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• Ajayi AF et al. 2020. The physiology of male reproduction: Impact of drugs and their abuse on male fertility. Andrologia, 52(9): e13672.
• Brecht ML, Herbeck DM. 2014. Pregnancy and fetal loss reported by methamphetamine-using women. Subst Abuse; 8:25-33.
• Chang L, et al. 2004. Smaller subcortical volumes and cognitive deficits in children with prenatal methamphetamine exposure. Psych Res:Neuroimaging 132:95-106.
• Chomchai C, et al. 2016. Transfer of methamphetamine (MA) into breast milk and urine of postpartum women who smoked MA tablets during pregnancy: Implications for initiation of breastfeeding. J Hum Lact; 32:333-9.
• Chu EK, et al. 2020. Behavior Problems During Early Childhood in Children With Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure. Pediatrics.146(6):e20190270.
• Cohen JM, et al. 2017. Placental complications associated with psychostimulant use in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 130(6):1192-201.
• Courtney KE, Ray LA. 2014. Methamphetamine: an update on epidemiology, pharmacology, clinical phenomenology, and treatment literature. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1;143:11-21.
• Derauf C, et al. 2012. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and inhibitory control among young school-age children. J Pediatr; 161(3):452-9.
• Dinger J, et al. 2017. Methamphetamine consumption during pregnancy – effects on child health. Pharmacopsychiatry; 50(3):107-113.
• Dyk Jv, et al. 2014. Maternal methamphetamine use in pregnancy and long-term neurodevelopmental and behavioral deficits in children. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol; 21(2):e185-96.
• Eriksson M, et al. 1981. Amphetamine addiction and pregnancy II. Pregnancy, delivery and the neonatal period. Socio-medical aspects. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 60:253-259, 1981.
• Garey JD, et al. 2020 Teratogen update: Amphetamines. Birth Defects Res.112(15):1171-1182. doi: 10.1002/bdr2.1774. Epub 2020 Aug 4. PMID: 32755038.
• Golub M, et al. 2005. NTP CERHR Expert Panel Report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of amphetamine and methamphetamine. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 74(6):471-584.
• Good MM, et al. 2010. Methamphetamine use during pregnancy: maternal and neonatal implications. Obstet Gynecol; 116(2 Pt 1):330-4.
• Gorman MC, et al. 2014. Outcomes in pregnancies complicated by methamphetamine use. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 211(4):429.e1-7.
• Harst L, et al. 2021. Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure: Effects on Child Development–A Systematic Review. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 7;118(18):313-319
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: John Wright-PSG, pp 346-347, 439.
• LaGasse LL, et al. 2011. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neonatal neurobehavioral outcome in the USA and New Zealand. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 33(1):166-75.
• LaGasse LL, et al. 2012. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and childhood behavior at 3 and 5 years of age. Pediatrics; 129(4):681-688.
• Little BB, et al. 1988. Methamphetamine abuse during pregnancy: outcome and fetal effects. Obstet Gynecol; 72:541-4.
• Kalaitzopoulos DR, et al. 2018. Effect of methamphetamine hydrochloride on pregnancy outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Addict Med;. 12(3):220-226.
• Kittirattanapaiboon P, et al. 2017. Methamphetamine use and dependence in vulnerable female populations. Curr Opin Psychiatry; 30(4):247-252.
• Kwiatkowski MA, et al. 2018. Cognitive outcomes in prenatal methamphetamine exposed children aged six to seven years. Compr Psychiatry; 80:24-33.
• Newport DJ, et al. 2016. Prenatal psychostimulant and antidepressant exposure and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry; 77(11):1538-45.
• Nguyen D, et al. 2010. Intrauterine growth of infants exposed to prenatal methamphetamine: results from the infant development, environment, and lifestyle study. J Pediatr; 157(2):337-9.
• Ornoy A. 2018. Pharmacological treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Pharm Res; 35:46.
• Pentecost R, et al. 2021. Scoping Review of the Associations Between Perinatal Substance Use and Perinatal Depression and Anxiety. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 50(4):382-391
• Pflügner A, et al. 2018. [Methamphetamine consumption during pregnancy and its effects on neonates]. Klin Padiatr; 230(1):31-38.
• Pierce SL, et al. 2019. Methamphetamine-associated cardiomyopathy in pregnancy. Mayo Clinic Proc 94(3):551-554.
• Roussotte FF, et al. 2012. Frontostriatal connectivity in children during working memory and the effects of prenatal methamphetamine, alcohol, and polydrug exposure. Dev Neurosci; 34(1):43-57.
• Sanjari Moghaddam H, et al. 2021. Effects of Prenatal Methamphetamine Exposure on the Developing Human Brain: A Systematic Review of Neuroimaging Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci. 4;12(15):2729-2748.
• Sankaran, D, et al. 2021. Methamphetamine: burden, mechanism and impact on pregnancy, the fetus, and newborn. J Perinatol.
• Shah R, et al. 2012. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and short-term maternal and infant medical outcomes. Am J Perinatol; 29(5):391-400.
• Smid MC, et al. 2019. Stimulant use in pregnancy: An under-recognized epidemic among pregnant women. Clin Obstet Gynecol; 62(1):168-184.
• Smith LM, et al. 2003. Effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure on fetal growth and drug withdrawal symptoms in infants born at term. J Dev Behav Pediatr 24(1):17-23.
• Smith LM, et al. 2006. The infant development, environment, and lifestyle study: effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure, polydrug exposure, and poverty on intrauterine growth. Pediatrics; 118(3):1149-56.
• Smith LM, et al. 2008. Prenatal methamphetamine use and neonatal neurobehavioral outcome. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 30(1):20-28.
• Smith LM, et al. 2011. Motor and cognitive outcomes through three years of age in children exposed to prenatal methamphetamine. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 33(1):176-84.
• Stewart JL, Meeker JE. 1997. Fetal and infant deaths associated with maternal methamphetamine abuse. J Anal Toxicol; 21(6):515-7.
• Twomey J, et al. 2013. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure, home environment, and primary caregiver risk factors predict child behavioral problems at 5 years. The American journal of orthopsychiatry; 83(1):64-72.
• Wouldes TA, et al. 2014. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children from 1 to 3 years. Neurotoxicol Teratol; 42:77-84.
• Wouldes TA, Lester BM. 2023. Opioid, methamphetamine, and polysubstance use: perinatal outcomes for the mother and infant. Front Pediatr. 1:1305508. doi: 10.3389/fped.2023.1305508. PMID: 38250592; PMCID: PMC10798256.
• Wright TE, et al. 2015. Methamphetamines and pregnancy outcomes. J Addict Med; 9(2):111-7.

Selected References:

• Abolhassani N. 2023. Major malformations risk following early pregnancy exposure to metformin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Diab Res Care: 11(1).
• Brand KM. 2022. Metformin in pregnancy and risk of adverse long-term outcomes: a register-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diab Res Care 10(1): e002363.
• Brand KM. 2022. Metformin in pregnancy and risk of abnormal growth outcomes at birth: a register-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diab Res Care: 10(6), e003056.
• Briggs GG, et al. 2005. Excretion of metformin into breast milk and the effect on nursing infants. Obstet Gynecol 105(6):1437-41.
• Cassina M, et al. 2014. First-trimester exposure to metformin and risk of birth defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update. 20(5):656-69.
• Coetzee EJ, et al. 1980. Pregnancy in established non- insulin-dependent diabetics: A five-and-a-half year study at Groote Schuur Hospital. S Afr Med J 58:795-802.
• Coetzee EJ, et al. 1984. Oral hypoglycaemics in the first trimester and fetal outcome. S Afr Med J. 65:635-7.
• Dhulkotia JS, et al. 2010. Oral hypoglycemic agents vs insulin in management of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 203(5):457.e1-9.
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2018. In-utero exposure to metformin for type 2 diabetes or polycystic ovary syndrome: A prospective comparative observational study. Reprod Toxicol. 80:85-91.
• Feig DS, et al. 2007. Oral antidabetic agents in pregnancy & lactation: a paradigm shift? Ann Pharmacother 41:1174-80.
• Feig DS et al. 2023. Outcomes in children of women with type 2 diabetes exposed to metformin versus placebo during pregnancy (MiTy Kids): a 24-month follow-up of the MiTy randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 11(3):191–202.
• Fornes R, et al. 2022. Pregnancy, perinatal and childhood outcomes in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome and metformin during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based study. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 20(1): 1-12.
• Gardiner SJ, et al. 2003. Transfer of metformin into human milk. Clin Pharmacol Ther 73:71-7.
• Ghazeeri G, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcomes and effect of metformin treatment in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an overview. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 91:658–678.
• Gilbert C, et al. 2006. Pregnancy outcome after first-trimester exposure of metformin: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 86:658-63.
• Glueck CJ, et al. 2001. Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 75:46-52.
• Glueck CJ, et al. 2002. Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Hum Reprod 17:2858-64.
• Glueck CJ et al. 2004. Height, weight, and motor-social development during the first 18 months of life in 126 infants born to 109 mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome who conceived on and continued metformin through pregnancy. Hum Reprod 19:1323-30.
• Glueck CJ et al. 2006. Growth, motor, and social development in breast- and formula-fed infants of metformin-treated women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr 148:628-32.
• Glueck CJ et al. 2008. Prevention of gestational diabetes by metformin plus diet in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 89:625-634.
• Glueck CJ et al. 2013. Effects of metformin-diet intervention before and throughout pregnancy on obstetric and neonatal outcomes in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Current Med Res and Op. 29(1): 55-62.
• Greger HK et al. 2020. Cognitive function in metformin exposed children, born to mothers with PCOS-follow-up of an RCT. BMC Pediatrics 20:60.
• Ismail B, et al. 2019. Assessment of the fetal myocardial performance index in well‐controlled gestational diabetics & to determine whether it is predictive of adverse perinatal outcome. Pediatric Cardiology. 40:1460–1467.
• Jakubowicz D. 2002. Effects of Metformin on Early Pregnancy Loss in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, J of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 87(2): 524-529.
• Meek CL. 2023. An unwelcome inheritance: childhood obesity after diabetes in pregnancy. Diabetologia, 66(11), 1961-1970.
• Newman C. 2022. Metformin for pregnancy and beyond: the pros and cons. Diabetic Medicine 39(3): e14700.
• Panchaud A, et al. 2018. Pregnancy outcomes in women on metformin for diabetes or other indications among those seeking teratology information services. Br J Clin Pharmacol 84(3): 568-578.
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• Rotem RS, et al. 2024. Paternal Use of Metformin During the Sperm Development Period Preceding Conception and Risk for Major Congenital Malformations in Newborns. Ann Intern Med. doi: 10.7326/M23-1405.
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• Wouldes TA, et al. 2016 Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years in offspring of women randomised to metformin or insulin treatment for gestational diabetes. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 101(6):F488-F493.

Selected References:

• ACOG Committee Opinion No. 718: Update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. 2017. Obstet Gynecol, 130(3):668-669.
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Infectious Diseases. “Red Book”: Report on the Committee on Infectious Diseases.” Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics 2021.
• Arora M, el al. 2021. Vaccines – safety in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 76:23-40.
• Baxter R, et al. 2017. Effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy to prevent infant pertussis. Pediatrics, 139(5):e2016409.1.
• Bernstein HH, et al. 2022. Factors Influencing Maternal Antepartum Tdap Vaccination. Matern Child Health J. 2022; 26(12): 2385–2395.
• 2013. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women – Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR, 62(07):131-5.
• Campbell H, et al. 2018. Review of vaccination in pregnancy to prevent pertussis in early infancy. J Med Microbiol, 67(10):1426-1456.
• DeSilva M, et al. 2016. Tdap vaccination during pregnancy and microcephaly and other structural birth defects in offspring. JAMA, 316(17):1823-1825.
• DiTosto JD, et al. 2021. Association of Tdap vaccine guidelines with vaccine uptake during pregnancy. 16(7):e0254863.
• Ezeanolue E, et al. 2020. Best practices guidance of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/index.html. Accessed December 15, 2021.
• Greenberg V. et al. 2023. Tdap vaccination during pregnancy and risk of chorioamnionitis and related infant outcomes. Vaccine. 41(22):3429-3435.
• Hassen M, et al. Safety of maternal pertussis vaccination on pregnancy and birth outcomes:  A prospective cohort study. Vaccine, 39(2):324-331.
• Havers FP, et al. 2020. Use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccines: Updated recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69(3):77-83.
• Kerr SM, et al. 2020. Tetanus, diptheria, and pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnancy and risk of major birth defects in the offspring. Birth Defects Res, 112(5):393-403.
• Kharbanda EO, et al. 2014. Evaluation of the association of maternal pertussis vaccination with obstetric events and birth outcomes. JAMA, 312(18):1897-1904.
• Khromava A, et al. 2008. Immunization of pregnant women with tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine: 29 months of data from the ADACEL vaccine pregnancy registry. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 17(1): S194-S195.
• Layton JB, et al. 2017. Prenatal Tdap immunization and risk of maternal and newborn adverse events. Vaccine, pii: S0264-410X(17)30868-X.
• McMillan M, et al. 2017. Safety of tetanus diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol, 129(3):560-573.
• Mooi FR and de Greeff SC. 2007. The case for maternal vaccination against pertussis. Lancet Infect Dis, 7(9):614-624.
• Morgan JL, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes after antepartum tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccination. Obstet Gynecol, 125: 1433-1438.
• Munoz FM, et al. 2014. Safety and immunogenicity of tetanus diphtheria and acellular pertussis (Tdap) immunization during pregnancy in mothers and infants: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 311(17):1760-1769.
• Nascimento RMD, et al. 2021. Protective effect of exclusive breastfeeding and effectiveiness of maternal vaccination in reducing pertussis-like illness. J Pediatr, (Rio J)97:500-507.
• Nasser R, et al. 2019. Are all vaccines safe for the pregnant traveler? A systematic review and meta- analysis. J Travel Med, doi:10.1093/jtm/taz074.
• National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases. 2011. General recommendations on immunization — recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep, 60 (RR02):1-60.
• Orije MRP, et al. Breast milk antibody levels in Tdap vaccinated women after preterm delivery. Clin Infect Dis, 73:e1305-e1313.
• Panagiotakopoulos L, et al. 2020. Evaluating the association of stillbirths after maternal vaccination in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Obstet Gynecol, 136(6):1086-1094.
• Shakib JH, et al. 2013. Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis Vaccine during Pregnancy: Pregnancy and Infant Health Outcomes. J Pediatr. 163(5):1422-6.e1-4.
• Sukumaran L, et al. 2015. Association of Tdap vaccination with acute events and adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women with prior tetanus-containing immunizations. JAMA, 314(15):1581-1587.
• Sukumaran L, et al. 2015. Safety of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis and influenza vaccinations in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 126(5):1069-1074.
• Walls T, et al. 2016. Infant outcomes after exposure to Tdap vaccine in pregnancy: an observational study. BMJ Open, (1):e009536.
• Winter K, et al. 2012. California pertussis epidemic, 2010. The Journal of Pediatrics, 161(6):1091-1096.
• Zheteyeva YA, et al. 2012. Adverse event reports after tetanus toxoid reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccines in pregnant women. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 207(1):59.e1-59.e7.
• Zimmermann P, et al. 2019. The effect of maternal immunization during pregnancy on infant vaccine responses. EClinicalMedicine, 13:21-30.

Selected References:

• Brent B, Wisner K. 1998. Fluoxetine and carbamazepine concentrations in a nursing mother/infant pair. Clin Pediatr; 37:41-4.
• Burdine J, Luedtke S. 2021. Serotonin Toxicity Versus Withdrawal: Clonidine One Size Fits All? The journal of pediatric pharmacology and therapeutics: JPPT: the official journal of PPAG ;26(5):502-17.
• Freeman MP, et al. 2022. Pregnancy outcomes after first-trimester exposure to buspirone: prospective longitudinal outcomes from the MGH National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. Arch Women’s Mental Health ;25(5):923-928.
• Meltzer HY et al. 1983. The effect of buspirone on prolactin and growth hormone secretion in man. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:1099-102.
• Newport D, Ritchie J, Knight B, et al. 2009. Venlafaxine in human breast milk and nursing infant plasma: Determination of exposure. J Clin Psychiatry ;70:1304-10.

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