Malaria

Selected References:

  • Accrombessi M, et al. 2018. Cohort profile: effect of malaria in early pregnancy on fetal growth in Benin (RECIPAL preconceptional cohort). BMJ Open. 2018 Jan 8;8(1):e019014. 
  • Alecrim WD, et al. 2000. Plasmodium falciparum infection in the pregnant patient. Infect Dis Clin North Am; 14:83-95. 
  • Arguin PM. 2009. S.F.S.S. Chapter 2: Malaria, The Pre-Travel Consultation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, GA. 
  • Coll O, et al. 2008. Treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy and newborn. J Perinat Med. 36(1):15-29. 
  • Garrison A, et al. 2022 The effects of malaria in pregnancy in neurocognitive development in children at 1 and 6 years of age in Benin: A prospective mother-child cohort. Clin Infect Dis. 74(5):766-775. 
  • Ibhanesebhor S.E. 1995. Clinical characteristics of neonatal malaria. J Trop Pediatr. 41(6):330-333. 
  • Kojom Foko LP, Singh V. 2023. Malaria in pregnancy in India: a 50-year bird’s eye. Front Public Health. 11: 1150466-1150466 
  • Lawford H, et al. 2021. Associations between malaria in pregnancy and neonatal neurological outcomes. Int J Infect Dis. 112: 144-151. 
  • Lufele E, et al. 2017. Risk factors and pregnancy outcomes associated with placental malaria in a prospective cohort of Papua New Guinean women. Malar J; 16(1):427. 
  • Mahande AM, Mahande MJ. 2016. Prevalence of parasitic infections and associations with pregnancy complications and outcomes in northern Tanzania: a registry-based cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 16:78. 
  • McGready R, et al. 2012. Adverse effects of falciparum and vivax malaria and the safety of antimalarial treatment in early pregnancy: a population-based study. Lancet Infect Dis. 12(5):388-396. 
  • Moore KA, et al. 2017. Quantification of the association between malaria in pregnancy and stillbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health; 5(11):e1101-e1112. 
  • Nathwani D, et al. 1992. Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy: review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 99:118-121. 
  • Park S, et al. 2020. Impact of Malaria in Pregnancy on Risk of Malaria in Young Children: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. J Infect Dis. 222(4):538-550. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa139 
  • Patel JC, et al. 2017. Increased risk of low birth weight in women with placental malaria associated with P. falciparum VAR2CSA clade. Sci Rep 7(1): 7768. 
  • Saito M, et al. 2020. Deleterious effects of malaria in pregnancy on the developing fetus: a review on prevention and treatment with antimalarial drugs. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 4(10):761-774.  
  • Sartelet H, et al. 1996. Malaria associated pre-eclampsia in Senegal. Lancet 347:1121. 
  • Schmiegelow C, et al. 2013. Malaria and fetal growth alterations in the 3(rd) trimester of pregnancy: a longitudinal ultrasound study. PLoS One. 8(1):e53794. 
  • Shulman CE, et al. 2002. Malaria as a cause of severe anemia in pregnancy. Lancet 360:494. 
  • Singer R et al. 1987. Decreased semen quality in a male infected with malaria. Int J Androl 10:685-9. 
  • U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 2024. About Malaria. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/index.html. Accessed 17 Feb 2026.  
  • Umbers AJ, et al. 2011. Malaria in pregnancy: small babies, big problem. Trends Parasitol. 27(4):168-75. 
  • Unger HW, et al. 2023. The effect and control of malaria in pregnancy and lactating women in the Asia-Pacific region. Lancet Glob Health. 11(11) e1805-e1818. 
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Malaria. Available at: https://www.who.int/malaria/en/ [Accessed 2/2020].  
  • Zakama AK, et al. 2019. Malaria in Pregnancy: What the Obstetric Provider in Nonendemic Areas Needs to Know. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 74(9):546-556. 

 

Malaria

Selected References:

  • Altshuler LL, et al. 1996. Pharmacologic Management of Psychiatric Illness during Pregnancy: Dilemmas and Guidelines. Am J Psychiatry, 153(5):592-606.
  • Ban L, et al. 2012. Live and Non-Live Pregnancy Outcomes among Women with Depression and Anxiety: A Population-Based Study. PLoS ONE, 7(8):e43462.
  • Bennet PN, The WHO Working Group. 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, pp. 289-290.
  • Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics, 108:776-89.
  • Deligiannidis K, et al. 2014. A Review of Pharmacokinetic Changes and Clinical Recommendations for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. J Clin Psychopharmacology, 34(2):244-255.
  • Desaunay P, et al. 2022. Neonatal hypotonia following in utero exposure to antidepressant drugs. J Pediatr, 245:222–226.e2.
  • Ericson A, et al. 1999. Delivery outcome after the use of antidepressants in early pregnancy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 55:503-508.
  • Hemels MEH, et al. 2005. Antidepressant Use During Pregnancy and the Rates of Spontaneous Abortions: A Meta-Analysis. Ann Pharmacother, 39(5):803-809.
  • Horst PGJ, et al. 2011. Clomipramine concentration and withdrawal symptoms in 10 neonates. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 73(2):295-302.
  • Huybrechts KF, et al. 2015. Antidepressant use late in pregnancy and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. JAMA, 313(21):2142-2151.
  • Larsen ER, et al. 2015. Use of psychotropic drugs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 132:1-28.
  • McElhatton PR, et al. 1996. The Outcome of Pregnancy in 689 Women Exposed to Therapeutic Doses of Antidepressants. A Collaborative Study of The European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS)
  • Misri S, et al. 1991. Tricyclic drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a preliminary report. Int J Psychiatry Med, 21(2):157-171.
  • Mitchell JE, Popkin MK. 1983. Antidepressant drug therapy and sexual dysfunction in men: a review. J Clin Psychopharm, 3:76-79.
  • Nulman I, et al. 1997. Neurodevelopment of Children Exposed in Utero to Antidepressant Drugs. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336(4):258-262.
  • Nulman I, et al. 2002. Child Development Following Exposure to Tricyclic Antidepressant or Fluoxetine throughout Fetal Life: A Prospective, Controlled Study. Am J Psychiatry, 159(11):1889-1895.
  • Osborne LM, et al. 2014. Returning to tricyclic antidepressants for depression during childbearing: clinical and dosing challenges. Arch Womens Ment Health, 17:239-246.
  • Pearson KH, et al. 2007. Birth Outcomes Following Prenatal Exposure to Antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry, 68(8):1284-1289.
  • Shah AA, et al. 2015. Are Psychotropic Drugs Safe to Use During Lactation? Psychiatric Annals, 45(2):77-82.
  • Shatan C, et al. 1966. Withdrawal Symptoms after Abrupt Termination of Imipramine. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, 11:150-158.
  • Uguz F, et al. 2014. Low-dose imipramine for treatment of panic disorder during pregnancy: a retrospective chart review. J Clin Psychopharmacol, 34(4):513-515.

Malaria

Selected References:

  • Abramowitz A, et al. 2017. Treatment options for hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 20(3): 363–372. 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and vomiting on pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(1):e15-e30.  
  • Anderka M, et al. 2012. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 94(1):22-30.  
  • Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO). 2015. Educational series on women’s health issues on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.  
  • Attard CL, et al. 2002. The burden of illness of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 186(5 Suppl):S220-S227. 
  • Bruun MR, et al. 2021. Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Epidemiol. 13:895-905. 
  • Chortatos A, et al. 2015. Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes among women experiencing nausea only or nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 15:138.   
  • Clark SM, et al. 2014. The outpatient management and special considerations of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 38(8):496-502.  
  • Clark SM, et al. 2024. Inpatient Management of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol. 143(6):745-758.  
  • Colodro-Conde L, et al. 2016. Nausea & Vomiting During Pregnancy is Highly Heritable. Behav Genet. 46(4):481-491.  
  • Einarson A, et al. 2007. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 53(12): 2109-2111. 
  • Ebrahimi N, et al. 2010. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2: 241–248.  
  • Fejzo M, et al. 2015. Neurodevelopmental delay in children exposed in utero to hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 189:79–84. 
  • Fiaschi L, et al. 2018. Adverse Maternal and Birth Outcomes in Women Admitted to Hospital for Hyperemesis Gravidarum: a Population-Based Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 32(1):40-51.  
  • Gill SK, et al. 2009. The effect of Acid-reducing pharmacotherapy on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2009:585269.  
  • Gu L, et al. 2021. Association of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with infant growth in the first 24 months of life. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 304(2):429-438 
  • Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Nausea in pregnancy: attitudes among pregnant women and general practitioners on treatment and pregnancy care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 34(1):13-20. 
  • Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy -a cross-sectional study among 712 Norwegian women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 72(5):593-604. 
  • Koren G, et al. 2004. Pre-emptive therapy for severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 24(5):530–533.  
  • Koren G, et al. 2014. The protective effects of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy against adverse fetal outcome – a systematic review. Reprod Toxicol. 47:77-80. 
  • Madjunkova S, et al. 2013. The Leading Concerns of American Women with Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy Calling Motherisk NVP Helpline. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013:752980. doi: 10.1155/2013/752980. 
  • Maltepe C, et al. 2013. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum-a 2013 update. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 20(2):e184-92. 
  • Maltepe C, et al. 2013. Preemptive treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013; 2013:809787.  
  • McCormack D. 2010. Hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 30(7):647-653.  
  • Muchanga SMJ, Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group, et al. 2020. Association between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and postpartum depression: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 4(1):2-10. 
  • Nana M, et al. 2026. Hyperemesis gravidarum. Lancet. 407(10523):78-89. 
  • Nulman I, et al. 2009. Long-term neurodevelopment of children exposed to maternal nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and Diclectin. J Pediatr.155(1):45–50.  Oudmana E, et al. 2019. Wernicke’s encephalopathy in hyperemesis gravidarum:
  • A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 236:84–93. 
  • Regodón Wallin A, et al. 2020. Nausea, vomiting and poor appetite during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in rural Nepal: an observational cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20(1):545. 
  • Varela P, Deltsidou A. 2021. Hyperemesis gravidarum and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review of observational studies. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 60(3):422-432. 
  • Veenendaal MV, et al. 2011. Consequences of hyperemesis gravidarum for offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 118(11):1302-1313. 
  • Wang H, et al. 2020. Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: psychiatric and cognitive problems and brain structure in children. BMC Med. 18(1):228. 
  • Weigel RM, Weigel MM. 1989. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. A meta-analytical review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 96(11):1312–1318. 
  • Zhang Y, et al. 2018. Association between severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects in Northern China. Birth Defects Res. 110(5):406-412. 

Malaria

Selected References – MRI:

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Committee Opinion No. 723. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol, 130(4):933-934. 
  • American College of Radiology. 2020. ACR Manual on MR Safety. [PDF file]. Retrieved from https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Radiology-Safety/MR-Safety/Manual-on-MR-Safety.pdf.  
  • Chartier AL, et al. 2019. The safety of maternal and fetal MRI at 3 T. American Journal of Roentgenology, 213(5): 1170–1173.  
  • Dogan, B. E., et al. 2026. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Breast imaging during lactation. Journal of the American College of Radiology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2026.03.002 
  • Lum M, Tsiouris AJ. 2020. MRI safety considerations during pregnancy. Clin Imaging; 62:69-75. 
  • Maralani PJ, et al.2023. Safety of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Pregnancy. Radiologie (Heidelb). 63(Suppl 2):34-40 
  • Mervak BM, et al. 2019. MRI in pregnancy: Indications and practical considerations. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, JMRI, 49(3):621–631. 
  • Ray JG, et al. 2016. Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA, 316(9):952-961.  

Malaria

Selected References:

  • Anderson PO, et al. 2007. Hydrocodone excretion into breast milk: the first two reported cases. Breastfeeding Medicine, 2(1):10-14. 
  • Azuine RE, et al, 2019. Prenatal risk factors and perinatal and postnatal outcomes associated with maternal opioid exposure in an urban, low-income, multiethnic US population. JAMA Network Open, 2(6); e196405-196405.  
  • Broussard CS, et al, 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(4):314.e1-11.
  • Desai RJ, et al, 2015. Exposure to prescription opioid analgesics in utero and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome: population based cohort study. BMJ, 350:h2012. 
  • Fishman B, et al. 2019.  Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: A cohort study. PloS One, 14(7):e0219061. 
  • Flannagan KS, et al. 2020. Prescription opioid use among populations of reproductive age: effects on fertility, pregnancy loss, and pregnancy complications. Epidemiol Rev, 42(1):117-133.  
  • Fronczak CM, et al. 2012. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. Journal of Andrology, 33(4): 515-528. 
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group. 
  • Hsieh A. 2018. Management strategies in opioid abuse and sexual dysfunction: a review of opioid-induced androgen deficiency. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 6(4):618-623. 
  • Kellogg A, et al. 2011. Current trends in narcotic use in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(3):259.e1-4. 
  • Lind JN, et al. 2017.  Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 139(6):e20164131. 
  • Madadi P, et al. 2012. Pharmacogenetics of opioids for the treatment of acute maternal pain during pregnancy and lactation. Curr Drug Metab, 13(6):721-727.  
  • Patrick SW, et al. 2015. Prescription opioid epidemic and infant outcomes. Pediatrics, 135(5):842-850. 
  • Reece-Stremtan S, et al. 2017. ABM Clinical Protocol #15: Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Breastfeeding Mother, Revised 2017. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(9):500-506. 
  • Rosa F, personal communication, FDA. 1993. Cited in: Briggs GG, et al. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation Online, Hudson, Ohio: Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. Nov 15, 2017. 
  • Ryan KS, et al. 2023. Opioid use in pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 78(1):35-49.  
  • Sauberan JB, et al. 2011. Breast milk hydrocodone and hydromorphone levels in mothers using hydrocodone for postpartum pain. Obst Gynecol, 117(3):611-617. 
  • Schick B, et al. 1996. Preliminary analysis of first trimester exposure to oxycodone and hydrocodone. Reprod Toxicol, 10:162. 
  • Semet M, et al. 2017. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology, 5(4):640-663. 
  • Shirel T, et al. 2016. Maternal opioid dose is associated with neonatal abstinence syndrome in children born to women with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematology, 91(4):416-419. 
  • Smith MV, et al. 2015. Clinical correlates of prescription opioid analgesic use in pregnancy. Matern Child Health J, 19(3):548-556. 
  • Sujan AC, et al. 2019. Maternal prescribed opioid analgesic use during pregnancy and associations with adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study. PLoS Medicine, 16(12):e1002980. 
Malaria
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