Functional Constipation

Selected References:

  • Longstreth GF, et al. 2006. Functional bowel disorders. Gastroenterology, 130(5):1480-1491.
  • Mearin F, et al. 2016. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology, S0016-5085(16)00222-5.
  • Shi W, et al. 2015. Epidemiology and risk factors of functional constipation in pregnant women. PLoS One, 10(7):e0133521.

Functional Constipation

Selected References:  

  • Auerbach JG, Hans SL, Marcus J, Maeir S. 1992. Maternal psychotropic medication and neonatal behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14:399-406.
  • Chan J, Alldredge BK, Baskin LS. 1991. Perphenazine-induced priapism. DICP 24:246-9
  • FDA https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/089683s024lbl.pdf
  • FDA Drug Safety Communication. 2011. Antipsychotic drug labels updated on use during pregnancy and risk of abnormal muscle movements and withdrawal symptoms in newborns: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm243903.htm.
  • Handal M, Matheson I, Bechensteen AG, Lindemann R. 1995. [Antipsychotic agents and pregnant women. A case report]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen;115:2539-40.
  • Harer WB: Tranquilizers in obstetrics and gynecology. 1958. Studies with Trilafon. Obstet Gynecol 11:273-9.
  • Idapaan-Heikkila J, Saxen L. 1973. Possible teratogenicity of imipramine/chloropyramine. Lancet 2:282-4.
  • Liu X, Trabjerg BB, Munk-Olsen T, Christensen J, Dreier JW. 2022. Association of Maternal Antipsychotic Prescription During Pregnancy With Standardized Test Scores of Schoolchildren in Denmark. JAMA internal medicine. 182(10):1035-43.
  • Olesen OV, Bartels U, Poulsen JH. Perphenazine in breast milk and serum. 1990. Am J Psychiatry;147:1378–9.
  • Reis M, Kallen B. 2008. Maternal use of antipsychotics in early pregnancy and delivery outcome. Journal of clinical psychopharmacology;28(3):279–88.
  • Slone D et al. 1977. Antenatal exposure to the phenothiazines in relation to congenital malformations, perinatal mortality rate, birth weight, and intelligence quotient score. Am J Obstet Gynecol 128:486-8.
  • Wertelecki W et al. 1980. Amitriptyline/perphenazine maternal overdose and birth defects. Teratology 21:74A.

Functional Constipation

Selected References:

  • Hallock RM, et al. 2013. A survey of hallucinogenic mushroom use, factors related to usage, and perceptions of use among college students. Drug Alcohol Depend 130(1-3):245-8.
  • Jairaj C, et al. 2022. Postpartum depression: A role for psychedelics? Journal of Psychopharmacology 36(8), 920-931.
  • Rolsten C, 1997. Effects of chlorpromazine and psilocin on pregnancy of C57BL/10 mice and their offspring at birth. Anat Rec 157:311.
  • Stein CA, et al. 2022. The Pharmacology and Clinical Applications of Psychedelic Medicines Within Midwifery Practice. J Midwifery Womens Health 67(3):373-383.
  • Timar L, Czeizal AE. 1997, Birth weight and congenital anomalies following poisonous mushroom intoxication during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 11: 861.

 

Functional Constipation

Selected References:  

  • AlHarthi A, et al. 2023. Investigating behavioral and neuronal changes in adolescent mice following prenatal exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vapor containing nicotine. Brain Sci, 13(10): 1417. 
  • Archie S, et al. 2023. Maternal e-cigarette use can disrupt postnatal blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and deteriorates motor, learning and memory function: influence of sex and age. Fluids Barriers CNS, 20. 
  • Baez-Loya S, et al. 2014. Perceptions about e-cigarette safety may lead to e-smoking during pregnancy. Bull Menninger Clin. 78(3):243-52.  
  • Bednarczuk N, et al. 2022. Nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes in pregnancy and infant respiratory outcomes. Early Hum Dev, 164:105509. 
  • Bell L, et al. 2023. Use of e-cigarettes in pregnancy: a systematic review of evidence published from 2020-2022. Journal of Public Health, 33: 315-328 
  • Cardenas VM, et al. 2019. Use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) by pregnant women I: Risk of small-for-gestational-age birth. Tobacco induced diseases, 17:44. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018. Electronic Cigarettes. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/e-cigarettes/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/index.htm [Accessed 4/2025]. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2023: General Information About Secondhand Smoke. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/secondhand-smoke/about.html [Accessed 4/2025]. 
  • Çetin T & Durmaz Ö. 2024. An assessment of the impact of smoking and vaping during pregnancy on placental dysfunction using shear-wave elastography. Arch Basic Clin Res, 6(3): 188-194.  
  • Chen T, et al. 2023. Ovarian toxicity of e-cigarette liquids: effects of components and high and low nicotine concentration e-cigarette liquid in vitro. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 21:128. 
  • Froggatt S, et al. 2020. The effects of prenatal cigarette and e-cigarette exposure on infant neurobehavior: A comparison to a control group. EClinicalMedicine, 28:10062.  
  • Hahn J, et al. 2014. Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation. Tob Induc Dis, 12(1):23. 
  • Holmboe SA, et al. 2020. Use of e-cigarettes associates with lower sperm counts in a cross-sectional study of young men from the general population. Hum Reprod, 35(7):1693-1701. 
  • Kahr MK, et al. 2015. A qualitative assessment of the perceived risks of electronic cigarette and hookah use in pregnancy. BMC Public Health. 15(1):1273.  
  • Kim S, Oancea SC. 2020. Electronic cigarettes may not be a “safer alternative” of conventional cigarettes during pregnancy: Evidence from the nationally representative PRAMS data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20(1):557.  
  • Kopa-Stojak PN & Pawliczak R. 2024. Disposable electronic cigarettes – chemical composition and health effects of their use. A systematic review. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 35(3): 250-261. 
  • Lin S, et al. 2023. E-cigarette use during pregnancy and its association with adverse birth outcomes in the US. Prev Med, 166:107375. 
  • McDonnell BP, et al. 2020. Electronic cigarettes and obstetric outcomes: A prospective observational study. BJOG, 127(6):750-756.Nanninga EK et al. 2023. Adverse maternal and infant outcomes of women who differ in smoking status: e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20(3): 2632. 
  • Nguyen T, et al. 2018. Maternal e-cigarette exposure results in cognitive and epigenetic alterations in offspring in a mouse model. Chemical research in toxicology, 31(7): 601-611. 
  • Noël A, et al. 2020. In utero exposures to electronic-cigarette aerosols impair the Wnt signaling during mouse lung development. American journal of psychology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, 318(4):L705-L722. 
  • Orzabal MR, et al. 2019. Chronic exposure to e-cig aerosols during early development causes vascular dysfunction and offspring growth deficits. Translational research: the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine, 207:70-82. 
  • Popham K & Kandasamy Y. 2023. The impact of smoking and nicotine exposure during pregnancy on fetal nephrogenesis: a systematic review. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 14(5): 559-569. 
  • Phillips L et al. 2023. Developing a taxonomy to describe offspring outcomes in studies involving pregnant mammals’ exposure to non-tobacco nicotine: a systematic scoping review. Plos One, 18(2).  
  • Sana M et al. 2023. Maternal cigarette and electronic cigarette use before pregnancy associated with the risk of hypertension and gestational hypertension. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 141(5S): 83S-83S. 
  • Suter MA, et al. 2015. Is there evidence for potential harm of electronic cigarette use in pregnancy? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol,103(3):186-95. 
  • Walayat A et al. 2024. Maternal e-cigarette exposure alters DNA methylome, site-specific CpG and CH methylation, and transcriptomic signatures in the neonatal brain. Sci Rep, 14. 
  • Wang X, et al. 2020. Smoking and use of electronic cigarettes (vaping) in relation to preterm birth and small-for-gestational age in a 2016 U.S. national sample. Preventative medicine, 134:106041. 

Functional Constipation

Selected References:

  • Ackerman S. Discovering the Brain. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1992. 6. The Development and Shaping of the Brain. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234146/.
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2024. Facts Are Important: Understanding and Navigating Viability. Retrieved from: https://www.acog.org/advocacy/facts-are-important/understanding-and-navigating-viability.
  • Hales B, et al. 2018. Teratology Primer, 3rd Edition. Society for Birth Defects Research and Prevention. https://www.birthdefectsresearch.org/primer/
  • Helwany M, et al. 2023. Embryology, Ear. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557588/
  • Libretti S, Aeddula NR. 2023. Embryology, Genitourinary. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559309/.
  • Malhotra R, et al. 2023. Enhancing Omphalocele Care: Navigating Complications and Innovative Treatment Approaches. Cureus; 15(10):e47638.
  • Moore KL, et al. 2013. The Developing Human: Clinically Oriented Embryology (9th Ed.). Saunders.
  • Rentea RM, Gupta V. 2023. Gastroschisis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557894/.
  • Sadler TW. 2014. Langman’s Medical Embryology (13th Edition), Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.
  • Singh R, Munakomi S. Embryology, Neural Tube. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542285/.
  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Specific Birth Defects and Other Health Conditions. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/birth-defects/about/types.html.
  • Tickle C. 2015. How the embryo makes a limb: determination, polarity and identity. J Anat; 227(4):418-30.
  • Zaontz MR, Packer MG. 1997. Abnormalities of the external genitalia. Pediatr Clin North Am; 44(5):1267-97.
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