Selected References:

• Achong N, et al. 2018. The physiological and glycaemic changes in breastfeeding women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 135:93-101.  
• American Diabetes Association. 2024. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 47(Supplement_1):S282–S294. 
• Ballesteros M, et al. 2024. Prematurity and congenital malformations differ according to the type of pregestational diabetes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 24(1):335. 
• Bhattacharyya A, et al. 2001. Insulin lispro and regular insulin in pregnancy. QJM. 94(5):255-260. 
• Boinpally T and Jovanovic L. 2009. Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Gestational Diabetes in Pregnancy. Mount Sinai Journal of medicine. 76: 269-280.  
• Bytoft B, et al. 2016. Long-term Cognitive Implications of Intrauterine Hyperglycemia in Adolescent Offspring of People With Type 1 Diabetes (the EPICOM Study). Diabetes Care. 39:1356. 
• Brydon P, et al. 2000. Pregnancy outcome in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus needs to be addressed. International Journal of Clinical Practice. 54(7):418-419. 
• Capobianco E, Pirrone I. 2023. Paternal programming of fetoplacental and offspring metabolic disorders. Placenta. 141:71-77. 
• Chen K-R, et al. 2023. Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal diabetes: A population-based cohort study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 65:933–941 
• Chen LJ, et al. 2023.  Maternal diabetes mellitus and birth defects in Taiwan: A 5-year nationwide population-based cohort study. J Chin Med Assoc. 86(6):589-595. 
• Coetzee EJ and Levitt NS. 2000. Maternal diabetes and neonatal outcome. Seminars in Neonatology. 5(3):221-229. 
• Cyganek K, et al. 2017. Risk of macrosomia remains glucose-dependent in a cohort of people with pregestational type 1 diabetes and good glycemic control. Endocrine. 55(2):447-455. 
• Durnwold, C. (2021). Patient education: Care during pregnancy for people with type 1 or 2 diabetes (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate.  
• ElSayed NA, et al, on behalf of the American Diabetes Association. 2023. Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care. 46 (Suppl 1):S254-S266. 
• Glatstein MM, et al. 2009. Use of hypoglycemic drugs during lactation. Canadian Family Physician. 55: 371-373. 
• Hadden DR and McCance DR. 1999. Advances in management of type 1 diabetes and pregnancy. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 11(6):557-562. 
• Hagay Z & Reece EA. 1992. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy and periconceptional genetic counseling. American Journal of Perinatology. 9(2):87-93. 
• Jaffar F, et al. 2022.Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy: A Review of Complications and Management. Curr Diabetes Rev. 18(7):e051121197761. 
• Jangir RN, Jain GC. 2014. Diabetes mellitus induced impairment of male reproductive functions: a review. Curr Diabetes Rev. 10(3):147-57.  
• Jovanovic L. 1999. Role of diet and insulin treatment of diabetes in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):46-55. 
• Jovanovic L, et al. 2015. Trends in the incidence of diabetes, its clinical sequelae, and associated costs in pregnancy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 31(7):707-16. 
• Kitzmiller JL, et al: 2010. Preconception care for people with diabetes and prevention of major congenital malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 88(10):791-803.  
• La Vignera S, et al. 2015. Reproductive function in male patients w/ type 1 diabetes mellitus. Andrology. 3(6):1082-7.  
• Landon MB. 2000. Obstetric management of pregnancies complicated by diabetes mellitus. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):65-74. 
• Lemaitre M, et al. 2023. Pre-gestational diabetes and the risk of congenital heart defects in the offspring: A French nationwide study. Diabetes Metab. 49(4):101446. 
• Mank E, et al. 2021. Insulin concentration in human milk in the first ten days postpartum: Course and associated factors. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 73:e115–e119. 
• Meek CL. 2023. An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia. 66:1961–1970. 
• Miao S, Yang L. 2024. Association between diabetes mellitus and miscarriage, recurrent miscarriage: A meta-study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 50(11):2029-2037. 
• Nagasawa M, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and risk of offspring congenital heart diseases: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. Environ Health Prev Med. 29:23. 
• Nasri HZ et al. 2018. Malformations among infants of mothers with insulin-dependent diabetes: Is there a recognizable pattern of abnormalities? Birth Defects Res. 110(2):108-113. 
• Owens LA, et al. 2015. Comparing type 1 and type 2 diabetes in pregnancy- similar conditions or is a separate approach required? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 15:69. 
• Oyen N, et al. 2016. Prepregnancy Diabetes and Offspring Risk of Congenital Heart Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Circulation. 133(23):2243-53. 
• Pectasides M and Kalva S. 2011. Diabetes Revealed: Multisystem Danger. American Journal of Roentgenology. 196: 274-286.  
• Reece EA and Homko CJ. 2000. Why do diabetic people deliver malformed infants? Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 43(1):32-45. 
• Ringholm L, et al. 2019. Improving pregnancy outcomes in women with diabetes mellitus: modern management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 15(7):406-416. 
• Ringholm L, et al. 2020. Diabetes Management During Breastfeeding in People with Type 1 Diabetes. Current diabetes reports, 20(8), 34.  
• Rizzo TA, et al. 1995. Prenatal and perinatal influences on long-term psychomotor development in offspring of diabetic mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 173:1753. 
• Rotem RS, et al. 2024. Maternal periconception hyperglycemia, preconception diabetes, and risk of major congenital malformations in offspring. Hum Reprod. 39(12):2816-2829. 
• Santos JDC, et al. 2023. Diabetes among women with preterm births: outcomes of a Brazilian multicenter study. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 21:eAO0515. 
• Seah JM, et al. 2021 Risk factors for pregnancy outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Intern Med J. 51(1):78-86. 
• Sells CJ, et al. 1994. Long-term developmental follow-up of infants of diabetic mothers. J Pediatr. 125:S9. 
• Sønnichsen-Dreehsen AS, et al. 2025. The association between paternal diabetes mellitus and successful pregnancy-Examined in a nationwide population undergoing reproductive treatment. Andrology. 13(3):485-493. 
• Temple R and Murphy H. 2010. Type 2 diabetes in pregnancy-An increasing problem. Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology  & Metabolism. 24: 591-603.  
• Thorius, IH, et al. 2024. Glycemic control and risk of congenital malformations in women with type 1 diabetes. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 144(5):p 725-732. 
• Turunen R, et al. 2024. Maternal diabetes and overweight and congenital heart defects in offspring. JAMA Netw Open. 7(1):e2350579. 
• Yanit KE et al 2012. The impact of chronic hypertension and pregestational diabetes on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 207(4):333.e1-6. 

Selected References:

• Bro SP, et al. 2015. Adverse pregnancy outcomes after exposure to methylphenidate or atomoxetine during pregnancy. Clin Epidemiol; 7:139-47. 
• Bröms G, et al. 2023. Atomoxetine in Early Pregnancy and the Prevalence of Major Congenital Malformations: A Multinational Study. J Clin Psychiatry 16, 84(1). 
• Brown JT, et al. 2019. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline for Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2D6 Genotype and Atomoxetine Therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther; 106(1):94-102.  
• Cohen JM, et al. 2017. Placental complications associated with psychostimulant use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 130(6):1192-201. 
• Kallen B, et al. 2013. The Use of Central Nervous System Active Drugs During Pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals; 6(10):1221-86.  
• Naguy A, et al. 2020. Atomoxetine in-focus! Asian J Psychiatr; 49:101634.  
• Perugi G, et al. 2015. The use of stimulants and atomoxetine in adults with comorbid ADHD and bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother.;16(14):2193-204. 
• Strattera Product Label. 2022 https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=132852a6-5bff-15dd-255c-98309dd83630&type=display [accessed Mar 2025]. 

Selected References:

• Bove R, et al. 2014. Management of multiple sclerosis during pregnancy and the reproductive years: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 124:1157-68. PMID: 25415167 
• Ciplea AI, et al. 2020. Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-beta or glatiramer acetate: One-year infant outcomes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 7(4) e757. 
• Ciplea AI, et al. 2022. Eighteen-month safety analysis of offspring breastfed by mothers receiving glatiramer acetate therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis – COBRA study. Mult Scler. 2022 Sep;28(10):1641-1650. 
• Comi G. and Moiola L. 1997. Copolymer-1. Baillieres Clin Neurol. 6(3):495-509. 
• Fragoso YD, et al. 2013. Long-term effects of exposure to disease-modifying drugs in the offspring of mothers with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective chart review. CNS Drugs. 27(11):955-61. 
• Fragoso YD, et al. 2010. Long-term use of glatiramer acetate by 11 pregnant women with multiple sclerosis: a retrospective, multicentre case series. CNS Drugs. 24(11):969-76. 
• Fragoso YD, et al. 2013. The effects of long-term exposure to disease-modifying drugs during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 115:154-9. PMID: 22633835 
• Giannini M, et al. 2012. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes after glatiramer acetate exposure in patients with multiple sclerosis: a prospective observational multicentric study. BMC neurology 12.1, 124. 
• Hellwig K, Gold R. 2011. Glatiramer acetate and interferon-beta throughout gestation and postpartum in women with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol.258(3):502-3.  
• Herbstritt S, et al. 2016. Glatiramer acetate during early pregnancy: a prospective cohort study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 22.6: 810-816. 
• Kaplan S, Dragut CF, Ghimpeteanu A. Pregnancy and fetal outcomes following paternal exposure to glatiramer acetate. Curr Med Res Opin. 2024 May;40(5):821-825.  
• Kaplan, S., Zeygarnik, M. & Stern, T. 2022. Pregnancy, Fetal, and Infant Outcomes Following Maternal Exposure to Glatiramer Acetate During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Drug Saf 45, 345–357.  
• Lopez-Leon S, et al. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analyses of pregnancy and fetal outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis: a contribution from the IMI2 ConcePTION project. J Neurol. 267(9):2721-2731. 
• Lu E, et al. 2014. Birth outcomes in newborns fathered by men with multiple sclerosis exposed to disease-modifying drugs. CNS Drugs 28(5): 475-82. 
• Sandberg-Wollheim M, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes from the branded glatiramer acetate pregnancy database. Int J MS Care. 20:9-14. 
• Weber-Schoendorfer C, et al. 2009. Multiple sclerosis, immunomodulators, and pregnancy outcome: a prospective observational study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 15.9: 1037-1042. 
• Varytė G, et al. 2021. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis: an update. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 33(5):378-383 
• Ziemssen T, et al. 2001. Risk-benefit assessment of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis. Drug Safety; 24:979-90.   

Selected References:  

• AbuRaya B, Sadarangani M. 2018. Meningococcal vaccination in pregnancy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 14(4):1188-1196.  
• Becerra-Culqui, T. A., et al. 2020. Safety of MenACWY-CRM vaccine exposure during pregnancy. Vaccine, 38(12), 2683–2690. 
• Becerra-Culqui TA. et al. 2020. Safety of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine in infants and toddlers 2 to 23-months old. Vaccine 38(2), 228-234.  
• Becerra-Culqui TA, et al. 2021. Real-world evidence of quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine safety in the United States: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother, 17(5):1432-1441. 
• Clark, D. R., et al. 2020. Influenza or Meningococcal Immunization During Pregnancy and Mortality in Women and Infants: A Pooled Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 39(7), 641–644. 
• Crum-Cianflone, N., & Sullivan, E. 2016. Meningococcal Vaccinations. Infectious Diseases and Therapy, 5(2), 89–112. 
• Findlow H, et al. 2019. Kinetics of maternally-derived serogroup A, C, Y and W-specific meningococcal immunoglobulin G in Malian women and infants. Vaccine, 37(18), 2477–2481. 
• GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. 2020. Menveo product labeling. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=2dc730d5-55fd-4e98-8c8a-daa7d8f872b0. Accessed 16 May 2025.    
• Letson GW, et al. 1998. Meningococcal vaccine in pregnancy: an assessment of infant risk. Pediatr Infect Dis J 17:261-263.  
• Mbaeyi SA, et al. 2020. Meningococcal Vaccination: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 69(9), 1–41. 
• Myers TR, et al. 2020. Adverse events following quadrivalent meningococcal diphtheria toxoid conjugate vaccine (Menactra®) reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), 2005–2016. Vaccine, 38(40), 6291–6298. 
• Nasser R, et al. 2020. Are all vaccines safe for the pregnant traveler? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2). 
• National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 2011. General recommendations on immunization — recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 28;60(2):1-64. Erratum in: MMWR Recomm Rep; 60:993. 
• Psarris A, et al. 2019. Immunizations during pregnancy: How, when and why. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 240, 29–35. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/mening/index.html. Acessed 16 May 2025. 
• World Health Organization (WHO). 2015. Meningococcal A conjugate vaccine: updated guidance, February 2015. Weekly epidemiological record. No. 8, 90: 57-62. 
• Zheteyeva Y, et al. 2013. Safety of meningococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine in pregnancy: a review of the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System. Am J Obstet Gynecol.; 208(6):478.e1-6.  

Selected References:

• Asada H. 2022. Recent topics in the management of herpes zoster. J Dermatol. 50(3):305-310. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Shingles: Signs & Symptoms. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. Shingles: Breastfeeding and Special Circumstances. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/shingles.html.  
• Frederick IB, et al. 1986. Excretion of varicella-herpes zoster in breast milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 154:1116-7. 
• Hayward K, et al. 2018. Management of herpes zoster (shingles) during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 38(7):887-894.  
• Ion A, et al. 2025. Varicella Zoster Virus Infection and Pregnancy: An Optimal Management Approach. Pathogens. 14(2):151.  
• Nanthakumar MP, et al. 2021. Varicella Zoster in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 258:283-287. 
• Rosamilia LL. 2020. Herpes Zoster Presentation, Management, and Prevention: A Modern Case-Based Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 21(1):97-107.  
• Schafer R, et.al. Herpes Zoster in Pregnancy. 2019 J Midwifery Womens Health. Mar;64(2):230-235.  
• Singal A, et al. 2024. Herpes zoster infection in pregnancy: features and consequences. Arch Dermatol Res. 316(4):107.  
• Werner RN, et al. 2017. European consensus-based (S2k) Guideline on the Management of Herpes Zoster – guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), Part 2: Treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(1):20-29.