Hepatitis A

Selected References:

  • Celzo F et al. 2020 Safety evaluation of adverse events following vaccination with Havrix, Engerix-B or Twinrix during pregnancy. Vaccine. 38(40):6215-6223.
  • Chilaka VN, Konje JC. 2020. Viral Hepatitis in Pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 256:287-296.
  • Cho GJ, et al. 2013. Hepatitis A virus infection during pregnancy in Korea: Hepatitis A infection on pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol Sci, 56(6):368-374.
  • D’Acremont V, et al. 2008. Impact of vaccines given during pregnancy on the offspring of women consulting a travel clinic: a longitudinal study. J Travel Med 15(2):77-81.
  • Daudi N, et al. 2012. Breastmilk hepatitis A virus RNA in nursing mothers with acute hepatitis A virus infection. Breastfeed Med, 7:313-315.
  • Duff P. 1998. Hepatitis in Pregnancy. Seminars in Perinatology, 22(4):277-283.
  • Elinav E, et al. 2006. Acute hepatitis A infection in pregnancy is associated with high rates of gestational complications and preterm labor. Gastroenterology, 130(4):1129-1134.
  • Groom HC, et al. 2019. Uptake and safety of hepatitis A vaccination during pregnancy: A Vaccine Safety Datalink study. Vaccine, 37(44):6648-6655.
  • Lemon SM. 1997. Type A viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Clin Chem, 43(8(B)):1494-1499.
  • Motte A, et al. 2009. Acute hepatitis A in pregnant women at delivery. Int J infect Dis, 13(2):e49-51.
  • Ornoy A, Tenenbaum, A. 2006. Pregnancy outcome following infections by coxsackie, echo, measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio, and encephalitis viruses. Reprod Toxicol, 21(4):446-457.
  • Panagiotou OA, et al & Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial (CVT) Group. 2015. Effect of bivalent human papillomavirus vaccination on pregnancy outcomes: long term observational follow-up in the Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial. BMJ 351:h4358457.
  • Selander B, et al. 2009. No evidence of intrauterine transmission of hepatitis A virus from a mother to a premature infant. Acta Paediatr, 98(10):1603-1606
  • Seto MT, et al. 2020. Management of viral hepatitis A, C, D and E in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 68:44-53.

Hepatitis A

Selected References:

  • Carmichael SL, et al. 2007. Maternal corticosteroid use & orofacial clefts. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 197(6):585.e1-585.e7.
  • Constantinescu S, et al. 2014. Breast-feeding after transplantation. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol; 28(8):1163-1173.
  • Fitzsimons R, et al. 1986. Outcome of pregnancy in women requiring corticosteroids for severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 78(2):349-353.
  • Florentien D, et al. 2023. Does prednisone use in pregnant women with rheumatoid arthritis induce insulin resistance in the offspring? Clin Rheumatol; 42(1):47-54.
  • Gomaa MF, et al. 2014. Combined oral prednisolone and heparin versus heparin: the effect on peripheral NK cells and clinical outcome in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage. A double-blind placebo randomized controlled trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet; 290:757–762.
  • Gur C, et al. 2004. Pregnancy outcome after first trimester exposure to corticosteroids: a prospective controlled study. Reprod Toxicol; 18(1):93-101.
  • Hendry WF, et al. 1990. Comparison of prednisolone and placebo in subfertile men with antibodies to spermatozoa. Lancet; 335:85-88.
  • Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1393-1399.
  • Man YA, et al. 2009. Association of higher rheumatoid arthritis disease activity during pregnancy with lower birth weight: results of a national prospective study. Arthritis Rheum 60(11):3196-3206.
  • Marzec I, et al. 2021. Pregnancy after liver transplant: maternal and perinatal outcomes. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 21: 627.
  • McGuire E. 2012. Sudden loss of milk supply following high-dose triamcinolone (Kenacort) injection. Breastfeed Rev. 20:32–34.
  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 2024. Prednisolone. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed).
  • Nørgård B, et al. 2007. Therapeutic drug use in women with Crohn’s disease and birth outcomes: a Danish nationwide cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol; 102:1406-1413.
  • Nyberg G, et al. 1998. Breast-feeding during treatment with cyclosporine. Transplantation 65:253-255.
  • Ost L, et al. 1985. Prednisolone excretion in human milk. J Pediatr; 106:1008-1011.
  • Palmsten K, et al. 2020. Oral corticosteroid use during pregnancy and risk of preterm birth. Rheumatology (Oxford). 59(6):1262-1271.
  • Park-Wyllie L, et al. 2000. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 62(6):385-392.
  • Petri M, et al. 1992. The Hopkins Lupus Pregnancy Center: 1987-1991 update. Am J Reprod Immunol; 28(3-4):188-191.
  • Pradat P, et al. 2003. First trimester exposure to corticosteroids & oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 67(12):968-970.
  • Rodríguez-Pinilla E & Martínez-Frías ML. 1998. Corticosteroids during pregnancy & oral clefts: a case-control study. Teratology 58(1):2-5.
  • Ryu RJ, et al. 2018. Prednisone pharmacokinetics during pregnancy & lactation. J Clin Pharmacol; 58(9):1223-1232.
  • Silver RK, et al. 1993. Comparative trial of prednisone plus aspirin versus aspirin alone in the treatment of anticardiolipin antibody – positive obstetrics patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 169(6):1411-1417.
  • Skuladottir H, et al. 2014. Corticosteroid use and risk of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res (Part A) 100: 499-506.
  • Slob E, et al. 2023. Safety of antenatal predniso(lo)ne and dexamethasone on fetal, neonatal and childhood outcomes: a systematic review. The J of Clin Endocr & Metab; 109(4):e1328-e1335.
  • Tata LJ, et al. 2008. Effects of maternal asthma, exacerbations and asthma medication use on congenital malformations in offspring: a UK population-based study. Thorax 63(11):981-987.
  • Van Zutphen AR, et al, National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2015. Maternal asthma medication use during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 103(11):951-961.
  • Viktil KK, et al. 2012. Outcomes after anti-rheumatic drug use before and during pregnancy: a cohort study among 150,000 pregnant women and expectant fathers. Scand J Rheumatol 41(3):196-2012.
  • Xu L, et al. 2009. The influence of immunosuppressants on the fertility of males who undergo renal transplantation and on the immune function of their offspring. Transpl Immunol; 22(1-2):28-31.

Hepatitis A

Selected References:

  • American Veterinary Medical Association. 2020. Salmonella: Amphibians and Reptiles FAQ. Available at: https://www.avma.org/salmonella-amphibians-and-reptiles-faq. Accessed 10 Dec 2024.
  • UCenter for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Salmonella. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/index.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2024.
  • Chen TL, et al. 2005. First Report of Salmonella enterica Serotype Panama Meningitis Associated with Consumption of Contaminated Breast Milk by a Neonate. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43(10), 5400–5402.
  • Delcourt C, et al 2019. Salmonella enteritidisduring pregnancy, a rare cause of septic abortion: case report and review of the literature. J. Obstet. Gynec., 39(4), 554–555.
  • EFSA BIOHAZ Panel, Koutsoumanis K, et al. 2019. Salmonella control in poultry flocks and its public health impact. EFSA J. 17(2): e05596.
  • Ficara M, et al. 2019. Unusual meningitis caused by non-typhoid Salmonella in an Italian infant: a case report. Acta Biomed. 90(2):333-338.
  • gov, 2019. Bacterias and Viruses. Available at: https://www.foodsafety.gov/food-poisoning/bacteria-and-viruses#salmonella. Accessed 10 Dec 2024.
  • Harb A, et al. 2017. Prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella diarrhoeal infection among children in Thi-Qar Governorate, Iraq. Epidemiol Infect. 145(16): 3486–3496. Johnson LR, et al. 2011. Salmonella infections associated with international travel: a Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet) study. Foodborne Path. Dis. 8(9), 1031–1037.
  • Karabay, M., Sehmusoglu, Z., Terzi, H.A., et al. 2021. Neonatal Sepsis due to Salmonella enteritidis from Colonized Breast Milk; A Case Report and Literature Review of Breast Milk-induced Neonatal Sepsis. Flora, 26(2), 323-327.
  • March of Dimes. 2016. Food Poisoning During Pregnancy https://www.marchofdimes.org/complications/food-poisoning-during-pregnancy.aspx
  • Mollo, B., et al. 2019. Intrauterine infection caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella: a literature review. L-Fetal Neonatal Med 1–5.
  • Perry ID, et. al. 2019. Analysis of the capacity of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium to infect the human Placenta. Placenta, 83, 43–52.
  • S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. Bacterial Meningitis. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/about/bacterial-meningitis.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2024.
  • S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Salmonella. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/index.html. Accessed 10 Dec 2024
  • Singhal V, et al. 2012. Neonatal Salmonella typhi meningitis: a rare entity. JCDR, 6(8), 1433–1434.
  • Smith J. 1999. Foodborne Infection during Pregnancy. J Food Prot. 62(7): 818–829
  • Tam C, et al. 2010. Food-borne illnesses during pregnancy: Prevention and treatment. Can Fam Physician. 56(4): 341-343.
  • Williamson CS. 2006. Nutrition in Pregnancy. Nutrition Bulletin.31(1):28-59

Hepatitis A

Selected References:

  • DeSisto CL, et al. 2021. Risk of stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization – United States, March 2020 – September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70:1640–1645.
  • Kasehagen L, et al. 2021. COVID-19 – associated deaths after SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy – Mississippi, March 1, 2020 – October 6, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70:1646–1648.
  • Merck & Co., Inc. 2021. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee Meeting Briefing Document. Molnupiravir. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/154421/download
  • Regan AK, et al. 2022. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy and associated perinatal health outcomes: a national US cohort study. J Infect Dis 225(5):759-767.
  • S. Food & Drug Administration, Antimicrobial Drugs Advisory Committee. November 30, 2021. Molnupiravir. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/154472/download
  • U.S. Food & Drug Administration. 2021 (Revised October 2023). Fact Sheet for Healthcare Providers: Emergency Use Authorization for Molnupiravir. Available at https://www.fda.gov/media/155054/download

Hepatitis A

Selected References:

  • Aleem M, et al. 2005. Hyperprolactinemia affects spermiogenesis in adult male rats. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 28(1):39-48.
  • Auerbach JG, et al. 1992. Maternal psychotropic medication and neonatal behavior. Neurotoxicol Teratol 14(6):399-406.
  • Cleary MF. 1977. Fluphenazine decanoate during pregnancy. Am J Psychiat 134:815-816.
  • Donaldson GL, Bury RG. 1982. Multiple congenital abnormalities in a newborn boy associated with maternal use of fluphenazine enanthate and other drugs during pregnancy. Acta Paediatr Scand 71:335-338.
  • Einarson A, Boskovic R. 2009. Use and safety of antipsychotic drugs during pregnancy. J Psychiatr Pract 15(3):183-192.
  • 2011. Drug Safety Communication: Antipsychotic drug labels updated on use during pregnancy and risk of abnormal muscle movements and withdrawal symptoms in newborns (issued 2/2011). https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm243903.htm
  • 2018. Retrieved from https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2
  • Gill-Sharma MK, et al. 2003. Antifertility effects of fluphenazine in adult male rats. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 26(4):316-326.
  • Gomez EA. 1981. Hypersexuality in men receiving fluphenazine decanoate (letter). Am J Psychiatry 138:1263.
  • Holt RI, Peveler RC. 2011. Antipsychotics and hyperprolactinaemia: mechanisms, consequences and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 74(2):141-147.
  • King JT, et al. 1963.Perinatal findings in women treated during pregnancy with oral fluphenazine. J New Drugs ;3:21-5
  • Kopf GS, Vacquier VD. 2011. Characterization of a calmodulin-stimulated adenylate cyclase from abalone spermatozoa. J Biol Chem 259:7590-7596.
  • Maguire GA. 2002. Prolactin elevation with antipsychotic medications: mechanisms of action and clinical consequences. J Clin Psychiatry 63(suppl 4):56-62.
  • Martinez JE, Wertelecki W. 1999. Schizophrenia and fluphenazine teratogenicity. Teratology 59:398.
  • Merlob P, et al. 1994. Is fluphenazine a teratogen? Am J Med Genet 52:231-232.
  • Mogwitz S, et al. 2018. Update on the Pharmacological Treatment of Tics with Dopamine-Modulating Agents. ACS Chem Neurosci 9(4):651-672.
  • Nath SP, et al. 1996. Severe rhinorrhea and respiratory distress in a neonate exposed to fluphenazine hydrochloride prenatally. Ann Pharmacotherapy 30:35-37.
  • Rumeau-Rouquette C, et al. 1977. Possible teratogenic effect of phenothiazines in human beings. Teratology15:57-64.
  • Serres C, Kahn ML. 1984. Motility induction in hamster spermatozoa from caput epididymis: effect of forward motility protein (FMP) and calmodulin inhibitor. Reprod Nutr Dev 24:81-94.
  • Siragusa S, et al. 2022. Fluphenazine. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing;. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459194/.
Hepatitis A
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