Selected References: 

• Bloor M, et al. 2012. Tramadol in pregnancy and lactation. Int J Obstet Anesth 21:163-7. 
• Bowie AC, et al. 2022. Prescribed opioid analgesics in early pregnancy and the risk of congenital anomalies: a population-based cohort study. CMAJ. 194(5):E152-E162. 
• Ferrer E, et al. 2025. Tramadol during pregnancy: risk of adverse pregnancy outcome and major congenital anomalies. A comparative study in the EFEMERIS database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 34(4):e70143. 
• Hartenstein S, et al. 2010. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) after intrauterine exposure to tramadol. J Perinat Med 38: 695–6. 
• Ilett KF, et al. 2008. Use of a sparse sampling study design to assess transfer of tramadol and its o-desmethyl metabolite into transitional breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 65:661-6. 
• Kallen B & Reis M. 2015. Use of tramadol in early pregnancy and congenital malformation risk. Reprod Toxicol. 23;58:246-251.  
• Kaur Makkar J, et al. 2015. Comparison of analgesic efficacy of paracetamol and tramadol for pain relief in active labor. Clin Anesth. 27(2):159-63.  
• Meyer FP, et al. 1997. Tramadol withdrawal in a neonate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 53: 159–60. 
• O’Mara K, et al. 2010. Treatment of neonatal withdrawal with clonidine after long-term, high-dose maternal use of tramadol. Ann Pharmacother 44: 1342–4. 
• Sawaddiruk P. 2011. Tramadol hydrochloride/acetaminophen combination for the relief of acute pain. Drugs Today (Barc). 47(10):763-772.  
• Schuckit MA. 2016. Treatment of opioid-use disorders.  N Engl J.Med. 375:357–68 
• Sørensen AMS, et al. 2022. Exposure to tramadol during early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion or major congenital malformations. Obstet Gynecol.139(4):545-553.  
• Subedi A. et al. 2013. Analgesic effects of intrathecal tramadol in patients undergoing caesarean section: a randomised, double-blind study. Int J Obstet Anesth. 22(4):316-21.  
• U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Updated 10/2023. FDA drug safety communication: FDA restricts use of prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against the use in breastfeeding women. Available from URL: https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm549679.htm  
• Willaschek C, et al. 2009. Tramadol withdrawal in a neonate after long-term analgesic treatment of the mother. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65: 429–30. 

Selected References:

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• Czeizel AE, et al. 2004. Population-based case-control teratologic study of topical miconazole. Congenit Anom, 44:41-45.
• Daniel S, et al. 2018. Vaginal antimycotics and the risk for spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 218(6):601.e1-601.e7.
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• Kazy Z, et al. 2005. The possible association between the combination of vaginal metronidazole and miconazole treatment and poly-syndactyly population-based case-control teratologic study. Reprod Toxicol, 20:89-94.
• Mendling W, Brasch J. 2012. Guidelines vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and German speaking Mycological Society. Mycoses, Jul (55) Suppl 3:1-13.
• Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part 1 Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol, 70(3):401.e1-14.
• Rotem R, et al. 2018. Risk of major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to vaginal azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG, 125(12):1550-1556.
• Soong D and Einarson A. 2009. Vaginal yeast infections during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician, 55(3):255-256.
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• Tiboni GM et al. 2008. Teratogenic effects in mouse fetuses subjected to the concurrent in utero exposure to miconazole and metronidazole. Reprod Toxicol, 26(3-4):254-61.

Selected References

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• Kauppila A, et al. 1983. Metoclopramide and breast feeding: transfer into milk and the newborn. Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 25:819-23.
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• Lewis PJ, et al. 1980. Controlled trial of metoclopramide in the initiation of breast feeding. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 9:217-9.
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• Nageotte MP, et al. 1996. Droperidol and diphenhydramine in the management of hyperemesis gravidarum. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 174:1801-1805.
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• Pasternak B, et al. 2013. Metoclopramide in pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations and fetal death. JAMA. 310(15):1601-11.
• Sakha R, Behbahan AG. 2008. Training for perfect breastfeeding or metoclopramide: which one can promote lactation in nursing mothers? Breastfeed Med; 3:120-3.
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• Shenhav S, et al. 1997. Acute intermittent porphyria precipitated by hyperemesis and metoclopramide treatment in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand;76:484-5.
• Suarez, E. A et al. 2021. Ondansetron use in early pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 30(2), 103–113.
• Sun, L, et al. 2021. Use of metoclopramide in the first trimester and risk of major congenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 16(9), e0257584.
• Tabrizi SO, et al. 2017. The effect of metoclopramide on prolactin levels in breastfeeding mothers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Pediatr (Mashhad). 5:5827–38.
• Winterfeld U, et al. 2012. Management of deficient lactation in Switzerland and Canada: A survey of midwives’ current practices. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7:317–8.

Selected References:

• American Academy of Dermatology. Indoor tanning. Available at https://www.aad.org/media/stats/prevention-and-care
• Bareford D, Cumberbatch M, Derrick Tovey L. 1984. Plasma discolouration due to sun-tanning aids. Vox Sanguinis, 46(3):180-182.
• Beaulieu RA, et al. 2013. Canthaxanthin retinopathy with visual loss: A case report and review. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med, Article ID 40901.
• European Commission. 2010. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety. Opinion on dihydroxyacetone. Available at https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/scientific_committees/consumer_safety/docs/sccs_o_048.pdf
• Lapunzina P. 1996. Ultraviolet light-related neural tube defects? Am J Med Genet, 67:106.
• Meadows M. 2003. Don’t be in the dark about tanning. FDA Consumer Magazine, 37:6.
• United States Food and Drug Administration. 2018. Sunless tanners and bronzers. Available at https://www.fda.gov/Cosmetics/ProductsIngredients/Products/ucm134064.htm
• United States Food and Drug Administration. 2005. Tanning Pills. Available at https://www.fda.gov/cosmetics/cosmetic-products/tanning-pills
• Yourick JJ, et al. 2004. Fate of chemicals in skin after dermal application: Does the in vitro skin reservoir affect the estimate of systemic absorption? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 195:309-320.

Selected References:

• Amer MR, et al. 2015. Safety of Popular Herbal Supplements in Lactating Women. J Hum Lact. 31(3):348-53.
• Ashar B H and Rowland-Seymour A. 2008, Advising Patients Who Use Dietary Supplements. Am J Med 121(2):91-7.
• Ciganda C and Laborde A. 2003, Herbal infusions used for induced abortion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 41(3):235-239.
• Dante G et al. 2013, Herb remedies during pregnancy: a systematic review of controlled clinical trials. J Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Med 26(3): 306-312.
• Dante G et al. 2014, Herbal therapies in pregnancy: what works? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 26:83-91.
• Frawley J et al. 2015, Women’s Use and Self-Prescription of Herbal Medicine during Pregnancy: An Examination of 1,835 Pregnant Women. Women’s Health Issues 25-4, 396-402.
• Lei HL, et al. 2015. Relationship between risk factors for infertility in women and lead, cadmium, and arsenic blood levels: a cross-sectional study from Taiwan. BMC Public Health. 15:1220.
• Smeriglio A, et al. 2014, Herbal Products in Pregnancy: Experimental Studies and Clinical Reports. Phytother Res 28: 1107-1116.
• Trabace L, et al. 2015. “Natural” relief of pregnancy-related symptoms and neonatal outcomes: above all do no harm. J Ethnopharmacol. 174:396-402.
• Wang CC, et al. 2013, Pregnancy Outcomes, Embryonic and Fetal Development in Maternal Exposure to Chinese Medicines. Birth Defects Res (Part C) 99:275-291.