Selected References:

• ACAM2000® Product Insert. Revised 08/2024. Available at URL: https://www.fda.gov/media/75792/download.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Contraindications to vaccination: nonemergency use of smallpox vaccine. Available at URL: https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/vaccination-contraindications1.html.
• Meaney-Delman, DM, et al. 2022. A primer on monkeypox virus for obstetrician–gynecologists, Obstetrics & Gynecology. Published online July 11, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000004909.
• Ryan MD, et al. 2003. Women with smallpox vaccine exposure during pregnancy reported to the national smallpox vaccine in pregnancy registry — United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52(17):386-388.

Selected References:

• Repatha® Prescribing Information. Available online at https://www.pi.amgen.com/-/media/Project/Amgen/Repository/pi-amgen-com/Repatha/repatha_pi_hcp_english.pdf accessed on October 17, 2024.

Selected References:

• Bayliss H, et al. 2002. Anti-hypertensive drugs in pregnancy and fetal growth: evidence for “pharmacological programming” in the first trimester? Hypertens Pregnancy; 21:161-74.
• Bratton S, et al. 2024. Does atenolol use during pregnancy cause small for gestational age neonates? A meta-analysis. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 52(8), 858-862.
• Caton AR, et al. 2009. Antihypertensive medication use during pregnancy and the risk of cardiovascular malformations. Hypertension; 54(1):63-70.
• Easterling TR, et al. 1999. Prevention of preeclampsia: a randomized trial of atenolol in hyperdynamic patients before onset of hypertension. Obstet Gynecol; 93(5 Pt 1):725-733.
• Eyal S, et al. 2010. Atenolol pharmacokinetics and excretion in breast milk during the first 6 to 8 months postpartum. J Clin Pharmacol; 50:1301-9.
• Fogari R, et al. 1998. Sexual function in hypertensive males treated with lisinopril or atenolol: a cross-over study. American journal of hypertension. 11(10): 1244-47.
• Fogari R, et al. 2002. Effect of antihypertensive treatment with valsartan or atenolol on sexual activity and plasma testosterone in hypertensive men. Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 58: 177–80.
• Guo D, et al. 2017. Hypertension and male fertility. The world journal of men’s health; 35.2: 59-64.
• Kirch W & Görg KG. 1982. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atenolol–a Circ J. 80(10): 2221-6.
• Lip GY, et al. 1997. Effect of atenolol on birth weight. Am J Cardiol; 79: 1436-8.
• Lwin EMP, et al. 2018. Estimation of atenolol transfer into milk and infant exposure during its use in lactating women. J Hum Lact; 34(3):592-599.
• Lydakis C, et al. 1999. Atenolol and fetal growth in pregnancies complicated by hypertension. Am J Hypertens; 12:541-7.
• Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 2022, Atenolol (Oral Route), Mayo 1: 1-10
• Montan S, et al. 1987. Fetal and uteroplacental haemodynamics during short term atenolol treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 94:312-317.
• Orbach H, et al. 2013. Hypertension and antihypertensive drugs in pregnancy and perinatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 208(4): 301.e1-301.e6.
• Räsänen J, Jouppila P. 1995. Uterine and fetal hemodynamics and fetal cardiac function after atenolol and pindolol infusion. A randomized study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 62:195-201.
• Reynolds B, et al. 1984. First year of life after the use of atenolol in pregnancy associated with hypertension. Arch Dis Child; 59(11):1061-1063.
• Rubin PC, et al. 1983. Placebo-controlled trial of atenolol in treatment of pregnancy-associated hypertension. Lancet; 1:431-4.
• Rubin PC, et al. 1984. Obstetric aspects of the use in pregnancy-associated hypertension of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 150:389-92.
• Schimmel M, et al. 1989. Toxic effect of atenolol consumed during breast feeding. J Pediatrics; 114:476-8.
• Tabacova S, et al. 2003. Atenolol developmental toxicity: animal-to-human comparisons. Birth Defects Res; 67:181-92.
• Tanaka K, 2016. Beta-blockers and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women with cardiovascular
• Thorley KJ, McAnish J. 1983. Levels of the beta-blockers atenolol and propranolol in the breast milk of women treated for hypertension in pregnancy. Biopharm Drug Dispos; 4:229-301.
• White WB, et al. 1984. Atenolol in human plasma and breast milk. Obstet Gynecol; 63 (S1):42-44. European journal of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 7 (2), 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03188723.

Selected References:

• Ahmed E, Abdel-Emam R. 2019. The potential impact of 1st and 2nd generation antihistamines on male fertility. Comp Clin Pathol, 28, 1465–1470.
• Einarson A, et al. 1997. Prospective controlled study of hydroxyzine and cetirizine in pregnancy. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 78, 183-186.
• Etwel F, et al. 2014. The fetal safety of cetirizine: an observational cohort study and meta-analysis. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 34(5):392-9.
• Gilbert C, et al. 2005. Fetal safety of drugs used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Drug Safety, 28(8), 707-719.
• Andersson N, et al. 2020. Association Between Fexofenadine Use During Pregnancy and Fetal Outcomes. JAMA Pediatr. 174(8):e201316.
• Gilboa S, et al. & The National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2009. Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 85, 137-150.
• Golembesky A, et al. 2018. Safety of cetirizine in pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology,22,1-6.
• Hayashi T, et al. 2006. Asthenospermia in hay fever patients improved by stopping treatment with histamine H1 receptor antagonists. International Journal of Urology.13(7):1028-30.
• Powell R, et al. 2007. BSACI guidelines for the management of chronic urticaria and angio-oedema. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 37, 631-650.
• So M, et al. 2010. Safety of antihistamines during pregnancy and lactation. Canadian Family Physician, 56, 427-429.
• Nordeng, H, et al. 2024. Transfer of cetirizine/levocetirizine into human breast milk and estimation of drug exposure to infants through breastfeeding: A human lactation study from the ConcePTION project. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 134(1), 153–164.
• Weber-Schoendorfer C & Schaefer C. 2008. The safety of cetirizine during pregnancy: A prospective observational cohort study. Reproductive Toxicology, 26(1), 19-23.
• Wegler, C, et al. 2022. Simple and rapid quantification of cetirizine, venlafaxine, and O-desmethylvenlafaxine in human breast milk, and metformin in human milk and plasma with UHPLC-MS/MS. Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences, 1205, 123340.
• Wilkerson, H, et al. 2021. Maternal Transfer of Cetirizine Into Human Milk. Journal of human lactation: official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 37(1)135–138.
• Wilton L, et al. 1998. The outcomes of pregnancy in women exposed to newly marketed drugs in general practice in England. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 105, 882-889.
• Wolfgang P, et al. 2004. Pregnancy outcome after exposure to cetirizine/levocetirizine in the first trimester–a prospective controlled study. Reproductive Toxicology 19(2):258.
• Zyrtec Product Labeling. 09/05/2024. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=b165db38-b302-4220-8627-77cb07bb078c.

Selected References:  

• Alhussien A, et al. 2018. Safety of intranasal corticosteroid sprays during pregnancy: and updated Review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 275(2):325-333.
• Bakhireva LN, et al. 2005. Asthma medication use in pregnancy and fetal growth. Allergy Clin Immunol 116(3):503-509. 
• Bay Bjørn AM, et al. 2014. Use of corticosteroids in early pregnancy is not associated with risk of oral clefts and other congenital malformations in offspring. Am J Ther; 21(2):73-80. 
• Bay Bjørn AM, et al. 2015. Use of Inhaled and Oral Corticosteroids in Pregnancy and the Risk of Malformations or Miscarriage. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 116: 308-314. 
• Bérard A, et al. 2016. Intranasal triamcinolone use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 136(1):97-104. 
• Blais L, et al. 2007. Use of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations among women with asthma. Thorax 62:320-328. 
• Blais L, et al. 2009. High doses of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital malformations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 124(6):1229-1234. 
• Charlton RA, et al. 2015. Safety of fluticasone propionate prescribed for asthma during pregnancy: A UK population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 3(5):772-9.e3. 
• Cossette B, et al. 2013. Impact of maternal use of asthma-controller therapy on perinatal outcomes. Thorax 68(8):724-30. 
• Ellsworth A. 1994. Pharmacotherapy of asthma while breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 10:39-41. 
• Fält A, et al. 2007. Exposure of infants to budesonide through breast milk of asthmatic mothers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120(4):798-802.  
• Gade EJ, et al. 2022. Challenges in the successful management of asthma during conception, pregnancy and delivery. Breathe 18:220013. 
• Greenberger PA, Patterson R. 1983. Beclomethasone dipropionate for severe asthma during pregnancy. Ann Internal Med 98:478-480. 
• Källén B, et al. 1999. Congenital malformations after the use of inhaled budesonide in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 93(3):392-395.  
• Lee, S, et al. 2024. Impact of Asthma Medications During Pregnancy on Asthma Exacerbation, Maternal, and Neonatal Outcomes. The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice, 12(6), 1549–1557.e3.  
• Lim AS, et al. 2011. Management of asthma in pregnant women by general practitioners: A cross sectional survey BMC Family Practice 12:121  
• Namazy J, et al. 2004. Use of inhaled steroids by pregnant asthmatic women does not reduce intrauterine growth. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113(3):427-432.  
• Norjavaara E and Gerhardsson de Verdier MG. 2003. Normal pregnancy outcomes in a population-based study including 2968 pregnant women exposed to budesonide. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(4):736-742.  
• Rocklin RE. 2011. Asthma, asthma medications and their effects on maternal/fetal outcomes during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 32 (2011) 189–197  
• Schatz M, et al. 2004. The relationship of asthma medication use to perinatal outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 113(6):1040-1045. 
• Steinberg JA. 2015. Perception versus reality: the saga of inhaled asthma controller medication and fetal risk. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135(1):131-2.
• Wei, J, et al. 2023. The risk of congenital heart defects associated with corticosteroids use during the first trimester of pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 79(1), 1–11.