Desipramine (Norpramin®, Pertofrane®)

Selected References:

  • Birnbaum CS, et al. 1999. Serum concentrations of antidepressants and benzodiazepines in nursing infants: a case series. Pediatrics. 104:e11.
  • Eggermont E. 1973. Withdrawal symptoms in neonate associated with maternal imipramine therapy. Lancet 2:680.
  • Erickson SH, et al. 1979. Tricyclics and breast feeding. Am J Psychiatry 136:1483.
  • Misri S, Sivertz K. 1991. Tricyclic drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a preliminary report. Int J Psychiat Med 21:157-171, 1991.
  • Mitchell JE, Popkin MK. 1983. Antidepressant drug therapy and sexual dysfunction in men: a review. J Clin Psychopharm 3:76-79.
  • Rosenbaum JF, Pollack MH. 1988. Anhedonic ejaculation with desipramine. Int J Psychiatry 18:85-8.
  • Stancer HC, Reed KL. 1986. Desipramine and 2-hydroxydesipramine in human breast milk and the nursing infant’s serum. Am J Psychiatry 143:1597-1600.
  • Sovner R, Orsulak PJ. 1979. Excretion of imipramine & desipramine in human breast milk. Am J Psychiatry 136:451-2.
  • Webster PA. 1973. Withdrawal symptoms in neonates associated with maternal antidepressant therapy. Lancet 2:318-9.


Desipramine (Norpramin®, Pertofrane®)

  • Beaton A, et al. 2019. Impact of heart disease on maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes in a low-resource setting. Heart 105: 755-760.
  • Cole TO, Adeleye JA. 1982. Rheumatic heart disease and pregnancy in Nigerian women. Clin Cardiol 5: 280-285.
  • Cupido B, et al. 2021. Managing rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: a practical evidence-based multidisciplinary approach. Can J Cardiol 37(12): 2045-2055.
  • Diao M, et al. 2011. Pregnancy in women with heart disease in sub-Sahara Africa. Arch Cardiovasc Dise 104: 370-374.
  • Ducas RA, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in women with significant valve disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 106: 512-519.
  • French KA, Poppas A. 2018. Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: global challenges and clear opportunities. Circulation 137(8): 817-819.
  • Lam CK, et al. 2022. Rheumatic Heart disease in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal outcomes in the top end of Australia. Aus N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 63: 74-80.
  • Liaw J, et al. 2012. Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One 16(6): e0253581.
  • Ongzalima CO, et al. 2020. Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: profile of women admitted to a western Australian teriary obstetric hospital. Aust N J Obstet Gynaecol 60(2): 302-208.
  • Sartain JB, et al. 2012. Rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: cardiac and obstetric outcomes. Intern Med J 42(9):978-984.
  • Soma-Pillay P, et al. 2016. The importance of cardiovascular pathology contributing to maternal death: confidential enquiry into maternal deaths in South Aftrica 2011-2013. Cardiovasc J Afr 27: 60-65.
  • Sullivan EA, et al. 2020. The high prevalence and impact of rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy in First Nations populations in a high-income setting: a prospective cohort study. BJOG 127(1):47-56.
  • Suri V, et al. 2019. Factors affecting the outcome of pregnancy with rheumatic heart disease: an experience from low-middle income country. J Obstet Gynaecol 39(8): 1087-1092.
  • van Hagen IM, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes in women with rheumatic mitral valve disease: results from the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease.
  • Vuaghan G, et al. 2019. Standardizing clinical care measures of rheumatic heart disease in pregnancy: a qualitative synthesis. Birth 46(4): 560-563.
  • Watkins DA, et al. 2012. The burden of antenatal heart disease in South Africa: a systematic review. MBC Cardiovasc Dis 12: 23.


Desipramine (Norpramin®, Pertofrane®)

     Selected References:


Desipramine (Norpramin®, Pertofrane®)

Selected References:

  • Abde M, et al. 2024. Association between asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy- and births outcomes. A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 302:116-124.
  • Abdulla SR, et al. 2023. Vaginal microbiota profile in first-trimester miscarriage cases. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 69(8):9-17.
  • Belgundkar B, et al. 2024. A cross-sectional comparative study of vaginal microbiota and spontaneous abortion at a tertiary care hospital in North Karnataka, India. Nurse Womens Health, 28(5):375-380.
  • Bower J. 1999. Foodborne diseases: shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18(10):909-910.
  • Chalupka S. 2005. Tainted water on tap: what to tell patients about preventing illness from drinking water. Am J Nurs, 105(11):40-52.
  • Chatterton B, et al. 2024. Fetal gas gangrene: a rare and critical case. Cureus, 16(6):e61833.
  • Choi YS, et al. 2023. Abnormal vaginal flora in cervical incompetence patients – the impact of Escherichia coli. Reprod Sci, 30(10):3010-3018.
  • Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2018-2021. Red Book: 2018-2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics.
  • Faisal SF, et al. 2023. The influence of vaginal dysbiosis on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Arch Razi Inst, 8(1):227-232.
  • Folliero V, et al. 2022. Impact of Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles on sperm function. Pathogens, 11(7):782.
  • Gad, A, et al. 2024. Associations between maternal bacteremia during the peripartum period and early-onsent neonatal sepsis: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr, 24(1):526.
  • Gaither K, Ardite A, and Mason TC. 2005. Pregnancy complication by emphysematous pyelonephrosis. J Natl Med Assoc, 97(10):1411-1413.
  • Gerety MK, et al. 2024. Systemic inflammation, enteropathogenic E. Coli, and micronutrient insufficiencies in the first trimester as possible predictors of preterm birth in rural Bangladesh: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24(1):82.
  • Goldenberg RL, et al. 2023. The PURPOSe cause of death study in stillbirths and neonatal deaths in India and Pakistan: a review. BJOG, 130 Suppl 3:26-35.
  • Goldenberg RL, Thompson C. 2003. The infectious origins of stillbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 189(3):861-73.
  • Guo J, et al. 2024. Evaluation of microbiological epidemiology and clinical characteristics of maternal bloodstream infection: a 10 years retrospective study. Front Microbiol, 14:1332611.
  • Harakuni SU, et al. 2023. BJOG. Pathogens identified in the internal tissues and placentas of stillbirths: results from the prospective, observational PURPOSe study. BJOG, 130(10):1238-1246.
  • He Y, et al. 2024. Effects of embryo microbial contamination on ART and neonatal outcomes. Infect Drug Resist, 17:4137-4148.
  • Jones B, et al. 2004. Escherichia coli: a growing problem in early onset neonatal sepsis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 44:558-561.
  • Klimek HI, et al. 2024. Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity as a risk factor for threatened miscarriage. Ginekol Pol, 95(2):123-125.
  • Knowles SJ, et al. 2014. Maternal sepsis incidence, aetiology and outcome for mother and fetus: a prospective study. BJOG, 122(5):663-671.
  • Lakhe G, et al. 2024. Bacteriospermia-related male infertility: a case report on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Cureus, 16(6):e62973.
  • Mayomba C, et al. 2024. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated fetomaternal outcomes among pregnant women delivering at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania. PLoS One, 19(10):e0303772.
  • Page JM, et al. 2019. Stillbirth associated with infection in a diverse US Cohort. Obstet Gynecol, 134(6):1187-1196.
  • Palmeira P, et al. 2005. Colostrum form healthy Brazilian women inhibits adhesion and contains IgA antibodies reactive with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Eur J Pediatr, 164(1):37-43.
  • Rettedal S, et al. 2015. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among pregnant women in Norway: prevalence and maternal-neonatal transmission. J Perinatol. Nov, 35(11):907-912.
  • Rittenschober-Boehm J, et al. 2024. Intrauterine detection of ureaplasma species after vaginal colonization in pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Neonatology, 121(2):187-194.
  • Sáez-López E, et al. 2016. Vaginal versus obstetric infection Escherichia coli isolates among pregnant women: antimicrobial esistance and genetic virulence profile. PLoS One, 11(1):e0146531.
  • Saftawy EAE, et al. Impact of Escherichia coli, Candida non-albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis on semen chemical and functional parameters: an in-vitro study. Discov Med, 36(184):959-970.
  • Schraq SJ, et al. 2006. Risk factors for invasive, early-onset Escherichia coli infections in the era of widespread intrapartum antibiotic use. Pediatrics, 118(2):570-576.
  • Schultz M, et al 2019. Monocyte-derived extracellular trap (MET) formation induces aggregation and effects motility of human spermatozoa in vitro. Syst Biol Reprod Med, Oct;65(5):357-366
  • Sharma J, et al. 2024. Vaginal microflora in high vaginal swab in prelabour of membrane: a descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc, 62(276):532-535.
  • Steetskamp J, et al. 2024. Does vaginal bacterial colonization contribute to preterm birth in women with asymptomatic shortened cervix? Arch Ghnecol Obstet, 310(1):121-127.
  • Stoll BJ, et al; 2020. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Early-onset neonatal sepsis 2015 to 2017, the rise of Escherichia coli, and the need for novel prevention strategies. JAMA Pediatr, 174(7):e200593. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). E. coli. General Information. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/. Accessed 11/2024.
  • Wang XR, et al. 2023. Preterm birth and detection of common respiratory pathogens among pediatric pneumonia. iScience, 26(9):107488.
  • Wen Y, et al. 2021. Analysis of risk factors, pathogenic bacteria of maternal sepsis in term pregnant women with positive blood culture during hospitalization. Medicine (Baltimore), 100(7):e24847.
  • Xu J, et al. 2020. Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. Am. J Reprod Immunol, 83(4):e13220.


Desipramine (Norpramin®, Pertofrane®)

Selected References:

  • Akmal A, Kung J. 2014. Propylthiouracil, and methimazole, and carbimazole-related hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(10):1397-1406.  
  • Alexander EK, et al. 2017. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid 27(3):315-389. 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology. 2020. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 223. Obstet Gynecol 135(6):e261-e274. 
  • Andersen SL, et al. 2013. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(11):4374-4381.  
  • Andersen SL, et al. 2017. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Swedish nationwide study. Euro J Endocrinol 177(4):369-378. 
  • Andersen SL and Andersen S. 2020. Antithyroid drugs and birth defects. Thyroid Res. 13:11. 
  • Bahn RS, et al. 2009. The role of propylthiouracil in the management of Graves’ disease in adults: Report of a meeting jointly sponsored by the American Thyroid Association and the Food and Drug Administration. Thyroid 19(7):673-674.  
  • Bhagat M, et al. 2023. Effects of Methimazole vs Propylthiouracil in Newborns: A Comparative Review. Cureus. 15(7):e41505.  
  • Burrow GN, et al. 1968. Children exposed in utero to propylthiouracil. Subsequent intellectual and physical development. Am J Dis Child 116: 161-166 
  • Burrow GN et al. 1978. Intellectual Development in Children Whose Mothers Received Propylthiouracil During Pregnancy. Yale J Biol Med. 51(2): 151–156. 
  • Burrow GN, Boro ES. 1978. Hyperthyroidism during Pregnancy. N Engl J Med 298(3):150-153. 
  • Chen CH, et al. 2011. Risk of adverse outcomes with antithyroid treatment during pregnancy: A nationwide population-based study. BJOG. 118:1365-1373, 
  • Cuff, RD. 2019. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy: A clinical approach. Clin Obstet Gynecol 62(2):320-329.  
  • Einstein Z, et al. 1992. Intellectual capacity of subjects exposed to methimazole or propylthiouracil in utero. Eur J Pediatr 151:558-559.  
  • Gianetti E, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 38(9):977-985.  
  • Glinoer D, Cooper DS. 2012. The propylthiouracil dilemma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 19(5):402-407.  
  • Heidari R, et al. 2015. An overview on the proposed mechanisms of antithyroid drug-induced liver injury. Adv Pharm Bull 5(1):1-11.  
  • Howley MM, et al. 2017. Thyroid medication use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res 109(18):1471-1481.  
  • Hudzik B, Zubelewicz-Szkodzinska B. 2016. Antithyroid drugs during breastfeeding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 85(6):827-830.  
  • Kancherla V, et al. 2014. Descriptive and risk factor analysis for choanal atresia: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007. Eur J Med Genet 57(5):220-229.  
  • Liu Y, et al. 2023. Comparison of the safety between propylthiouracil and methimazole with hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 18(5):e0286097. 
  • Miao Y, et al. 2022. Efficacy of propylthiouracil in the treatment of pregnancy with hyperthyroidism and its effect on pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 17(3): e0265085.  
  • Miyamura T, et al. 2013. Acute liver failure associated with propylthiouracil in a pregnant 26-year-old woman. Case Rep Gastroenterol 7(2):240-244.  
  • Prunty JJ, et al. 2016. Graves’ disease pharmacotherapy in women of reproductive age. Pharmacotherapy 36(1):64-83.  
  • Romeo AF and Obican SG. 2020. Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Medications. Birth Defects Res. 112(15):1150-1170. 
  • Rosenfeld H, et al. 2009. Pregnancy outcomes, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 68(4):609-617. 
  • Schurmann L, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcomes after fetal exposure to antithyroid medications or levothyroxine. Early Human Development 101:73-77. 
  • Seo GH, et al. 2018. Antithyroid drugs and congenital malformations: A nationwide Korean cohort study. Ann Intern Med 168(6):405-413.  
  • Sequeira E, et al. 2011. Severe propylthiouracil-induced hepatotoxicity in pregnancy managed successfully by liver transplantation: A case report. J Med Case Rep 5:461.  
  • Taylor P, et al. 2012. A case of propylthiouracil-induced hepatitis during pregnancy. Eur Thyroid J 1(1)41-44.  
  • Tonacchera M, et al. 2020. Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with thionamides: a position paper on indications and safety in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 43(2):257-265.