Vitamin A

Selected References:  

  • Ahmad MK, et al. 2010. Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertil Steril, 94(3), 989–996. 
  • Ali H, et al. 2017. Effect of maternal antenatal and newborn supplementation with vitamin A on cognitive development of school-aged children in rural Bangladesh: a follow-up of a placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 106(1), 77–87. 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). (n.d.). Nutrition during pregnancy. ACOG. Retrieved May 4, 2025. 
  • Beurskens LW, et al. 2013. Dietary vitamin A intake below the recommended daily intake during pregnancy and the risk of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in the offspring. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 97(1), 60–66. 
  • Botto LD, et al. 2001. Vitamin A and cardiac outflow tract defects. Epidemiology, 12, 491–496. 
  • Chameli G & Mukherjee KL. 1988. Relationship between maternal serum vitamin A and vitamin A status of the corresponding fetuses. J Trop Pediatr, 34(6), 313–315. 
  • Christian P, et al. 2013. Effects of vitamin A and beta-carotene supplementation on birth size and length of gestation in rural Bangladesh: a cluster-randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr, 97(1), 188–194. 
  • Clagett-Dame M & Knutson D. 2011. Vitamin A in reproduction and development. Nutrients, 3(4), 385–428. 
  • Darling AM, et al. 2017. Vitamin A and zinc supplementation among pregnant women to prevent placental malaria: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 96(4), 826–834. 
  • Fonseca BM, et al. 2023. Retinoic acid (all-trans) presents antioxidant properties within human ovary and reduces progesterone production by human granulosa cells. Syst Biol Reprod Med, 69(2), 129–141. 
  • Hamdy AM, et al. 2013. Maternal vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy and its relation with maternal and neonatal hemoglobin concentrations among poor Egyptian families. ISRN Pediatr, 652148.  
  • Huang Y & Zheng S. 2011. The effect of vitamin A deficiency during pregnancy on anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg, 46(7), 1400–1405. 
  • Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients. 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222318/. 
  • Ishikawa Y, et al. 2016. Prenatal vitamin A supplementation associated with adverse child behavior at 3 years in a prospective birth cohort in Japan. Pediatr Int, 58(9), 855–861. 
  • Mastroiacovo P, et al. 1999. High vitamin A intake in early pregnancy and major malformations: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Teratology, 59(1), 7–11. 
  • Mills JL, et al. 1997. Vitamin A and birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 177(1), 31–36. 
  • Panth M, et al. 1990. Effect of vitamin A supplementation on haemoglobin and vitamin A levels during pregnancy. Br J Nutr, 64(2), 351–358. 
  • Pitchik HO, et al. 2018. Prenatal nutrition, stimulation, and exposure to punishment are associated with early child motor, cognitive, language, and socioemotional development in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Child Care Health Dev, 44(6), 841–849.  
  • Sakurai T, et al. 2005. Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of breast milk from Japanese women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 51(4), 239–247. 
  • Shaw GM, et al. 1997. Periconceptional intake of vitamin A among women and risk of neural tube defect-affected pregnancies. Teratology, 55, 132–133. 

 

 

 

Vitamin A

Selected References:

  • Adhikari EH. 2026. Diagnosis and Management of Syphilis in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 147(3):323-35. 
  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2024. Screening for syphilis in pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-advisory/articles/2024/04/screening-for-syphilis-in-pregnancy/.[Accessed 03/2026]. 
  • Appak O, et al. 2019. [A case of congenital syphilis and prozone phenomenon]. Mikrobiyol Bul 53(3): 336-342. Article in Turkish with English abstract. 
  • Brookings C, et al. 2013. Sexually transmitted infections and sexual function in relation to male fertility. Korean J Urol. 54(3):149-56.  
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About syphilis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/index.html. [Accessed 03/2026] 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. STD facts – congenital syphilis. https://www.cdc.gov/syphilis/about/about-congenital-syphilis.html. [Accessed 03/2026] 
  • Chevalier FJ, et al. 2025. Syphilis: A Review. JAMA. 334(21):1927-40. Erratum in: JAMA. 334(21):1955. 
  • da Silva HBM, et al. 2024. Syphilis in pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A nationwide longitudinal study in Brazil. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 166(1): 80-9.  
  • Desjardins AA, et al. 2025. FIGO Committee on Infections During Pregnancy and FIGO Committee on Health Systems Strengthening. Syphilis in pregnancy: A practical guide for prenatal care providers. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 171(2):601-10.  
  • Gulersen M, et al. 2023. Risk factors and adverse outcomes associated with syphilis infection during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 5(6):100957. Hegde A, et al.  2023. Congenital syphilis: a rare presentation of a forgotten infection. J Infect
  • Dev Ctries 17(1): 135-138.  
  • Kimberlin DW, et al. 2021. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book: 2021–2024 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics; Itasca, IL, USA. 
  • Mascola L, et al. 1985. Congenital syphilis revisited. Am J Dis Child 139:575-80. 
  • Mavrov GI, Goubenko TV. 2001. Clinical and epidemiological features of syphilis in pregnant women: the course and outcome of pregnancy. Gynecol Obstet Invest; 52:114-8.  
  • Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 2024. Syphilis. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/syphilis/symptoms-causes/syc-20351756. [Accessed 03/2026] 
  • Office on Women’s Health. 2024. Sexually transmitted infections, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. [Accessed 03/2026).
    https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/stis-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding 
  • Papp JR, et al. 2024. CDC Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing, United States, 2024. MMWR Recomm Rep. 73(1):1–32. 
  • Peeling RW, et al. 2023. Syphilis. Lancet. 402(10398):336-46. 
  • Rac MW, et al. 2017. Syphilis during pregnancy: a preventable threat to maternal-fetal health. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 216(4): 352-363.  
  • Sankaran D, et al. 2023. Congenital Syphilis-An Illustrative Review. Children (Basel).; 10(8):1310.  
  • Schlueter A, et al. 2022 Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal syphilis infection, The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 35 (25): 5828-5833, 
  • Stafford IA, et al. 2024. Syphilis Complicating Pregnancy and Congenital Syphilis. N Engl J Med. 390(3):242-253.  
  • Verghese VP, et al. 2018. Early Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Exposed to Infectious Syphilis In Utero. Pediatr Infect Dis J; 37(6):576-579.  
  • Wan Z, et al. 2020. Maternal syphilis treatment and pregnancy outcomes: a retrospective study in Jiangxi province, China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20:648 

 

Vitamin A

Selected References:

  • Andersson NW et al 2021. Evaluation of topical corticosteroids use in pregnancy and risk of newborns being small for gestation al age and having low birth weight. JAMA Dermatol 157(7): 788-795. Doi10.1001/jamadermatol.2021.1090. 
  • Chan TC, et al. 2020. Taiwanese Dermatological Association consensus for the management of atopic dermatitis: A 2020 update. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 
  • Chi CC et al. 2013. Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to topical corticosteroids: a UK population-based cohort study. JAMA Dermatol. 149(11):1274-1280.  
  • Chi CC, et al. 2015. Safety of topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (10):CD007346. 
  • Chi CC, et al. 2016. Safety of Topical Corticosteroids in Pregnancy. JAMA Dermatol. 152(8):934-5. 
  • Chi CC, et al. 2017. Updated evidence-based (S2e) European Dermatology Forum guideline on topical corticosteroids in pregnancy. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(5):761-773.  
  • Hamann CR, et al. 2018. Pregnancy complications, treatment characteristics and birth outcomes in women with atopic dermatitis in Denmark. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. [Epub ahead of print]. 
  • Mygind H et al 2002. Risk of intrauterine growth retardation, malformations and other birth outcomes in children after topical use of corticosteroid pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 81(3):234-239. 
  • Stacey SK, McEleney M. 2021. Topical Corticosteroids: Choice and Application. Am Fam Physician; 103(6):337-343.  
  • Tyler KH. 2015. Dermatologic therapy in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 58(1):112-8.  
  • Vestergaard C, et al. 2019. European task force on atopic dermatitis position paper: treatment of parental atopic dermatitis during preconception, pregnancy and lactation period. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 33(9): 1644-1659  

 

Vitamin A

Selected References:

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About RSV. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/about/index.html. Accessed 4 March 2026. 
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. RSV Vaccine Guidance for Pregnant Women. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/hcp/vaccine-clinical-guidance/pregnant-people.html. Accessed 4 March 2026. 
  • DeSilva M. 2025. Prenatal RSVpreF Vaccine Safety 2023–2024 Respiratory Season: The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Presented at: Meeting of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); June 25, 2025; Atlanta, Georgia. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/acip/downloads/slides-2025-06-25-26/04a-DeSilva-Mat-Peds-RSV-508.pdf. Accessed 4 March 2026.  
  • Fleming-Dutra KE, et al. 2023. Use of the Pfizer respiratory syncytial virus vaccine during pregnancy for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract disease in infants: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 72(41):1115-1122. 
  • Kampmann B, et al. 2023. Bivalent prefusion F vaccine in pregnancy to prevent RSV illness in infants. N Engl J Med; 388:1451-146. 
  • Marchand GJ, et al. 2024. RSVpreF vaccination in pregnancy: a meta-analysis of maternal-fetal safety and infant efficacy. Obstet Gynecol Sci 67(6): 511-524. 
  • Michnick AI, et al. 2026. Interim safety of RSVpreF vaccination during pregnancy. JAMA. 335(5):456–459. 
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023 (Revised 2025). AbrysvoTM Prescribing Information. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/168889/download. Accessed 4 March 2026. 
  • Son M, et al. 2024. Nonadjuvanted bivalent respiratory syncytial virus vaccination and perinatal outcomes. JAMA Netw Open; 7(7):e2419268.  

 

 

Vitamin A

Selected References:

  • Gallagher M. 2018. Exposure to Dihyroxyacetone in Sunless Tanning Products. Understanding the Risks. J Dermatol Nurses Assoc. 10(1)11-17. 
  • Meadows M. 2003. Don’t be in the dark about tanning. FDA Consumer Magazine, 37:6.  
  • Turner J et al. 2023. In search of the perfect tan: Chemical activity, biological effects, business considerations, and consumer implications of dihydroxyacetone sunless tanning products. J Cosmet Dermatol. 22(1)79-88. 
  • United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2022. Modernization of Cosmetics Regulation Act of 2022 (MoCRA). Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetics-laws-regulations/modernization-cosmetics-regulation-act-2022-mocra.  
  • United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2024. Sunless tanners and bronzers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/sunless-tanners-bronzers  
  • Yourick JJ, et al. 2004. Fate of chemicals in skin after dermal application: Does the in vitro skin reservoir affect the estimate of systemic absorption? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 195:309-320.
Vitamin A
March 1, 2026		 page {PAGENO} of {PAGETOTAL}