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• Bell C, et al. 2021. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Safety of vedolizumab during pregnancy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol; 36(10):2640-2648.  
• Caballero-Mateos AM, et al. 2023. IBD and motherhood: A journey through conception, pregnancy and beyond. J Clin Med; 12(19):6192. 
• Chambers CD, et al. 2026. Birth outcomes in women who have taken vedolizumab in pregnancy: Results from the vedolizumab pregnancy exposure registry. Am J Gastroenterol; 1;121(3):720-732. 
• Chugh R. 2023. Maternal and neonatal outcomes in vedolizumab and ustekinumab exposed pregnancies: Results from the PIANO registry. Am J Gastroenterol; 1;119(3):468-476. 
• Ding N, et al. 2022. Management of biologics in pregnant, lactating patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the impact on neonatal vaccination: A systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and consensus statements. J Clin Pharm Ther; 47(12):1952-1965. 
• Ernest-Suarez K, et al. 2025. Live rotavirus vaccination appears low-risk in infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease on biologics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 23(5):835-845. 
• Gisbert JP, et al. 2023. Vaccines in children exposed to biological agents in utero and/or during breastfeeding: Are they effective and safe? J Crohns Colitis; 17 (6):995-1009. 
• Gisbert JP, et al. 2020. Safety of new biologics (vedolizumab and ustekinumab) and small molecules (tofacitinib) during pregnancy: A review. Drugs; 80(11):1085-1100.  
• Honap S, et al. 2023. An update on the safety of long-term vedolizumab use in inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf; 22 (9):767-776. 
• Julsgaard M, et al. 2017. Vedolizumab safety in pregnancy and newborn outcomes. Gut; 66(10):1866-1867.  
• Julsgaard M, et al. 2018. Vedolizumab concentrations in the breast milk of nursing mothers with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology; 154: 752-765.  
• Lahat A, et al. 2018. Vedolizumab levels in breast milk of nursing mothers with inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis; 12:120-3.  
• Lamb CA, et al. 2019. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut; 68(Suppl 3):s1-s106.  
• Laube R, et al. 2021. Use of medications during pregnancy and breastfeeding for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Expert Opin Drug Saf; 20(3):275-292.  
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2017. Vedolizumab exposure in pregnancy: Outcomes from clinical studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 45:941-950.  
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2017. Editorial: vedolizumab in pregnancy – is gut selectivity as good for baby as it is for mum? Authors’ reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 45(9):1284. 
• Meyer A, et al. 2025. Safety of vedolizumab and ustekinumab compared with anti-TNF in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 23(1):144-153.e22. 
• Mitrova K, et al. 2022. Safety of ustekinumab and vedolizumab during pregnancy-Pregnancy, neonatal, and infant outcome: A prospective multicentre study. J Crohn’s Colitis; 16(12):1808-1815. 
• Moens A, et al. 2019. Outcome of pregnancies in female patients with inflammatory bowel diseases treated with vedolizumab. J Crohns Colitis; 13(1):12-13.  
• Moens A, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with vedolizumab, anti-TNF or conventional therapy: results of the European CONCEIVE study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther; 51(1):129-138.  
• Nguyen B, et al. 2026. Safety of vedolizumab in pregnancy: An updated systematic review and comprehensive meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology; 60(3):225-231. 
• Nielsen OH. 2022. Biologics for inflammatory bowel disease and their safety in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 20(1):74-87. 
• Pingeon O, et al. 2026. Safety of advanced therapies during pregnancy in women with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis; 8;20(5):jjag045. 
• Prentice R, et al. 2025. Vedolizumab and ustekinumab levels in pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease and infants exposed in utero. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol; 23(1):124-133.e7. 
• Pugliese D, et al. 2024. New drugs for the treatment of IBD during conception, pregnancy, and lactation. Dig Liver Dis; 56(2):235-241. 
• Rosario M, et al. 2017. A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity of vedolizumab. Clin Pharmacokinet; 56(11): 1287–1301.  
• Sheridan J, et al. 2017. Letter: Vedolizumab in Pregnancy. J Crohns Colitis; 11(8):1025-1026. 
• Shitrit AB-G A, et al. 2019. Exposure to vedolizumab in IBD pregnant women appears of low risk for mother and neonate: A first perspective comparison study. Am J Gastroenterol; 114(7): 1172-1175.   
• Sun W, et al. 2021. Vedolizumab concentrations in breast milk: Results from a prospective, postmarketing, milk-only lactation study in nursing mothers with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Pharmacokinet; 60:811-8.  
• Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc. 2026. Entyvio product label. Available at https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=6e94621c-1a95-4af9-98d1-52b9e6f1949c  

Selected References:

• Ahn KH, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes with paternal exposure to finasteride, a synthetic 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor: a case-series. J Clin Toxicol. 5:2 
• AlSaad D, et al. 2018. Finasteride use during pregnancy and early neonatal outcome: a case report. Int J Clin Pharm. 40(4): 803-805.  
• Amory JK, et al. 2007. The effect of 5- alpha-reductase inhibition with dutasteride and finasteride on semen parameters and serum hormones in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92:1659-1665.  
• Anderson CA, Clark RL. 1990. External genitalia of the rat: normal development and the histogenesis of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor-induced abnormalities. Teratology. 42:483-496. 
• Bowman CJ, et al. 2003. Effects of in utero exposure to finasteride on androgen-dependent reproductive development in the male rat. Toxicol Sci. 74:393-406. 
• Carlin JR, et al. 1992. Disposition and pharmacokinetics of (14C) finasteride after oral administration in humans. Drug Metab Dispos. 20(2):148-155. 
• Cather JC, et al. 1999. Finasteride – An update and review. Cutis. 64:167-172. 
• Ciotta L, et al. 1995. Clinical and endocrine effects of finasteride, a 5(alpha)-reductase inhibitor, in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Fertil Steril. 64:299-306. 
• Clark RL, et al: Critical developmental periods for effects on male rat genitalia induced by finasteride, a 5(alpha)-reductase inhibitor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 119:34-40. 
• Clark RL, et al. 1990. External genital abnormalities in male rats exposed in utero to finasteride, a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor. Teratology. 42:91-100. 
• Falsetti L, et al. 1997. Treatment of hirsutism by finasteride and flutamide in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 11(4):251-257. 
• Husmann DA, McPhaul MJ. 1991. Time-specific androgen blockade with flutamide inhibits testicular descent in the rat. Endocrinology. 129(3):1409-1416. 
• Gupta AK, Talukder M. 2022. Topical finasteride for male and female pattern hair loss: Is it a safe and effective alternative? J Cosmet Dermatol. 21(5), 1841-1848.  
• Khera M, et al. 2020. Penile vascular abnormalities in young men with persistent side effects after finasteride use for the treatment of androgenic alopecia. Transl Androl Urol. 9(3): 1201-1209.  
• Kohler C, et al. 2007. Effect of finasteride 5mg (Proscar) on acne and alopecia in female patients with normal serum levels of free testosterone. Gynecol Endocrinol. 23:142-145. 
• Kurzrock EA, et al.  2000. Urethral development in the fetal rabbit and induction of hypospadias: a model for human development. J Urol. 164(5):1786-1792. 
• Laborde E, Brannigan RE. 2010. Effect of 1-mg dose of finasteride on spermatogenesis and pregnancy. J Androl. 31(2): e1-2.  
• Lumachi F, Rondinone R. 2003. Use of cyproterone acetate, finasteride, and spironolactone to treat idiopathic hirsutism. Fertil Steril. 79(4):942-946. 
• Martinez AG, et al. 2011. Effects of in utero exposure to D-004, a lipid extract from Roystonea regia fruits, in the male rat: a comparison with finasteride. J Med Food. 14(12):1663-1669.  
• Nabil I, et al. 2024. Protective role of hesperidin in finasteride-induced testicular toxicity in adult male Wistar rats: Insights into oxidative stress, apoptosis, and ultrastructure of seminiferous tubules. Reprod Toxicol.124:108535.  
• Overstreet JW, et al. 1999. Chronic treatment with finasteride daily does not affect spermatogenesis or semen production in young men. J Urol. 162:1295-1300.  
• Paris JJ, et al. 2011. Inhibition of 5 alpha reductase activity in late pregnancy decreases gestational length and fecundity and impairs object memory and central progestogen milieu of juvenile rat offspring. J Neuroendocrinol. 23(11):1079-1090.  
• Prahalada S, et al. 1997. Effects of finasteride, a type 2 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, on fetal development in the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Teratology. 55(2):119-131. 
• Propecia prescribing information. 2020. Accessible from https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=4e07adb4-7807-47d3-b9a9-2332a3047410#S12.3 Accessed June 2026. 
• Ricci G, et al. 2012. Finasteride and fertility: case report and review of the literature. J Drugs Dermatol. 11(12):1511-1513. 
• Rittmaster, RS, 1994. Drug Therapy: Finasteride. New Engl J Med 330(2):120-125.  
• Salvarci A, Istanbulluoglu O. 2013. Secondary infertility due to use of low-dose finasteride. Int Urol Nephrol. 45(1):83-85. 
• Samplaski MK, et al. 2013. Finasteride use in the male infertility population: effects on semen and hormone parameters. Fertil Steril. 100:1528-1529.  
• Santana FFV, et al. 2023. Comparative effects of finasteride and minoxidil on the male reproductive organs: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo evidence. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 478:116710. 
• Spencer JR, et al. 1991. Effects of flutamide and finasteride on rat testicular descent. Endocrinology. 129(2):741-748. 
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Selected References:

• Ajiji P, et al. 2021. Investigating the efficacy and safety of metronidazole during pregnancy; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Repr Biol; X,11,100128. 
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• Cantu JM, Garcia-Cruz D. 1982. Midline facial defect as a teratogenic effect of metronidazole. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser; 18(3 Pt A):85-88.  
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• Cram LF, et al. 2015. Genitourinary infections and their association with preterm labor. Am Fam Physician; 65(2), 241–248. 
• Czeizel AE, Rockenbauer M. 1998. A population-based case-control teratologic study of oral metronidazole. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 105(3):322-327.  
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2001. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to metronidazole: a prospective controlled cohort study. Teratology; 63(5):186-192.  
• Einarson A, et al. 2000. Can we use metronidazole during pregnancy and breastfeeding? Putting an end to the controversy. Can Fam Physician; 46:1053-1054. 
• Finegold SM. 1980. Metronidazole. Ann Intern Med; 93:585-587. 
• Flagyl® Prescribing Information. Available online at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/020334s015lbl.pdf. Accessed June 2025. 
• Gilbert NM, et al. 2013. Urinary tract infection as a preventable cause of pregnancy complications: Opportunities, challenges, and a global call to action. Glob Adv Health Med; 2(5):59–69.  
• Gray MS, et al. 1961. Further observations on metronidazole (Flagyl). Br J Vener Dis; 37:278-279.  
• Heisterberg L, Branebjerg PE. 1983. Blood and milk concentrations of metronidazole in mothers and infants. J Perinat Med; 11:114-120.  
• Kazy Z, et al. 2005. Teratogenic potential of vaginal metronidazole treatment during pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 123(2):174-178.  
• Koss CA, et al. 2012. Investigation of Metronidazole Use during Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother; 56(9): 4800-4805.  
• Löfmark S, et al. 2010. Metronidazole is still the drug of choice for treatment of anaerobic infections. Clin Infect Dis; 50(S1):S16–S23.  
• Muanda FT, et al. 2017. Use of antibiotics during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ; 189(17):E625-E633. 
• Nwosu OC, Bloom K. The safety of metronidazole in pregnancy. Health Care Women Int; 2021;42(4-6):726-738.  
• Omranipoor A et al. 2020. Association of antibiotics therapy during pregnancy with spontaneous miscarriage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet; 302(1): 5-22. 
• Passmore CM, et al. 1988. Metronidazole excretion in human breastmilk and its effect on suckling neonates. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 26(1):45-51.  
• Piper JM, et al. 1993. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol; 82(3):348-352.  
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• Sheehy O, et al. 2015. The use of metronidazole during pregnancy: a review of evidence. Curr Drug Saf; 10(2):170-179. 
• Workowski KA, Bolan GA. 2015. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep; 64:1-137. 

Selected References:

• Ahuja S, Gharde PM. 2023. A narrative review of maternal and perinatal outcomes of dengue in pregnancy. Cureus; 15(11): e48640. 
• Arragain L, et al. 2017. Vertical transmission of dengue virus in the peripartum period and viral kinetics in newborns and breast milk: new data. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc; 6:324-331. 
• Barkham TM, et al. 2006. The performance of RT-PCR compared with a rapid serological assay for acute dengue fever in a diagnostic laboratory. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 100:142-148. 
• Basurko C, et al. 2018. A prospective matched study on symptomatic dengue in pregnancy. PloS One; 13:e0202005.  
• Basurko C, et al. 2018. Estimating the risk of vertical transmission of dengue: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 98(6): 1826-1832. 
• Brar R, et al. 2021. Maternal and fetal outcomes of dengue fever in pregnancy: a large prospective and descriptive observational study. Arch Gynecol Obstet; 304:91–100.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About a Dengue Vaccine. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/vaccine/index.html.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2026. Areas with Risk of Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/areas-with-risk/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/about/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Clinical Testing Guidance for Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Dengue Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. Accessed June 2026 from  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dengue/public/index.html.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. How Dengue Spreads. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Preventing Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Preventing Mosquito Bites. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Your Infant has Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/media/pdfs/protect-your-baby.pdf. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.d. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/training/cme/ccm/page45893.html#:~:text=Lifelong%20type%2Dspecific%20immunity.,about%202%20to%206%20months. 
• Cerqueira-Silva T, et al. 2025. Perinatal outcomes of symptomatic chikungunya, dengue and Zika infection during pregnancy in Brazil: a registry-based cohort study. Nat Commun; 16(1):7207. 
• Charlier C, et al. 2017. Arboviruses and pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. Lancet Child Adolesc Health; 1:134–146. 
• Chigateri S, et al. 2025. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep; 18(3):e263274. 
• Garavito-Pérez PA, et al. 2025. Fatal Outcome in a Pregnant Woman with HELLP Syndrome and Dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 113(2):344-346.  
• Goicochea-Ríos EDS, et al. 2025. Dengue infection during pregnancy and the occurrence of pathological neonatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res; 13:1523. 
• Hcini N, et al. 2024. Arboviruses and pregnancy: are the threats visible or hidden?. Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines; 10(1), 4.  
• Iannetta M, et al. 2017. Persistent detection of dengue virus in vaginal secretions of a woman returning from Srin Lanka to Italy. Euro Surveill; 22(34).  
• Lalle E, et al. 2018. Prolonged detection of dengue virus RNA in the semen of a man returning from Thailand to Italy. Euro Surveill; 23(18). 
• Lee C, Lee H. 2018. Probable female to male sexual transmission of dengue virus infection. Infect Dis (Lond):1-3. 
• Mons J, et al. 2022. Effects of Acute Dengue Infection on Sperm and Virus Clearance in Body Fluids of Men. Emerging infectious diseases; 28(6), 1146–1153. 
• Nascimento LB, et al. 2017. Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy and livebirth outcomes in Brazil, 2007–13: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis; 17:949–956.  
• Paixão ES, et al. 2016. Dengue during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis; 16:857–865. 
• Paixão ES, et al. 2018. Symptomatic dengue during pregnancy and congenital neurologic malformations. Emerg Infect Dis; 24:1748–1750. 
• Pouliot SH, et al. 2010. Maternal dengue and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv; 65(2):107-118. 
• Pourzangiabadi M, et al. 2025. Dengue virus: etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and developments in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review. Infect Genet Evol; 127:105710. 
• Rathore SS, et al. 2022. Maternal and foetal-neonatal outcomes of dengue virus infection during pregnancy, Trop. Med. Int. Health: 27(7):619–629. 
• Ribero CF, et al. 2016. Dengue during pregnancy: Association with Low Birth Weight and Prematurity. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo; 58:8. 
• Shabil M, et al. 2024. Dengue infection during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol; 34(5):e2582.   
• Sinha R, Datta MR. 2023. Dengue in Early Pregnancy: A Neglected Problem?. Cureus; 15(5):e38740. 
• Smith A, et al. 2024. Exposure to dengue virus during pregnancy: incidence and impact on maternal and child outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 112(2):396-402.  
• Sondo KA, et al. 2019. Dengue infection during pregnancy in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis; 19:997. 
• Tan PC, et al. 2008. Dengue infection in pregnancy: prevalence, vertical transmission, and pregnancy outcome, Obstet. Gynecol; 111(5):1111–1117. 
• U E, Sivakumar T, et al. 2025. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Maternal Dengue Infection and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Cureus; 17(11):e96888.  
• Vélez Jaramillo Y, et al. 2025. Maternal and foetal outcomes in women with gestational Dengue: A systematic review. Infez Med; 33(1):15-28. 
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Selected References:

• Anderson PO. 2021. Monoclonal antibodies during breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 16(8): 591-593. 
• Dernoncourt A., et al. 2023. Fetal and Neonatal Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Biologics Taken During Pregnancy by Women with Autoimmune Diseases: Insights from an Analysis of the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database (VigiBase®). BioDrugs. 37(1):73-87.  
• Jeong YD, et al. 2025. Biologics Use for Psoriasis during Pregnancy and Its Related Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women and Newborns: Findings from WHO Pharmacovigilance Study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 186(6):579-593.  
• Kimball AB. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to guselkumab: Experience from the clinical development program. J Am Acad Dermatol. 83(6):AB27.  
• Lin CB, Geldhof A, Ballina MR, Patel H. Fakharzadeh S, Li H. Pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to guzelkumab: Review of cases reported to the manufacturer’s global safety database. BJD 2024;191[Suppl 3]:iii38-iii39 https://academic.oup.com/bjd/article/191/Supplement_3/ljae360.077/7916181 
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2025. Global Consensus Statement on the Management of Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 23(11S):S1-S60.  
• McMullan P et al. 2024. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: An Update-Part I: Pregnancy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 
• Owczarek W, et al. 2020. The use of biological drugs in psoriasis patients prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy and lactation: a review of current clinical guidelines. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 37(6):821-830.  
• Tremfya® Prescribing Information. Available online at http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TREMFYA-pi.pdf. Accessed on May 28, 2024. 
• Wolfe C et al., 2024. A Retrospective Review of Pregnancies in our Psoriasis Biologics Cohort. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. llae106.  
• Yeung J, et al. 2020. Management of Plaque Psoriasis With Biologic Therapies in Women of Child-Bearing Potential Consensus Paper. J Cutan Med Surg. 24(1_suppl):3S-14S.