into breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 63:322-7. 
• Lennestal R. 2007. Delivery outcome in relation to maternal use of some recently introduced antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacology 27(6):607-613. 
• Milosavljević, Jovana Z et al. 2022. The effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on male and female fertility: a brief literature review. International journal of psychiatry in clinical practice vol. 26(1): 43-49. 
• Ostenfeld, Anne et al. 2022. Mirtazapine exposure in pregnancy and fetal safety: A nationwide cohort study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 145(6): 557-567. 
• Ostenfeld A, et al. 2025. Mirtazapine in pregnancy and lactation: A systematic review of adverse outcomes. Acta Psychiatr Scand 151(1):6-32.  
• Saks BR. 2001. Mirtazapine: treatment of depression, anxiety, and hyperemesis gravidarum in the pregnant patient:  A report of 7 cases. Arch Womens Ment Health 3(4):165-170. 
• Schwarzer V, et al. 2008. Treatment resistant hyperemesis gravidarum in a patient with type I diabetes mellitus: neonatal withdrawal symptoms after successful antiemetic therapy with mirtazapine. Arch Gynecol Obstet 277:67-69. 
• Smit M, et al. 2016. Mirtazapine in pregnancy and lactation: A systemic review. European Neuropsychopharmacology 26:126-135.   
• Smit M, et al. 2015 Mirtazapine in pregnancy and lactation: Data from a case series. J Clin Psychopharmacol 35:163-7.  
• Sokolover N, et al. 2008. Neonatal recurrent prolonged hypothermia associated with maternal mirtazapine treatment during pregnancy. Can J Clin Pharmacol 15(2):e188-190. 
• Sołek, Przemysław et al. 2021. Molecular Consequences of Depression Treatment: A Potential In Vitro Mechanism for Antidepressants-Induced Reprotoxic Side Effects. International journal of molecular sciences. 22(21):11855. 
• Solek, P et al. 2021. Toxic effect of antidepressants on male reproductive system cells: evaluation of possible fertility reduction mechanism. J Physiol Pharmacol; 72(3). 
• Tonn P, et al. 2009. High mirtazapine plasma levels in infant after breastfeeding: case report and review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 29(2):191-192. 
• Winterfeld U, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome following maternal exposure to mirtazapine: a multicenter, prospective study. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 35(3):25.  

Selected References:

• Broussard CS, et al. 2011. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 204(4):314.e1–11.
• Cohen RS. 2009. Fentanyl transdermal analgesia during pregnancy and lactation. J Hum Lact. 25(3):359-361.
• Fishman B, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: A cohort study. PLoS One 14(7): e0219061.
• Fleet JA, et al. 2020. Fentanyl concentration in maternal and umbilical cord plasma following intranasal or subcutaneous administration in labour. Int J Obstet Anesth. 42:34-38.
• Larson JJ, et al. 2019. Cognitive and behavioral impact on children exposed to opioids during pregnancy. Pediatrics. 144(2): e20190514.
• Lind JN, et al. 2017. Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: A systemic review. Pediatrics. 139(6):e20164131.
• Mahomed K, et al. 2019. Does fentanyl epidural analgesia affect breastfeeding: A prospective cohort study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 59(6):819-824.
• Moore A, et al. 2016. Maternal Epidural Fentanyl Administered for Labor Analgesia Is Found in Neonatal Urine 24 Hours After Birth. Breastfeed Med. 11(1):40-1.
• Nitsun M, et al. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of midazolam, propofol, and fentanyl transfer to human breast milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 79(6):549-557.
• Rana D, et al. 2025. Illicit Fentanyl in the Prenatal Period: A Significant Emerging Risk for Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome. American journal of perinatology, 42(7):891–898. 
• Regan J, et al. 2000. Neonatal abstinence syndrome due to prolonged administration of fentanyl in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 107:570-572.
• Väänänen A, et al. 2019. Spinal and epidural sufentanil and fentanyl in early labour. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 63(10):1413-1418.
• Wadman E, et al. 2023. A novel syndrome associated with prenatal fentanyl exposure. Genetics in Medicine Open; 1, 100834.
• Yazdy MM, et al. 2013. Periconceptional use of opioids and the risk of neural tube defects. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 122(4):838–844.