Selected References:

• Almeida AR, et al. (2023). Challenges encountered by natural repellents: Since obtaining until the final product. Pestic Biochem Physiol.195:105538.
• Barr DB, et al. 2010. Pesticide concentrations in maternal and umbilical cord sera and their relation to birth outcomes in a population of pregnant women and newborns in New Jersey. Sci Total Environ 408(4):790-795.
• Byrne S. 2016. Consumer Reports. Mosquito Repellents That Best Protect Against Zika. Available at: http://www.consumerreports.org/insect-repellents/mosquito-repellents-that-best-protect-against-zika/
• Diaz JH. 2016. Chemical and plant-based insect repellents: efficacy, safety, and toxicity. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 27(1):153-63.
• Dugas J, et al. 2010. Use of biocides and insect repellents and risk of hypospadias. Occup Environ Med 67:196-200.
• Repellents: Protection against Mosquitoes, Ticks and Other Arthropods. Sept 14, 2021. Available at: https://www.epa.gov/insect-repellents. Accessed July 7, 2022.
• Fradin MS et al. 2002. Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. New Eng J of Med 347.1: 13-18.
• Goodyer, L. et al. 2018. Mosquito repellents for the traveller: does picaridin provide longer protection than DEET? J Travel Med 25(suppl_1):S10.
• Lupi E, et al. 2013. The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.—a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 11(6):374-411.
• McGready R, et al. 2001. Safety of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide (DEET) in pregnancy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 65(4):285-9.
• Nguyen Q D, et al. 2018. IInsect repellents: an updated review for the clinician. J of the Amer Acad of Derm.
• Orders, M. 2021. Insect Repellents. Med Lett Drugs Ther 63(1628): 109-112.
• Segal TR, et al. 2017. Urinary concentrations of 3-(diethylcarbamoyl)benzoic acid (DCBA), a major metabolite of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) and semen parameters among men attending a fertility center. Hum Reprod 32(12):2532-2539.
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2019. Management of patients in the context of Zika virus. ACOG Committee Opinion, number 784. Obstet Gynecol. 134:e64.
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevent Mosquito Bites. Dec 2019. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/?CDC . Accessed August 2024.
• Wylie B., et al. 2016. Insect repellants during pregnancy in the era of the Zika Virus. Obstetrics and Gynecology; 128(5), 1111–1115.

Selected References:

• Amir LH, et al. 2006. A case-control study of mastitis: nasal carriage of Staphylococcus BMC Family Practice 7:57.
• Behari P, et al. 2004. Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to preterm infants through breast milk. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 25(9):778-780.
• Briggs G. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation, a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk. 7th Ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Williams.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Staph food poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/staph-food-poisoning/about/index.html [Accessed 8/2024].
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Preventing Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Prevent MRSA in higher risk settings. https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/prevention/index.html#cdc_prevention_when_traveling-prevent-mrsa-in-higher-risk-settings [Accessed 8/2024].
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. Strategies to prevent hospital-onset Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections in acute care facilities. https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/hcp/prevent-in-acute-care-facilities/index.html [Accessed 8/2024].
• De Rose, et al. 2023. Staphylococcal infections and neonatal skin: data from literature and suggestions for the clinical management from four challenging patients. Antibiotics. 12(4):632.
• Elston DM. 2007. Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Acad Dermatol 56(1):1-16.
• Farsimadan M, Motamedifar M. 2020. Bacterial infection of the male reproductive system causing infertility. J Reprod Immunol. 142:103183.
• Frank A, et al. 1999. Community-acquired and clindamycin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Ped Inf Dis J 18:993-1000.
• Gastelum DT, et al. 2005. Transmission of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from breast milk in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 24(12):1122-1124. 2
• Goto H, et al. 2003. Susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from patients with lower respiratory infectious diseases to antibiotics. Jpn J Antibiot. 58(3):326-58.
• Kawada M, et al. 2003. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between healthy, lactating mothers and their infants by breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 19(4):411- 417.
• Kriebs JM. 2016. Staphylococcus Infections in Pregnancy: Maternal and Neonatal Risks. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 30(2):115-23.
• Laibl V, et al. 2005. Clinical Presentation of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 106 (3):461- 5.
• Leshem E et al. 2012. Transmission of Staphylococcus aureus from mothers to newborns. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Apr;31(4):360-3.
• Lazenby GB, et al. 2012. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization among women admitted for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 206(4):329.e1-5.
• Maglio D, et al. 2005. Simulation of antibiotic pharmacodynamic exposure for the empiric treatment of nosocomial bloodstream infections: a report from the OPTAMA program. Clin Ther. 27(7):1032-42.
• Piva S, Mariella J, et al 2021. Epidemiologic case investigation on the zoonotic transmission of Staphylococcus aureus infection from goat to veterinarians. Zoonoses Public Health. 2021 Sep;68(6):684-690.
• Price M, et al. 1998. Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a dermatology outpatient population. South Med J 91:369-71.
• Saravolatz L, et al. 1982. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiologic observations during a community-acquired outbreak. Ann Intern Med. 96:11-16.
• Sheffield JS. 2013. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in obstetrics. Am J Perinatol. 30(2):125-9.
• Younger Meek, American Academy of Pediatrics, et al. 2022. Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics; 150 (1): e2022057988.

• Agrawal M, et al. 2022. Antithyroid drug therapy in pregnancy and risk of congenital anomalies: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical endocrinology, 96(6):857–868.
• Akmal A, Kung J. 2014. Propylthiouracil, and methimazole, and carbimazole-related hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13(10):1397-1406.
• Alexander EK, et al. 2017. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid: official journal of the American Thyroid Association, 27(3):315–389.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology. 2020. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 223. Obstet Gynecol, 135(6):e261-e274.
• Andersen SL, et al. 2013. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 98(11):4374-4381.
• Andersen SL, et al. 2017. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Swedish nationwide study. Euro J Endocrinol, 177(4):369-378.
• Andersen SL, Andersen S. 2020. Antithyroid drugs and birth defects. Thyroid Res, 13:11.
• Arata N, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcomes of exposure to methimazole (POEM) study: an interim report. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 70(11):1976-1982.
• Awosika AO, et al. 2023. Methimazole. StatPearls [Internet], Treasure Island (FL), available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545223/
• Azizi F. 2003. Thyroid function in breast-fed infants is not affected by methimazole-induced maternal hypothyroidism: results of a retrospective study. J Endocrinol Invest, 26:301-304.
• Baid SK, Merke DP. 2007. Aplasia cutis congenita following in utero methimazole exposure. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 20:585-586.
• Barbero P, et al. 2008. Choanal atresia associated with maternal hyperthyroidism treated with methimazole: a case-control study. Am J Med Genet, 146A(18):2390-2395.
• Cassina M, et al. 2012. Pharmacologic treatment of hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 94(8):612-619.
• Chan GW, Mandel SJ. 2007. Therapy insight: management of Graves’ disease during pregnancy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab; 3(6):470-8.
• Chen CH, et al. 2011. Risk of adverse perinatal outcomes with antithyroid treatment during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based study. BJOG, 118:1365-1373.
• Clementi M, et al. 1999. Methimazole embryopathy: delineation of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet, 83:43-46.
• Committee on Drugs, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2001. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human breast milk. Pediatrics, 108:776-789.
• Cooper DS. 1987. Antithyroid drugs: to breast-feed or not to breast-feed. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 157:234-235.
• Diav-Citrin O, Ornoy A. 2002. Teratogen update: antithyroid drugs-methimazole, carbimazole, and propylthiouracil. Teratology, 65:38-44.
• Di Gianantonio E, et al. 2001. Adverse effects of prenatal methimazole exposure. Teratology, 64(5):262–266.
• Dumi M, et al. 2002. Choanal stenosis, hypothelia, deafness, recurrent dacryocystitis, neck fistulas, short stature, and microcephaly: report of a case. Am J Med Genet, 113:295-297.
• Dumitrascu MC, et al. 2021. Hyperthyroidism management during pregnancy and lactation (Review). Exp Ther Med, 22(3):960.
• Eisenstein Z, et al. 1992. Intellectual capacity of subjects exposed to methimazole or propylthiouracil in utero. Eur J Pediatr, 151:558-559.
• Ferraris S, et al. 2003. Malformations following methimazole exposure in utero: an open issue. Birth Defects Res (Part A), 67:989-992.
• Francis T, et al. 2020. Safety of antithyroid drugs in pregnancy: update and therapy implications. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 19(5):565-576.
• Gianetti E, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest, 38(9):977-985.
• Greenberg F. 1987. Brief clinical report: Choanal atresia and athelia: Methimazole teratogenicity or a new syndrome? Am J Med Genet, 28:931-934.
• Gripp KW, et al. 2011. Grade 1 microtia, wide anterior fontanel and novel type trachea-esophageal fistula in methimazole embryopathy. Am J Med Genet A, 155A(3):526-533.
• Howley MM, et al. 2017. Thyroid medication use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res, 109(18):1471-1481.
• Hudzik B, Zubelewicz-Szkodzinska B. 2016. Antithyroid drugs during breastfeeding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 85(6):827-830.
• Johnsson E, et al. 1997. Severe malformations in infant born to hyperthyroid woman on methimazole. Lancet, 350:1520.
• Karlsson FA, et al. 2002. Severe embryopathy and exposure to methimazole in early pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87(2):947-949.
• Korelitz JJ, et al. 2013. Prevalence of thyrotoxicosis, antithyroid medication use, and complications among pregnant women in the United States. Thyroid, 23:758-765.
• Martin-Denavit T, et al. 2000. Ectodermal abnormalities associated with methimazole intrauterine exposure [letter]. Am J Med Genet, 94:338-340.
• Methimazole tablets, USP Prescribing Information. Par Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. Spring Valley, NY 10977. Accessed May 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/040350s016lbl.pdf
• Mitsuda N, et al. 1992. Risk factors for developmental disorders in infants born to women with Graves disease. Obstet Gynecol; 80(3 Pt 1):359-64.
• Momotani M, et al. 1984. Maternal hyperthyroidism and congenital malformation in the offspring. Clin Endocrinol (Oxford), 20:695-700.
• Purnamasari D, et al. 2019. Gastroschisis Following Treatment with High-Dose Methimazole in Pregnancy: A Case Report. Drug Saf Case Rep, 6(1):5.
• Radetti G, et al. 2002. Foetal and neonatal thyroid disorders. Minerva Pediatr; 54(5):383-400.
• Rasmussen SA, et al. 2007. Maternal thyroid disease as a risk factor for craniosynostosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, 110(2 Pt 1):369–377.
• Romeo AF, Obican SG. 2020. Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Medications. Birth Defects Res, 112(15):1150-1170.
• Sargent KA, et al. 1994. Apparent scalp-ear-nipple (Findlay) syndrome in a neonate exposed to methimazole in-utero. Am J Hum Genet, 55:A312.
• Sato Y, et al. 2014. A case of fetal hyperthyroidism treated with maternal administration of methimazole. J Perinatol, 34(12):945-347.
• Seo GH, et al. 2018. Antithyroid drugs and congenital malformations. A nationwide Korean cohort study. Ann Intern Med, 168(6):405-413.
• Seoud M, et al. 2003. Gastrointestinal malformations in two infants born to women with hyperthyroidism untreated in the first trimester. Am J Perinatol, 20:59-62.
• Shepard TH, et al. 2002. Update on new developments in the study of human teratogens. Teratology, 65(4):153–161.
• Stagnaro-Green A, et al. 2011. Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid, 21:1081-1125.
• Tegler L, Lindstrom B. 1980. Antithyroid drugs in milk. Lancet, 2:591.
• The WHO Working Group, Bennet PN (ed). 1988. Drugs and Human Lactation. Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York, Oxford, pp. 196-197.
• Tonacchera M, et al. 2020. Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with thionamides: a position paper on indications and safety in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest, 43(2):257-265.
• Wilson LC, et al. 1998. Choanal atresia and hypothelia following methimazole exposure in utero: a second report. Am J Med Genet, 75:220-222.

Selected References:

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008. Prevention and control of influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 57(RR07):1-60.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Clinical Overview of Evaluating and Managing Patients Exposed to Birds Infected with Avian Influenza A Viruses of Public Health Concern. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/hcp/clinicians-evaluating-patients/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/clinicians-evaluating-patients.htm. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Current U.S. Bird Flu Situation in Humans. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/situation-summary/inhumans.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/hpai-interim-recommendations.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Avian Influenza A Viruses in People. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/index.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Reducing Risk for People Working with or Exposed to Animals. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/bird-flu/prevention/worker-protection-ppe.html. Accessed 28 June 2024.
• Fiore AE et al. 2010. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 59(RR-8):1-62. Er ratum: Vol . 59, No. RR-8.
• Gu J, et al. 2007. H5N1 infection of respiratory tract and beyond: a molecular pathology study. Lancet 370:1137-1145.
• Le TV, et al. 2019. Fatal avian influenza A(H5N1) infection in a 36‐week pregnant woman survived by her newborn in Sóc Trăng Province, Vietnam, 2012. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 13(3):292-297.
• Liu S, et al. 2016. Avian influenza virus in pregnancy. Rev Med Virol 26(4):268-284.
• Writing Committee of the Second World Health Organization Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Human Infection with Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus. 2008. Update on Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infection in Humans. N Engl J Med 358(3):261-273.
• Zaman K, et al. 2008. Effectiveness of maternal influenza immunization in mothers and infants. N Engl J Med 359(15):1555-64.

Selected References:

• Barr M Jr, Cohen MM Jr. 1991. ACE inhibitor fetopathy and hypocalvaria: the kidney-skull connection. Teratology, 44:485-495.
• Bhatt-Mehta V, Deluga KS. 1993. Fetal exposure to lisinopril: neonatal manifestations and management. Pharmacotherapy, 13(5): 515-518.
• Burrows RF, Burrows EA. 1998. Assessing the teratogenic potential of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in pregnancy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 38(3):306-311.
• Cooper WO, et al. 2006. Major congenital malformations after first-trimester exposure to ACE inhibitors. N Engl J Med, 354(23): 2443-2451.
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcome after in utero exposure to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Reprod Toxicol, 31(4):540-545.
• Filler G, et al. 2003. Early dialysis in a neonate with intrauterine lisinopril exposure. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 88(2):F154-156.
• Friedman JM. 2006. ACE inhibitors and congenital anomalies. N Engl J Med, 354:2498-2500.
• Karthikeyan VJ, et al. 2011. Are angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers safe in pregnancy: a report of ninety-one pregnancies. J Hypertens, 29(2):396-399.
• Lennestal R, et al. 2009. Maternal use of antihypertensive drugs in early pregnancy and delivery outcome, notably the presence of congenital heart defects in the infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 65(6):615-625.
• Lip GYH, et al. 1997. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in early pregnancy. Lancet, 350:1446-1447.
• Merck Sharp and Dohme Corp. 2018. Prinivil product label.
• Moretti ME, et al. 2012. The fetal safety of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Obstet Gynecol Int.
• National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). 2011. Hypertension in Pregnancy. Appendix O. Safety of commonly used antihypertensive drugs during breastfeeding. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 107. London: RCOG Press.
• Polifka JE. 2012. Is there an embryopathy associated with first-trimester exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor antagonists? A critical review of the evidence. Birth Defects Res (Part A), 94:576-598.
• Pryde PG, et al. 1993. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy. J Am Soc Nephrol, 3:1575-1582.
• Rosa F, Bosco L. 1991. Infant renal failure with maternal ACE inhibition. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 161(1 Part 2):273 (abstract).
• Tomlinson AJ, et al. 2000. Malignant primary hypertension in pregnancy treated with lisinopril. Ann Pharmacother, 34(2):180-182.
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 1992. Upgraded warning on the use of ACE inhibitors during pregnancy.
• Yip SK, et al.1998. Exposure to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors during first trimester: is it safe to fetus? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 77:570-571.