Selected References:  

• Alwan S, et al. 2007. Use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 356(26):2684-2692.  
• Alwan S, Friedman JM, Chambers C: 2016. Safety of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnancy: a review of current evidence. CNS Drugs 30(6):499-515. 
• Andrade S, et al. 2009. Antidepressant use and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 18(3):246-252. 
• Bakker MK, et al. 2010. First-trimester use of paroxetine and congenital heart defects: a population-based case-control study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88(2):94-100. 
• Berard A, et al. 2016. The risk of major cardiac malformations associated with paroxetine use during the first trimester of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 81(4):589-604.  
• Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: An updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open;7:e013372.  
• Biffi, A, et al. 2020. Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of observational studies. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 124:99–108.   
• Bonari L, et al. 2004. Perinatal risks of untreated depression during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 49(11):726-735.  
• Chambers C, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med 354(6)579-587.  
• Costei A, et. al. 2002. Perinatal outcome following third trimester exposure to paroxetine. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 156:1129-1132.  
• Creeley, C. E., & Denton, L. K. 2019. Use of Prescribed Psychotropics during Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Pregnancy, Neonatal, and Childhood Outcomes. Brain Sciences, 9(9)::235   
• Den Besten-Bertholee D, et al. 2024. Sertraline, citalopram and paroxetine in lactation: passage into breastmilk and infant exposure. Front Pharmacol.15:1414677.  
• Desaunay P, et al. 2023. Benefits and Risks of Antidepressant Drugs During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of Meta-analyses. Paediatr Drugs. 25(3):247-265. 
• De Vries, C., et al. 2020. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Considering the Risk for Congenital Heart Defects of Antidepressant Classes and Individual Antidepressants. Drug Safety. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40264-020-01027  
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2008. Paroxetine and fluoxetine in pregnancy: a prospective, multicentre, controlled observational study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 66(5): 695-705.  
• Einarson A, et al. 2008. Evaluation of the risk of congenital cardiovascular defects associated with use of paroxetine during pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry AiA:1-5.  
• Einarson A, et al. 2009. Rates of spontaneous and therapeutic abortions following use of antidepressants in pregnancy: results from a large prospective database. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 31:452-456. 
• Fischer Fumeaux, CJ, et al. 2019. Risk-benefit balance assessment of SSRI antidepressant use during pregnancy and lactation based on best available evidence – an update. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 18(10):949–963.   
• Fitton, CA, et al. 2020. In utero exposure to antidepressant medication and neonatal and child outcomes: a systematic review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 141(1): 21–33.   
• Gabriel M & Sharma V. 2017. Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome. CMAJ;189:E747.  
• Galbally, M., et al. 2020. Antidepressant exposure in pregnancy and child sensorimotor and visuospatial development. Journal of Psychiatric Research;S0022-3956(20)31095-5. 
• Gao S, et al. 2018. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during early pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies of more than 9 million births. BMC Med. 16:205. 
• Grigoriadis S et al. 2013. Antidepressant exposure during pregnancy and congenital malformations: is there an association? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the best evidence.J Clin Psychiatry. 74(4):e293-308.  
• Hansen CH, et al. 2017. The six most widely used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors decrease androgens and increase estrogens in the H295R cell line. Toxicol In Vitro. 41:1-11 
• Hendrick V, et al. 2001. Use of sertraline, paroxetine and fluvoxamine by nursing women. Br J Psychiatry 179:163-166  
• Hernandez-Diaz S. 2007. Risk factors for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics 120 (2):e272-282.  
• Jordan S, et al. 2016. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) in pregnancy and congenital anomalies: Analysis of linked databases in Wales, Norway and Funen, Denmark. PLOS One; 11(12): e0165122. 
• Kallen B, et al. 2008. Maternal use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 17(8):801-806.  
• Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr.104(4):384-91. 
• Lebin LG, Novick AM. 2022. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) in Pregnancy: An Updated Review on Risks to Mother, Fetus, and Child. Curr Psychiatry Rep: 24, 687–695. 
• Leerssen, E. C. M., et al. 2019. Severe transient neonatal long QT syndrome due to maternal paroxetine usage: a case report. Cardiology in the Young, 29(10), 1300–1301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951119001938 
• Levinson-Castiel R, et al. 2006. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 160:173-176.  
• Louik C, et al. 2007. First-trimester use of selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 356(26):2675-2683.  
• McDonagh MS, et al. 2014. Antidepressant treatment of depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Evidence report/technology assessment No. 216. (Prepared by the Pacific Northwest Evidnece-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2007-10057-I.). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.  
• Mesches, G. A., et al. 2020. A common clinical conundrum: Antidepressant treatment of depression in pregnant women. Seminars in Perinatology, 44(3), 151229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semperi.2020.151229 
• Misri S, et al. 2000. Paroxetine levels in postpartum depressed women, breastmilk, and infant serum. J Clin Psychiatry 61(11):828-832.  
• Molenaar, N. M., et al. 2018. Guidelines on treatment of perinatal depression with antidepressants: An international review. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 320–327.  
• Myles N, et al. 2013. Systematic meta-analysis of individual selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medications and congenital malformations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry.47(11):1002-12.  
• Nakhai-Pour HR, et al. 2010. Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion. CMAJ 182(10):1031-1037.  
• Nulman I, et al. 1997. Neurodevelopment of children exposed in utero to antidepressant drugs. NEJM 336(4):258-262.  
• Nulman I, et al. 2012.Neurodevelopment of children following prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 169(11):1165-1174.  
• Ornoy, A., & Koren, G. 2018. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use in pregnant women; pharmacogenetics, drug-drug interactions and adverse effects. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology, 14(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425255.2018.1430139 
• Ornoy A, Koren G. 2014. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in human pregnancy: On the way to resolving the controversy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 19(3):188-194.  
• Orsolini L, Bellantuono C. 2015. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors and breastfeeding: A systematic review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 30:4-20. 
• Paxil Prescribing Information, 020936s047lbl.pdf. (n.d.). Retrieved January 7, 2021, from https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/020936s047lbl.pdf 
• Pogliani L, Baldelli S, Cattaneo D et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors passage into human milk of lactating women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;1-11. 
• Prady, S. L., et al. 2018. A systematic review of maternal antidepressant use in pregnancy and short- and long-term offspring’s outcomes. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 21(2), 127–140.  
• Raffi, E. R., et al. 2019. Safety of Psychotropic Medications During Pregnancy. Clinics in Perinatology, 46(2), 215–234.  
• Sanz E, et al. 2005. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in pregnant women and neonatal withdrawal syndrome: a database analysis. Lancet 365:482-487.  
• Schoretsanitis G, et al. 2020.  The impact of pregnancy on the pharmacokinetics of antidepressants: a systematic critical review and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol.16(5):431-440. 
• Stowe Z, et al. 2000. Paroxetine in human breastmilk and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry 157(2):185-189. 
• Tanrikut, C., et al. 2010. Adverse effect of paroxetine on sperm. Fertility and Sterility, 94(3), 1021–1026.  
• Tosounidou, S., & Gordon, C. 2020. Medications in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 64, 68–76.  
• Trifu, S. C., et al. 2020. Affective disorders: A question of continuing treatment during pregnancy (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3474–3482.  
• Uguz, F. 2020. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review of current meta-analyses. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 19(12), 1595–1604.  
• Uguz F, Arpaci N. 2016. Short-Term Safety of Paroxetine and Sertraline in Breastfed Infants: A Retrospective Cohort Study from a University Hospital. Breastfeed Med.11:487-9.  
• Uguz F. 2019. Short-term safety of paroxetine plus low-dose mirtazapine during lactation. Breastfeed Med. 14(2):131-132.  
• Wang S, et al. 2015. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. Journal of the American Heart Association. 4(5). 
• Weissman AM, et al. 2004. Pooled analysis of antidepressant levels in lactating mothers, breast milk, and nursing infants. Am J Psychiatry June; 161(6): 1066- 1078.  
• Wichman CL, et al. 2009. Congenital heart diease associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor use during pregnancy. Mayo CLin Proc 84(1):23- 27.  
• Wurst K, et al. 2010. First trimester paroxetine use and the prevalence of congenital, specifically cardiac, defects: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 88(3):159-170 
• Yardimci, A., et al. 2019. Effects of long-term paroxetine or bupropion treatment on puberty onset, reproductive and feeding parameters in adolescent male rats. Andrologia, 51(6), e13268. 
• Zheng L, Yang H, Dallmann A. 2022. Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in Human Pregnancy: Transfer Across the Placenta and Opportunities for Modeling Studies. J Clin Pharmacol. 62 Suppl 1:S115-S128.  

Selected References:  

• Barr DB, et al. 2010. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ​,​ 408(4):790-795.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20​22​. Prevent Mosquito Bites. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/zika/prevention/prevent-mosquito-bites.html.  
• Hall JG, et al. 1975. Coarctation of the aorta in male cousins with similar maternal environmental exposure to insect repellant and insecticides. Pediatrics 55:425-427.  
• Koren G, et al. 2003. DEET-based insect ​repellents​: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. CMAJ​,​ 169(3):209-212.  
• Kuhlmann RS, et al. 1981. N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide: embryonic sensitivity. Teratology​,​ 23:48a.  
• McGready R, et al. 2001. Safety of the insect repellant N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg​,​ 65:285-​28​9.  
• Özokan G et al. 2024. Comparison of the cytotoxicity and zebrafish embryo toxicity of insect repellent ingredients: p-Methane-3, 8-diol synthesized by green chemistry from Eucalyptus citriodora and N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 47(6): 1193-1294. 
• Schaefer C and Peters PW. 1992. Intrauterine diethyltoluamide exposure and fetal outcome. Reprod Toxicol​,​ 6:175-​17​6.  
• Schoenig GP, et al. 1994. Teratologic evaluations of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) in rats and rabbits. Fundam Appl Toxicol​,​ 23:63-​6​9.  
• Segal TR, et al. 2017. Urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA), a major metabolite of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Hum Reprod​,​ 32(12):​     ​2532-2539. 
• Selim S, et al. 1995. Absorption and metabolism of DEET following dermal application to human volunteers. Fundam Appl Toxicol​,​ 25:95-100.  
• Snodgrass RL, et al. 1982. Dermal penetration and potential for placental transfer of the insect repellant, N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J​,​ 43:747-753.  
• Sudakin DL, Trevathan WR. 2003. DEET: a review and update of safety and risk in the general population. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 41(6):831-9.  
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ​​20​22​. DEET. Available at URL: https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents/deet. 
• Wickerham EL, et al. 2012. Reduced birth weight in relation to pesticide mixtures detected in cord blood of full-term infants. Environmental International​,​ 47:80-85.  
• Wright DM, et al. 1992. Reproductive and developmental toxicity of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol​,​ 19:33-42.  
• Wylie BJ, et al. 2016. Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika virus. Obstet Gynecol​,​​     ​ 128(5):1111-1115.  

Selected References:

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2013. ACOG committee opinion no. 558: Integrating immunizations into practice. Obstet Gynecol 121(4):897-903. 
• Angelo MG, et al. 2014. Pooled analysis of large and long-term safety data from the human papillomavirus-16/18-AS04-adjuvanted vaccine clinical trial programme. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 23(5):466-79.  
• Baril L, et al. 2015. Risk of spontaneous abortion and other pregnancy outcomes in 15-25 year old women exposed to human papillomavirus-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine in the United Kingdom. Vaccine 33(48):6884-91. 
• Bukowinski AT, et al. 2020. Maternal and infant outcomes following exposure to quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine during pregnancy. Vaccine. 18;38(37):5933-5939.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Safety. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccine-safety/vaccines/hpv.html   
• Chen W, et al. 2019. Safety of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in a Phase 3, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial among Chinese women during 90 months of follow-up. Vaccine 37(6):889-97.  
• Dousti R, Allahqoli L, Ayar Kocaturk A, Hakimi S. 2023. Can human papillomavirus vaccination during pregnancy result in miscarriage and stillbirth? A meta-analysis and systematic review. Eur J Midwifery. 2023;7:9.  
• Faber MT, et al 2019. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and infant mortality after quadrivalent HPV vaccination during pregnancy. Vaccine 37(2)265-271. 
• Garland SM, et al. 2009. Pregnancy and infant outcomes in the clinical trials of a human papillomavirus type 6/11/16/18 vaccine: a combined analysis of five randomized controlled trials. Obstet Gynecol 114(6):1179-1188.  
• Garolla A et. Al. 2013. Sperm viral infection and male infertility: focus on HBV, HCV, HIV, HPV, HSV, HCMV, and AAV. J Reprod Immunol 100(1):20-9.  
• Goss MA, et al. 2015. Final report on exposure during pregnancy from a pregnancy registry for quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine. Vaccine 33(29): 3422-3428. 
• Forbes N, Montroy J, Salvadori MI, Dubey V. 2024. Summary of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) Statement: Updated guidance on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines. Can Commun Dis Rep. 50(12):419-425.  
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2018. Risk of spontaneous abortion after inadvertent human papillomavirus vaccination in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 132:34-44. 
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2021. Association of Inadvertent 9-Valent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in Pregnancy With Spontaneous Abortion and Adverse Birth Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open 4(4): e214340. 
• Landazabal CS, et al. 2019. Safety of 9- valent human papillomavirus vaccine administration among pregnant women: Adverse event reports in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2014-2017. Vaccine 37:1229-1234. 
• Lawton B, et al. 2018. Association of prior HPV vaccinations with reduced preterm birth: a population based study. Vaccine 36: 134-140. 
• Lipkind HS, et al. 2017. Maternal and infant outcomes after human papillomavirus vaccination in the periconceptional period or during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 130(3):599-608.  
• Mammas IN, et al. 2011. Can ‘high-risk’ human papillomaviruses (HPVs) be detected in human breast milk? Acta Paediatr 100(5):705-7. 
• Markowitz LE, et al. 2007. Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 56 (RR-2):1-24.  
• Matys K, et al. 2012. Mother-infant transfer of anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) antibodies following vaccination with the quadrivalent HPV (type 6/11/16/18) virus-like particle vaccine. Clin Vaccine Immunol Jun; 19(6):881-5.  
• McDonnold M, et al. 2014. High risk human papillomavirus at entry to prenatal care and risk of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 210(2):138.e1-5. 
• Moreira ED, E et al. 2016. Safety profile of the 9-valent HPV vaccine: A combined analysis of 7 phase III clinical trials. Pediatrics. 138(2):e20154387. 
• Muscianisi F, Foresta C, Garolla A. Role of HPV vaccination for prevention of male infertility. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino). 2022 Mar;47(1):70-76.  
• Panagiotou OA, et al. 2015. Effect of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination on pregnancy outcomes: long term observational follow-up in the Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial. BMJ 7; 351:h4358.  
• Segal L, et al. 2011. Evaluation of the intramuscular administration of Cervarix vaccine on fertility, pre- and post-natal development in rats. Reprod Toxicol 31(1):111-20.  
• Scheller NM, et al. 2017. Quadrivalent HPV vaccination and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 376:1223-1233. 
• Wacholder S, et al. 2010. Risk of miscarriage with bivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18: pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials. BMJ 340:C712.  
• Wang A, et al. 2020. Pregnancy Outcomes After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination in Periconceptional Period or During Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 3;16(3):581-589.  
• Wise LD, et al. 2008. Lack of effects on fertility and developmental toxicity of a quadrivalent HPV vaccine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Birth Defects Res (B) 83:561-572. 
• Yan X, Li H, Song B, et al. 2023. Association of periconceptional or pregnancy exposure of HPV vaccination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1181919  
• Zhang J, Lian Z, Xue X, et al. 2024. Does HPV vaccination during periconceptional or gestational period increase the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes?-An updated systematic review and meta-analysis based on timing of vaccination. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 103(10):1943-1954.  

Selected References:

• Adane AA, et al. 2016. Diabetes in pregnancy and childhood cognitive development: a systematic review. Pediatrics,137(5):e20154234.  
• American Diabetes Association. 2024. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 47(Supplement_1):S282-S294. 
• Bhattacharyya A, et al. 2001. Insulin lispro and regular insulin in pregnancy. QJM. 94(5):255-260. 
• Bytoft B, et al. 2016. Long-term cognitive implications of intrauterine hyperglycemia in adolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM Study). Diabetes Care, 39:1356-1363. 
• Chehab RF, et al. 2022. Glycemic control trajectories and risk of perinatal complications among individuals with gestational diabetes. JAMA Netw Open, 5(9):e2233955. 
• Chen K-R, et al. 2023. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 65:933–941. 
• Coetzee EJ and Levitt NS. 2000. Maternal diabetes and neonatal outcome. Seminars in Neonatology. 5(3):221-229. 
• Feleke BE, et al. 2022. Maternal and newborn effects of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study. Prim Care Diabetes, 16(1):89-95.  
• Kinnunen J, et al. 2023 Gestational diabetes is associated with the risk of offspring’s congenital anomalies: a register-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23(1):708. 
• Landon MB. 2000. Obstetric management of pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(1):65-74. 
• Langer O, et al. 2000. A comparison of glyburide and insulin in women with gestational diabetes mellitus. New England Journal of Medicine, 343(16):1134-1138. 
• Leth-Møller M, et al. 2024. Effect of gestational diabetes on fetal growth rate and later overweight in the offspring, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. dgae428. 
• Meek CL. 2023. An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia. 66:1961–1970. 
• Nagasawa M, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and risk of offspring congenital heart diseases: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Environ Health Prev Med. 29:23. 
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2011. Managing Gestational Diabetes: A Patient’s Guide to a Healthy Pregnancy. Available at: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/publications/product/211. [Accessed February 2023]  
• Ornoy A. 2005. Growth and neurodevelopmental outcome of children born to mothers with pregestational and gestational diabetes. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev, 3(2):104–113.  
• Papazoglou AS, et al. 2022. Maternal diabetes mellitus and its impact on the risk of delivering a child with congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonata. Med, 35(25):7685-7694. 
• Pectasides M and Kalva S. 2011. Diabetes revealed: multisystem danger. American Journal of Roentgenology, 196(2): 274-286.  
• Preda A, et al.  2021. Analysis of maternal and neonatal complications in a group of patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Medicina, 57(11):1170. 
• Rizzo TA, et al. 1995. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 173(6):1753-1758. 
• Rosenn BM and Miodovnik M. 2000. Medical complications of diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 43(1):17-31. 
• Santos JDC, et al. 2023. Diabetes among women with preterm births: outcomes of a Brazilian multicenter study. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 21:eAO0515. 
• Sells CJ, et al. 1994. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr, 125(1):S9-17.  
• Serlin D and Last R. 2009. Diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus. American Family Physician, 80(1): 57-62. 
• Sweeting A, et al. 2024. Relationship between early-pregnancy glycemia and adverse outcomes: findings from the TOBOGM study. Diabetes Care. 47(12): 2085–2092. 

Selected References:  

• Adam DN, et al. 2023. Expert consensus on the systemic treatment of atopic dermatitis in special populations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 37(6):1135-1148. 
• Balakirski G, et al. 2022. Atopic dermatitis and pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 149(4):1185-1194. 
• Hamann CR, et al. 2019. Pregnancy complications, treatment characteristics and birth outcomes in women with atopic dermatitis in Denmark. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. Mar;33(3):577-587.  
• Horev, A., Shalom, G., Weintraub, A. Y., Freud, T., & Cohen, A. D. 2022. Atopic Dermatitis and Infertility: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 238(2), 313–319.  
• Kim J, et al. 2019. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis: Clinical implications. Allergy Asthma Proc. 40(2):84-92. 
• Koutroulis I, et al. 2011. Atopic dermatitis in pregnancy: current status and challenges. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 66(10):654-663.  
• Munera-Campos M, et al. 2024. Atopic Dermatitis: Fertility, Pregnancy, and Treatment Perspectives. Am J Clin Dermatol. 25(1):55-66. 
• Napolitano M, et al. 2021. New emergent therapies for atopic dermatitis: A review of safety profile with respect to female fertility, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Dermatol Ther. 34(1):e14475.  
• Pfaller B, et al. 2020. Biologicals in atopic disease in pregnancy: an EAACI position paper. Allergy. 76(1):71-89. 
• Ramos CL, et al. (2023). Monoclonal Antibodies (Biologics) for Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Atopic Dermatitis During Pregnancy and Lactation. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 43(1):187-197.  
• Schuler CF, et al. 2023. Novel insights into atopic dermatitis. Allergy Clin Immunol. 151(5):1145-1154.  
• Silverberg J. I. 2018. Associations between atopic dermatitis and other disorders. F1000Research, 7, 303.  
• Sroka-Tomaszewska J, et al. 2021. Molecular Mechanisms of Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 22(8):4130. 
• Torres T, et al. 2019. Update on Atopic Dermatitis. Acta Med Port. 32(9):606-613. 
• Vaughan Jones SA, et al. 1999. A prospective study of 200 women with dermatoses of pregnancy correlating the clinical findings with hormonal and immunopathological profiles. Br J Dermatol. 141:71–81. 
• Vestergaard C, et al. 2019. European task force on atopic dermatitis position paper: treatment of parental atopic dermatitis during preconception, pregnancy and lactation period. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 33(9):1644-1659 
• Wollenberg A. et al.2022. European guideline (EuroGuiDerm) on atopic eczema – part II: non-systemic treatments and treatment recommendations for special AE patient populations. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Nov;36(11):1904-1926.