Selected References:

• Allan-Blitz L.T, Klausner J.D. 2023. Current Evidence Demonstrates That Monkeypox Is a Sexually Transmitted Infection. Sex Transm Dis. 1;50(2):63-65.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Preventing Mpox. Accessed September 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/prevention/index.html.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Safer Sex. Accessed September 2024 https://www.cdc.gov/mpox/prevention/safer-sex-social-gatherings-and-mpox.html.
• García-Hernández L, et al. 2024. Case report: clinical presentation of Mpox in pregnancy. Rev Clin Esp (Barc). (4):245-247.
• Jamieson DJ, et al. 2004. The role of the obstetrician–gynecologist in emerging infectious diseases: mpox and pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 103(4):754-756.
• Khalil A, et al. 2022. Mpox and pregnancy: what do obstetricians need to know? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol; 60(1):22-27.
• Kisalu NK and Mokili JL. 2017. Toward understanding the outcomes of mpox infection in human pregnancy. J Infectious Diseases 216(7):795–797.
• Mbala PK, et al. 2017. Maternal and fetal outcomes among pregnant women with human mpox infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Infectious Diseases 216(7):824-828.
• Nishiura H. 2009. Maternal outcomes in pregnancy with smallpox: epidemiologic investigations of case fatality, miscarriage and premature birth based on previous outbreaks. In: Canfield RN, ed. Infectious Pregnancy Complications. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.; 2009:407-420.
• Ogoina D, et al. 2020. Clinical course and outcome of human mpox in Nigeria. Clin Infect Dis. 71:e210–e214.
• Rao AK, et al. 2023. Interim Clinical Treatment Considerations for Severe Manifestations of Mpox — United States, February 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 72:232–243.
• Sampson MM, et al. 2023. Mpox (Mpox) Infection During Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1;141(5):1007-1010.
• Schwartz DA. 2024. High Rates of Miscarriage and Stillbirth among Pregnant Women with Clade I Mpox (Mpox) Are Confirmed during 2023-2024 DR Congo Outbreak in South Kivu Province. Viruses. 13;16(7):1123.
• World Health Organization. 2022. WHO recommends new name for Monkeypox disease. Accessed September 2024 https://www.who.int/news/item/28-11-2022-who-recommends-new-name-for-monkeypox-disease.

Selected References:

• Allan KM, et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 2015 Apr;45(4):1027-1036.
• Ashraf M, et al. 2020. Changes in vitamin E levels as a marker of female infertility. J Pak Med Assoc 70(10): 1762-1766.
• Beers MH, et al. 1999. Merck Manual Diagnosis & Therapy, 17th ed., 2833.
• Boskovic R, et al. 2005. Pregnancy outcome following high doses of vitamin E supplementation. Reprod Toxicol 20:85-88.
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal intake of vitamin E and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997 to 2005. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 100(9):647-657.
• Gross SJ, Gabriel E. 1985. Vitamin E status in preterm infants fed human milk or infant formula. J Pediatr 106:635-639.
• Gyorgy P, et al. 1952. Availability of vitamin E in the newborn infant. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 81:536-538.
• Hook EB, et al. 1074. Vitamin E, Teratogen or anti-teratogen? Lancet 1:809.
• Kanno C, et al. 1989. Transfer of orally administered alpha-tocopherol into human milk. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 35:649-653.
• Martinez Fe, et al. 1984. Evaluation of plasma tocopherols in relation to hematological indices of Brazilian infants on human milk and cow’s milk regime from birth to 1 year of age. Am J Clin Nutr 39:969-974.
• Maslova E, et al. 2014. 2014. Maternal intake of vitamins A, E and K in pregnancy and child allergic disease: a longitudinal study from the Danish National Birth Cohort. British J Nutr 111: 1096-1108.
• Mino M, Nishino H. 1973. Fetal and maternal relationship in serum vitamin E level. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 19:475-482.
• National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. 2021. Vitamin E: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 3 July 2024.
• Scholl TO, et al. 2006. Vitamin E: maternal concentrations are associated with fetal growth. Am J Clin Nutr 84(6):1442-1448.
• Smedts HP, et al. 2009. High maternal vitamin E intake by diet or supplements is associated with congenital heart defects in the offspring. BJOG. 116(3):416-423.
• Ruder EH, et al. 2014. Female dietary antioxidant intake and time to pregnancy among couples treated for unexplained infertility. Fertil Steril 101(3): 759-766.
• Wu H, et al. 2018. Does vitamin E prevent asthma or wheeze in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr Respir Rev. 27:60-68.
• XI Y, et al. 2022. Vitamin E concentration in breast milk in different periods of lactation: meta-analysis. Front Nutr 9: 1050011.

Selected References

• Bruckmaier R, et al. 1991. Effects of alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonists in intramammary pressure and milk flow in dairy cows. J Dairy Res. 58:411-419.
• Cottle MKW, et al. 1982. Effects of phenylephrine and sodium salicylate on maternal and fetal cardiovascular indices and blood oxygenation in sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 143:170-176.
• Gilbert-Barness E, Drut RM. 2000. Association of sympathomimetic drugs with malformations. Vet Hum Toxicol. 42:168-171.
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy, Littleton, Publishing Sciences Group, pp 345-356, 439, 476, 491.
• Mohta M, et al. 2022. Neonatal outcomes following phenylephrine or norepinephrine for treatment of spinal anesthesia-induced hypotension at emergency cesarean section in women with fetal compromise: a randomised controlled study. Int J of Obstet Anesthesia 49:103247.
• Rothman KJ, et al. 1979. Exogenous hormones and other drug exposures of children with congenital heart disease. Am J Epidemiol. 109:433-439.
• Schatz M, et al. 1997. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol. 24(2):407-432.
• Ugen KE, Scott WJ Jr. 1987. Reduction of uterine blood flow by phenylephrine, an alpha-adrenergic agonist, in the day 11 pregnant rat: relationship to potentiation of acetazolamide teratogenesis. Teratology. 36(1):133-141.
• Yau W-P, et al. 2013. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol. 178(2):198-208.
• Werler MM, et al. 2003. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology. 14(3):349-354.
• Werler MM, et al. 2002. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol. 155(1):26-31.
• Werler MM, et al. 2004. Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 70(6):389-395.
• Zierler S, Rothman KJ. 1985. Congenital heart disease in relation to maternal use of Bendectin and other drugs in early pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 313:347-352

Selected References:

• Achkar M, et al. 2015. Vitamin D status in early pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 212:511.e1-7.
• Adrien N, et al. 2023. Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of select congenital anomalies in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res 115:290-301.
• Allan KM, et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin D and E intakes during pregnancy are associated with asthma in children. Eur Respir J. 45(4):1027-1036.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2024. Committee Opinion No. 495: Vitamin D: screening and supplementation during pregnancy. Committee on Obstetric Practice.
• Andersen LB, et al. 2015. Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with increased risk of first-trimester miscarriage in the Odense Child Cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 102(3):633-638.
• Bodnar LM, et al. 2007. Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92(9):3517-3522.
• Bodnar LM, et al. 2014. Maternal vitamin D status and spontaneous preterm birth by placental histology in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. Am J Epidemiol 179(2): 168-176.
• Brooke OG, et al. 1980. Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: effects on calcium status and fetal growth. Br Med J 280:751-754.
• Camargo CA Jr, et al. 2007. Maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy and risk of recurrent wheeze in children at 3 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr; 85:788-795.
• Caplan RH & Beguin EA. 1990. Hypercalcemia in a calcitriol-treated hypoparathyroid woman during lactation. Obstet Gynecol 76:485-489.
• Caretta N, et al. 2016. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. Endocrine. 53(3):831-838.
• Chen C, et al. 2022. Association between serum vitamin D level during pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol 88(3):e13582.
• Chen YH, et al. 2015. Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy elevates the risks of small for gestational age and low birth weight infants in Chinese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 100(5):1912-1919.
• Cockburn F, et al. 1980. Maternal vitamin D intake and mineral metabolism in mothers and newborn infants. Br Med J 281:11-13.
• Cundy T, et al. 1987. Remission of hypoparathyroidism during lactation: evidence for a physiological role for prolactin in the regulation of vitamin D metabolism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 26:667-674.
• Daglar K, et al. 2016. Maternal serum vitamin D levels in pregnancies complicated by neural tube defects. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 29(2):298-302.
• De-Regil LM, et al. 2016. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 1. Art. No.: CD008873.
• Delvin EE, et l. 1986. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis. J Pediatr 109:328-334.
• Demay MB, et al. 2024. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 109:1907-1947.
• Devereux G, et al. 2007. Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and early childhood wheezing. Am J Clin Nutr 85:853-859.
• Dror DK. 2011. Vitamin D status during pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and postnatal outcomes. Curr Opinion Obstet Gynecol 23:422-426.
• Goodenday LS & Gordan GS. 1971. Fetal safety of vitamin D during pregnancy. Clin Res 19:200.
• Goodenday LS & Gordan GS. 1971. No risk from vitamin D during pregnancy. Ann Intern Med 75:807-808.
• Fung JL, et al. 2017. Association of vitamin D intake and serum levels with fertility: Results from the Lifestyle and Fertility Study. Fertil Steril 108(2)L302-311.
• Handel MN, et al. 2017. Prenatal exposure to vitamin D from fortified margarine and risk of fractures in late childhood: period and cohort results from 222 000 subjects in the D-tect observational study. Br J Nutr. 117(6):872-881.
• Hansen S, et al. 2015. The long-term programming effect of maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnancy on allergic airway disease and lung function in offspring after 20 to 25 years of follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 136(1):169-176.e2.
• Harvey NC, et al. 2014. Vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess. 18(45):1-190.
• Haugen M, et al. 2009. Vitamin D supplementation and reduced risk of preeclampsia in nulliparous women. Epidemiology 20(5):720-726.
• Haussler MR & McCain TA. 1977. Basic and clinical concepts related to vitamin D metabolism and action. N Engl J Med 297:1041-1050.
• Heckmatt JZ, et al. 1979. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnant Asian women and their babies. Lancet 2:546-548.
• Holick MF, et al. 2012. Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4): 1153–1158.
• Hollis BW. 2005. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr 135(2):317-322.
• Hollis BW & Wagner CL. 2004. Assessment of dietary vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 79(5):717-726.
• Hollis BW, et al. 2015. Maternal versus infant vitamin D supplementation during lactation: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 136(4): 625–634.
• Institute of Medicine, 2011. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
• Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
• Jensen MB. 2014. Vitamin D and male reproduction. Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10: 175-186.
• Krysiak R, et al. 2011. Hypoparathyroidism in pregnancy. Gynecol Endocrinol. 27:529-32.
• Lawlor DA, et al. 2013. Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 381(9884):2176-2183.
• Lerchbaum E & Rabe T. 2014. Vitamin D and female fertility. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 26: 145-150.
• Lu M, et al. 2021. Effect of early and late prenatal vitamin D and maternal asthma status on offspring asthma or recurrent wheeze. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 147(4):1234-1241.e3.
• Mather KJ, et al. 1999. Maintenance of serum calcium by parathyroid hormone-related peptide during lactation in a hypoparathyroid patient. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 84:424-427.
• Maxwell JD, et al. 1981. Vitamin D supplements enhance weight gain and nutritional status in pregnant Asians. Br J Obstet Gynecol 88:987-991.
• Meek JY, et al. 2022. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics, 150(1).
• Melough MM, et al. 2021. Maternal plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D during gestation is positively associated with neurocognitive development in offspring at age 4-6 years. J Nutr. 151(1):132-139.
• Mirzaei F, et al. 2011. Gestational vitamin D and the risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring. Ann Neurol. 70(1):30-40.
• Mohaghegh Z, et al. 2015. The relation of preeclampsia and serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in mothers and their neonates: a case control study in Iran. Horm Metab Res. 47(4):284-288.
• Morales E, et al. 2012. Maternal Vitamin D Status in Pregnancy and Risk of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Wheezing, and Asthma in Offspring. Epidemiology. 23(1):64-71.
• Mulligan ML, et al. 2010. Implications of vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy and lactation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 202:429.e1-9.
• Mumford SL, et al. 2018. Association of preconception serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with livebirth and pregnancy loss: A prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6(9):725-732.
• Murphy PK, et al. 2010. An exploratory study of postpartum depression and vitamin D. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 16(3): 170-177.
• Nasri K, et al. 2016. Maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and the occurrence of neural tube defects in Tunisia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 134(2):131-134.
• Oken E, et al. 2007. Diet during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. Ann Epidemiol. 17:663-668.
• Paffoni A, et al. 2014. Vitamin D deficiency and infertility: insights from in vitro fertilization cycles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 99(11):E2372-2376.
• Palacios C, et al. 2019. Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Issue 7. Art. No.: CD008873.
• Perez- Lopez F, et al. 2015. Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Fertil Steril 103(5): 1278-1288e4.
• Raia-Barjat T, et al. 2021. Vitamin D deficiency during late pregnancy mediates placenta-associated complications. Sci Rep. 11(1):20708.
• Ramagopalan SV, et al. 2011. Relationship of UV exposure to prevalence of multiple sclerosis in England. Neurology. 76(16):1410-1414.
• Ribamar A, et al. 2020. Relationship between vitamin D deficiency and both gestational and postpartum depression. Nutr Hosp 37(6):1238-1245.
• Robinson M, et al. 2014. Low maternal serum vitamin D during pregnancy and the risk for postpartum depression symptoms. Arch Womens Ment Health 17(3): 213-219.
• Rude RK, et al. 1984. Postpartum resolution of hypocalcemia in a lactating hypoparathyroid patient. Endocrinol Jpn. 31:227-233.
• Sadegi-Nejad A, et al. 1980. Hypoparathyroidism and pregnancy: treatment with calcitriol. JAMA 243:254-255.
• Schneuer FJ, et al. 2014. Effects of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in the first trimester on subsequent pregnancy outcomes in an Australian population. Am J Clin Nutr 99: 287-295.
• Singla R, et al. 2015. Vitamin-D deficiency is associated with gallbladder stasis among pregnant women. Dig Dis Sci. 60(9):2793-2799.
• Singla R, et al. 2015. Relationship between preeclampsia and vitamin D deficiency: a case control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 291(6):1247-1251.
• Sourander A, et al. 2021. Maternal vitamin D levels during pregnancy and offspring autism spectrum disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 90(11):790-797.
• Stafne, SN. 2020. Vitamin D and stress urinary incontinence in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. BJOG 127(13):1704-1711.
• Staples J, et al. 2010. Low maternal exposure to ultraviolet radiation in pregnancy, month of birth, and risk of multiple sclerosis in offspring: longitudinal analysis. BMJ. 340:c1640.
• Sucksdorff M, et al. 2021. Maternal vitamin D levels and the risk of offspring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021 Jan;60(1):142-151.e2.
• Sweeney LL, et al. 2010. Decreased calcitriol requirements during pregnancy and lactation, with a window of increased requirements immediately postpartum. Endocr Pract. 1-11.
• US Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health. 2024. Vitamin D. Office of Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplement Fact Sheets. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/. Accessed July 2024.
• Veena SR, et al. 2017. Association between maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and offspring cognitive function during childhood and adolescence. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 26(3): 438-449.
• Vieth R & Holick MF. 2018. Chapter 57B – The IOM—Endocrine Society Controversy on Recommended Vitamin D Targets: In Support of the Endocrine Society Position. Vitamin D (Fourth Edition). D. Feldman, Academic Press: 1091-1107.
• Vinkhuyzen AAE, et al. 2017. Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism spectrum disorder. BJPsych Open 3(2): 85-90.
• Visness CM, et al. 2015. Cord blood vitamin D concentrations are unrelated to atopy and wheeze in 2 diverse birth cohort studies. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 136(4):1108-10.e2.
• Voltas N, et al. 2020. Effect of vitamin D status during pregnancy on infant neurodevelopment: The ECLIPSES Study. Nutrients. 12(10):3196.
• Wagner CL, et al. 2013. A randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation in 2 community health center networks in South Carolina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(2):137.e1-13.
• Whitehouse AJ, et al. 2012. Maternal Serum Vitamin D Levels During Pregnancy and Offspring Neurocognitive Development. Pediatrics 129:485-493.
• World Health Organization. 2023. Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy. E-library of evidence for nutrition actions (eLENA). https://www.who.int/tools/elena/interventions/vitamind-supp-pregnancy. Accessed June 6 2024.

Selected References:

• Adams J, et al. 2022. Neuropsychological effects in children exposed to anticonvulsant monotherapy during gestation: Phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and phenytoin. Epilepsy Behav. 127:108533.
• Antonucci R, et al. 2018. Maternal carbamazepine therapy and unusual adverse effects in a breastfed infant. Breastfeed Med 13(2):155-157.
• Baker GA, et al. 2015. IQ at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: a controlled cohort study. Neurology 84(4):382-390.
• Battino D, et al. 2024. Risk of major congenital malformations and exposure to antiseizure medication monotherapy. JAMA Neurol. 1;81(5):481-489.
• Bech BH, et al. 2014. Use of antiepileptic drugs during pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion and stillbirth: population based cohort study. BMJ 349:g5159.
• Birnbaum AK, et al. 2020. Antiepileptic Drug Exposure in Infants of Breastfeeding Mothers With Epilepsy. JAMA Neurol 77(4):441-450.
• Bjork M-H, et al. 2022. Association of prenatal exposure to antiseizure medication with risk of autism and intellectual disability. JAMA Neurol. 79(7):672-681.
• Blotiere PO, et al. 2020. Risk of early neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with prenatal exposure to the antiepileptic drugs most commonly used during pregnancy: a French nationwide population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 7;10(6):e034829.
• Bromley RL, et al. 2013. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84(6):637-643.
• Bromley R, et al. 2023. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 29;8(8):CD010224.
• Campbell E, et al. 2014. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drug monotherapies in pregnancy: updated results from the UK and Ireland Epilepsy and Pregnancy Registers. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Sep;85(9):1029-1034.
• Canger R, et al. 1999. Malformations in offspring of women with epilepsy: a prospective study. Epilepsia 40(9):1231-1236.
• Daugaard CA, et al. 2020. Association of prenatal exposure to valproate and other antiepileptic drugs with intellectual disability and delayed childhood milestones. JAMA Netw Open 3(11):e2025570.
• Cohen JM, et al. 2023. Comparative safety of antiseizure medication monotherapy for major malformations. Ann Neurol. 93(3):551-562.
• Cummings C, et al. 2011. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to lamotrigine, sodium valproate and carbamazepine. Arch Dis Child. 96(7):643-647.
• Davanzo R, et al. 2013. Italian Journal of Pediatrics 39:50-61.
• Deshmukh U, et al. 2016. Behavioral outcomes in children exposed prenatally to lamotrigine, valproate, or carbamazepine. Neurotoxicol Teratol 54:5-14.
• Fried S, et al. 2004. Malformation rates in children of women with untreated epilepsy: a meta-analysis. Drug Saf 27(3):197-202.
• Gaily E, et al. 2004. Normal intelligence in children with prenatal exposure to carbamazepine. Neurology 62:28-32.
• Gladstone DJ, et al. 1992. Course of pregnancy and fetal outcome following maternal exposure to carbamazepine and phenytoin: a prospective study. Reprod Toxicol 6:257-261.
• Harden CL. 2008. Antiepileptic drug teratogenesis: what are the risks for congenital malformations and adverse cognitive outcomes? Int Rev Neurobiol 83:205-213.
• Hernandez-Diaz S, et al. 2000. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 343(22):1608-1614.
• Holmes LB, et al. 2024. Facial dysmorphology in children exposed in pregnancy to anticonvulsant medications correlates with deficits in IQ. Am J Med Genet. 2024;194A:e63511.
• Huber-Mollema Y, et al. 2020. Neurocognition after prenatal levetiracetam, lamotrigine, carbamazepine, or valproate exposure. J Neurol. 267(6):1724-1736.
• Husebye E, et al. 2020. Language impairment in children aged 5 and 8 years after antiepileptic drug exposure in utero – the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. European Journal of Neurology 27.3:667-675.
• Jones KL, et al. 1989. Patterns of malformations in the children treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 320(25):1661-1666.
• Kacirova I, et al. 2021. Therapeutic monitoring of carbamazepine and its active metabolite during the 1^st postnatal month: Influence of drug interactions. Biomed Pharmacother 137:111412.
• Kacirova I, et al. 2022. Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide concentrations in mothers, colostrum, and breastfed newborns: Comparison with concentrations determined during delivery and in the mature milk period. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 151:113176.
• Kallen AJB. 1994. Maternal carbamazepine and infant spina bifida. Reprod Toxicol 8(3):203-205.
• Kaplan YC, et al. 2021. Use of phenytoin, phenobarbital carbamazepine, levetiracetam lamotrigine and valproate in pregnancy and breastfeeding: risk of major malformations, dose-dependency, monotherapy vs polytherapy, pharmacokinetics and clinical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol 19(11):1805-1824.
• Leite ML, et al. 2024. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes, antiseizure medication profile, and seizure types in pregnant women in a vulnerability state from Brazil. PLoS One. 1;19(4):e0291190.
• Meador KJ, et al. 2009. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 360(16):1597-1605.
• Margulis A, et al. 2019. Relation of in-utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs to pregnancy during and size at birth. PLoS One. 5;14(8):e0214180.
• Mazzone PP, et al. 2023. Comparison of perinatal outcomes for women with and without epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 1;80(5):484-494.
• Meador KJ, et al. 2014. Breastfeeding in children of women taking antiepileptic drugs cognitive outcomes at age 6 years. JAMA Pediatr 168(8):729-736.
• Morrell M. 1996. The new antiepileptic drugs and women: efficacy, reproductive health, pregnancy and fetal outcome. Epilepsia 37(Suppl. 6):S34-S44.
• (n.d.). Tegretol – Food and Drug Administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/016608s115_018281_s058_018927s055_020234_s047.pdf Accessed September 2024.
• Nulman I, et al. 1997. Findings in children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy: independent effects of epilepsy and medications. Am J Med Genet 68:18-24.
• O’Brien MD and Gilmour-White SK. 2005. Management of epilepsy in women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Postgrad Med J 81(955):278-285.
• Ornoy A and Cohen E. 1996. Outcome of children born to epileptic mothers treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. Arc Dis Child 75:517-520
• Patel N, et al. 2018. Mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants, spina bifida, and folate supplementation: commentary. J Clin Psychopharmacol 38(1):7-10.
• Rosa FW. 1991. Spina bifida in infants of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 324(10)674-677.
• Samren EB, et al. 1999. Antiepileptic drug regimens and major congenital abnormalities in the offspring. Ann Neurol 46(5):739-746.
• Scolnik D, et al. 1994. Neurodevelopment if children exposed in utero to phenytoin and carbamazepine monotherapy. JAMA 271(10):767-770.
• Tomson T and Barrino D. 2008. Teratogenic effects of antiepileptic drugs. Seizure 17(2):166-171.
• Tomson T and Klein P. 2015. Fine-tuning risk assessment with antiepileptic drug use in pregnancy. Neurology. 84(4):339-340.
• Tomson T, et al. 2015. Antiepileptic drugs and intrauterine death: A prospective observational study from EURAP. Neurology Aug 18;85(7):580-588.
• Tomson T, et al. 2018. Comparative risk of major congenital malformations with eight different antiepileptic drugs: a prospective cohort study of the EURAP registry. Lancet Neurol 17(6):530-538.
• S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Data and statistics on Spina Bifida. https://www.cdc.gov/spina-bifida/data/ Accessed September 2024.
• Vajda F. 2014. Epilepsy: Effects of exposure to antiepileptic drugs during development. Nat Rev Neurol.10:11-12.
• Vajda F, et al. 2018. Anti-epileptic drug exposure and risk of foetal death in utero. Acta Neurol Scand Jan;137(1):20-23.
• Wallace H, et al. 1998. Age-specific incidence and prevalence rates of treated epilepsy in an unselected population of 2,052,922 and age-specific fertility rates of women with epilepsy. Lancet 352:1970-1973.
• Weston J, et al. 2016. Monotherapy treatment of epilepsy in pregnancy: congenital malformation outcomes in the child. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.11:Cd010224.
• Wide K, et al. 2000. Psychomotor development and minor anomalies in children exposed to antiepileptic drugs in utero: A prospective population-based study. Dev Med Child Neurol 42:87-92.
• Wiggs K, et al. 2020. Anti-seizure medication use during pregnancy and risk of ASD and ADHD in children. Neurology. 95(24):e3232-e3240.