Selected References:

• Abramowitz A, et al. 2017. Treatment options for hyperemesis gravidarum. Arch Womens Ment Health. 20(3): 363–372. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 189: Nausea and vomiting on pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 131(1):e15-e30.  
• Anderka M, et al. 2012. Medications used to treat nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 94(1):22-30.  
• Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO). 2015. Educational series on women’s health issues on nausea and vomiting of pregnancy.  
• Attard CL, et al. 2002. The burden of illness of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 186(5 Suppl):S220-S227. 
• Bruun MR, et al. 2021. Nausea During Pregnancy and Timing of Pubertal Development in Sons and Daughters: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Clin Epidemiol. 13:895-905. 
• Chortatos A, et al. 2015. Pregnancy complications and birth outcomes among women experiencing nausea only or nausea and vomiting during pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 15:138.   
• Clark SM, et al. 2014. The outpatient management and special considerations of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 38(8):496-502.  
• Clark SM, et al. 2024. Inpatient Management of Hyperemesis Gravidarum. Obstet Gynecol. 143(6):745-758.  
• Colodro-Conde L, et al. 2016. Nausea & Vomiting During Pregnancy is Highly Heritable. Behav Genet. 46(4):481-491.  
• Einarson A, et al. 2007. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Can Fam Physician. 53(12): 2109-2111. 
• Ebrahimi N, et al. 2010. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2: 241–248.  
• Fejzo M, et al. 2015. Neurodevelopmental delay in children exposed in utero to hyperemesis gravidarum. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 189:79–84. 
• Fiaschi L, et al. 2018. Adverse Maternal and Birth Outcomes in Women Admitted to Hospital for Hyperemesis Gravidarum: a Population-Based Cohort Study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 32(1):40-51.  
• Gill SK, et al. 2009. The effect of Acid-reducing pharmacotherapy on the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2009:585269.  
• Gu L, et al. 2021. Association of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy with infant growth in the first 24 months of life. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 304(2):429-438 
• Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Nausea in pregnancy: attitudes among pregnant women and general practitioners on treatment and pregnancy care. Scand J Prim Health Care. 34(1):13-20. 
• Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy -a cross-sectional study among 712 Norwegian women. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 72(5):593-604. 
• Koren G, et al. 2004. Pre-emptive therapy for severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 24(5):530–533.  
• Koren G, et al. 2014. The protective effects of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy against adverse fetal outcome – a systematic review. Reprod Toxicol. 47:77-80. 
• Madjunkova S, et al. 2013. The Leading Concerns of American Women with Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy Calling Motherisk NVP Helpline. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013:752980. doi: 10.1155/2013/752980. 
• Maltepe C, et al. 2013. The management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and hyperemesis gravidarum-a 2013 update. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 20(2):e184-92. 
• Maltepe C, et al. 2013. Preemptive treatment of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: results of a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol Int. 2013; 2013:809787.  
• McCormack D. 2010. Hypnosis for hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol. 30(7):647-653.  
• Muchanga SMJ, Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group, et al. 2020. Association between nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and postpartum depression: the Japan Environment and Children’s Study. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 4(1):2-10. 
• Nana M, et al. 2026. Hyperemesis gravidarum. Lancet. 407(10523):78-89. 
• Nulman I, et al. 2009. Long-term neurodevelopment of children exposed to maternal nausea and vomiting of pregnancy and Diclectin. J Pediatr.155(1):45–50.  Oudmana E, et al. 2019. Wernicke’s encephalopathy in hyperemesis gravidarum:
• A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 236:84–93. 
• Regodón Wallin A, et al. 2020. Nausea, vomiting and poor appetite during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes in rural Nepal: an observational cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 20(1):545. 
• Varela P, Deltsidou A. 2021. Hyperemesis gravidarum and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review of observational studies. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 60(3):422-432. 
• Veenendaal MV, et al. 2011. Consequences of hyperemesis gravidarum for offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 118(11):1302-1313. 
• Wang H, et al. 2020. Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: psychiatric and cognitive problems and brain structure in children. BMC Med. 18(1):228. 
• Weigel RM, Weigel MM. 1989. Nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. A meta-analytical review. Br J Obstet Gynaecol; 96(11):1312–1318. 
• Zhang Y, et al. 2018. Association between severe nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy and the risk of neural tube defects in Northern China. Birth Defects Res. 110(5):406-412. 

Selected References:

• Anderson PO, et al. 2007. Hydrocodone excretion into breast milk: the first two reported cases. Breastfeeding Medicine, 2(1):10-14. 
• Azuine RE, et al, 2019. Prenatal risk factors and perinatal and postnatal outcomes associated with maternal opioid exposure in an urban, low-income, multiethnic US population. JAMA Network Open, 2(6); e196405-196405.  
• Broussard CS, et al, 2011. Maternal treatment with opioid analgesics and risk for birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(4):314.e1-11.
• Desai RJ, et al, 2015. Exposure to prescription opioid analgesics in utero and risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome: population based cohort study. BMJ, 350:h2012. 
• Fishman B, et al. 2019.  Pregnancy outcome following opioid exposure: A cohort study. PloS One, 14(7):e0219061. 
• Flannagan KS, et al. 2020. Prescription opioid use among populations of reproductive age: effects on fertility, pregnancy loss, and pregnancy complications. Epidemiol Rev, 42(1):117-133.  
• Fronczak CM, et al. 2012. The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility. Journal of Andrology, 33(4): 515-528. 
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Sciences Group. 
• Hsieh A. 2018. Management strategies in opioid abuse and sexual dysfunction: a review of opioid-induced androgen deficiency. Sexual Medicine Reviews, 6(4):618-623. 
• Kellogg A, et al. 2011. Current trends in narcotic use in pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 204(3):259.e1-4. 
• Lind JN, et al. 2017.  Maternal use of opioids during pregnancy and congenital malformations: a systematic review. Pediatrics, 139(6):e20164131. 
• Madadi P, et al. 2012. Pharmacogenetics of opioids for the treatment of acute maternal pain during pregnancy and lactation. Curr Drug Metab, 13(6):721-727.  
• Patrick SW, et al. 2015. Prescription opioid epidemic and infant outcomes. Pediatrics, 135(5):842-850. 
• Reece-Stremtan S, et al. 2017. ABM Clinical Protocol #15: Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Breastfeeding Mother, Revised 2017. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12(9):500-506. 
• Rosa F, personal communication, FDA. 1993. Cited in: Briggs GG, et al. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation Online, Hudson, Ohio: Wolters Kluwer Clinical Drug Information, Inc. Nov 15, 2017. 
• Ryan KS, et al. 2023. Opioid use in pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 78(1):35-49.  
• Sauberan JB, et al. 2011. Breast milk hydrocodone and hydromorphone levels in mothers using hydrocodone for postpartum pain. Obst Gynecol, 117(3):611-617. 
• Schick B, et al. 1996. Preliminary analysis of first trimester exposure to oxycodone and hydrocodone. Reprod Toxicol, 10:162. 
• Semet M, et al. 2017. The impact of drugs on male fertility: a review. Andrology, 5(4):640-663. 
• Shirel T, et al. 2016. Maternal opioid dose is associated with neonatal abstinence syndrome in children born to women with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematology, 91(4):416-419. 
• Smith MV, et al. 2015. Clinical correlates of prescription opioid analgesic use in pregnancy. Matern Child Health J, 19(3):548-556. 
• Sujan AC, et al. 2019. Maternal prescribed opioid analgesic use during pregnancy and associations with adverse birth outcomes: a population-based study. PLoS Medicine, 16(12):e1002980. 

Selected References:

• Ahmadi A, et al. 2022. Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes infection in women with spontaneous abortion, normal delivery, fertile and infertile. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 22(1):974. 
• Ahmed S, et al. 2024. Listeriosis Infection in Pregnancy: A Case Series. Cureus; 16(11):e74135.  
• Awofiasayo A, et al. 2015. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis in England and Wales. Epidemiol Infect. 143(2):249-256. 
• Basri NI.2024.Listeriosis in pregnancy: a challenge in diagnosis. BMJ Case Rep; 17(4):e259938. 
• Bortolussi R, Mailman TL. Listeriosis. 2006. Remington JS, Klein JO, editors. Infectious diseases of the fetus and newborn infant. 6th ed. W.B. Saunders Company, p. 465-483.  
• Castaño Frías L,et al.2024. Case Series of Listeria monocytogenes in Pregnancy: Maternal-Foetal Complications and Clinical Management in Six Cases. Microorganisms; 12(11):2306.   
• Charlier C, et al. MONALISA study group. 2017. Clinical features and prognostic factors of listeriosis: the MONALISA national prospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 17(5):510-519. 
• Cito G, et al. 2005. Listeriosis in pregnancy: a case report. J Maternal Fetal Neonatal Med.18(6):367-368. 
• Craig, AM, et al. 2019. Listeriosis in pregnancy: a review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 74(6):362–368. 
• Craig A, et al. 2022. Maternal and obstetric outcomes of listeria pregnancy: insights from a national cohort. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 35(25):10010-10016. 
• Desai RW, et al. 2017. Pregnancy-related listeriosis. Birth Defects Res. 15;109(5):324-335.  
• Fotopoulou ET, et al. 2024. Listeria monocytogenes: the silent assassin. J Med Microbiol. 73(3):001800.  
• HasbúnJ,et al. 2013. Chorioamnionitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes: a case report of ultrasound features of fetal infection. Fetal Diagn Ther. 33(4):268–271.  
• LaTugaMS.2025. Invasive Neonatal Listeriosis. Neoreviews; 26(9):e615-e620.  
• Lorber B. Listeria monocytogenes. 2005. Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone;  p. 2478-2484.  
• Jackson KA, et al. 2010. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis. Epidemiol Infect.138(10):1503-1509. 
• Janakiraman V. 2008. Listeriosis in pregnancy: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. RevObstetGynecol. 1(4):179-185.  
• Johnson LJ, et al. 2021. Humanplacentaltrophoblasts infected by Listeria monocytogenes undergo a pro-inflammatory switch associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Front Immunol. 12:709466.  
• Koopmans MM,et al.2023. Human Listeriosis. Clin Microbiol Rev; 36(1):e0006019.  
• Kraus V Jr, et al. 2024. Listeria in Pregnancy-The Forgotten Culprit. Microorganisms; 12(10):2102.  
• Quinlivan JA, et al. 1988. Ultrasound features of congenital listeriosis- a case report. Prenat Diagn. 18(10):1075-1078.  
• Sappenfield E,et al. 2013. Pregnancy and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol.2013:752852.  
• Simon K, et al. 2018. Listeria,then andnow: a call to reevaluate patient teaching based on analysis of US federal databases, 1998-2016. J Midwifery Womens Health. 63(3):301-308. 
• Sarr M, et al. 2021. A Listeria monocytogenes clone in human breast milk associated with severe acute malnutrition in West Africa:amulticentric case-controlled study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 15(6):e0009555.  
• Silver, HM. 1998. Listeriosis during pregnancy. ObstetGynecolSurv. 53(12):737-740.  
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. 2014, reaffirmed 2019. Committee Opinion No. 614: Management of pregnant women with presumptive exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. Obstet Gynecol. 124(6):1241-1244. 
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2024. About Listeria infection. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html [Accessed 2/2026].  
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).2011 Outbreak of Listeria Infections Linked to Whole Cantaloupes:https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/cantaloupes-jensen-farms/index.html  
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.2024. Listeria,FoodSafety.Gov. available at: https://www.foodsafety.gov/food-poisoning/bacteria-and-viruses#listeria 
• Vázquez-Boland JA, et al. 2017. Listeriaplacentalinfection. Mbio. 8(3):e00949-17.  
• Vidal EN,et al. 2019.Listeriosis during pregnancy and in newborns: 18 Years of data from a large tertiary hospital in Singapore. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 9(4):498-501. 
• Wong JMH, et al. 2024. Listeriosis in pregnancy. CMAJ. 196(28):E978. 
• Zhan Y, et al. 2023. Perinatal infection with Listeria monocytogenes: a 10-year hospital-based study in western China. J Inflamm Res. 16:1243–1254. 

Selected References:

• Bender EA, et al. 2021. Treatment methods for vulvovaginal candidiasis in pregnancy. J Mycol Med. 31(3):101138.  
• Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):417 e1-10.  
• Carter TC, et al. 2008. Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 198:191-193.  
• Czeizel AE, et al. 2004. Population-based case-control teratologic study of topical miconazole. Congenit Anom. 44(1):41-45.  
• Daniel S, et al. 2018. Vaginal antimycotics and the risk for spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 218(6):601.e1-601.e7. 
• Giavini E, et al. 2010. Are azole fungicides a teratogenic risk for human conceptus? Toxicol Lett. 198(2):106-111.  
• Kazy Z, et al. 2005. The possible association between the combination of vaginal metronidazole and miconazole treatment and poly-syndactyly population-based case-control teratologic study. Reprod Toxicol. 20(1):89-94.  
• Maftei NM, et al. 2023. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnancy-Between Sensitivity and Resistance to Antimycotics. J Xenobiot. 13(3):312-322.  
• Mendling W, et al. 2012. Guidelines vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and German speaking Mycological Society. Mycoses. Jul:(55) Suppl 3:1-13. 
• Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part 1 Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):401.e1-14.  
• Patel VM, et al. 2017. Topical antiviral and antifungal medications in pregnancy: a review of safety profiles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(9):1440-1446. 
• Rotem R, et al. 2018. Risk of major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to vaginal azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG. 125(12):1550-1556.  
• Stevens RE, et al. 2002. Bioavailability study of a 1200 mg miconazole nitrate vaginal ovule in healthy female adults. J Clin Pharmacol. 42(1):52-60.  
• Tiboni GM, et al. 2008. Teratogenic effects in mouse fetuses subjected to the concurrent in utero exposure to miconazole and metronidazole. Reprod Toxicol. 26(3-4):254-261.  

Selected References:

• Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):417 e1-10.  
• Carter TC, et al. 2008. Antifungal drugs and the risk of selected birth defects. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 198:191-193.  
• Cervi VF, et al. 2022. A novel nanotechnological mucoadhesive and fast-dissolving film for vaginal delivery of clotrimazole: design, characterization, and in vitro antifungal action. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 12(12):2907-2919.  
• Daniel S, et al. 2018. Vaginal antimycotics and the risk for spontaneous abortions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 218(6):601.e1-601.e7.  
• FDA 2006. Clotrimazole Approval Package. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2004/076387_Clotrimazole%20LozengesTOC.cfm  
• Frerich W, et al. 1977. The frequency of Candida infections in pregnancy and their treatment with clotrimazole. Curr Med Res Opin. 4(9):640-4.  
• Giavini E, et al. 2010. Are azole fungicides a teratogenic risk for human conceptus? Toxicol Lett. 198(2):106-111.  
• Johnstone HA, et al. 1990. Candidiasis in the breastfeeding mother and infant. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 19(2):171-3.  
• Maftei NM, et al. 2023. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Pregnancy-Between Sensitivity and Resistance to Antimycotics. J Xenobiot. 13(3):312-322.  
• Mendling W, et al. 2012. Guidelines vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Working Group for Infections and Infectimmunology in Gynecology and Obstetrics, the German Society of Dermatology, the Board of German Dermatologists and the German Speaking Mycological Society. Mycoses. Jul:55 Suppl 3:1-13.  
• Müllegger RR, et al. 2016. Skin infections in pregnancy. Clin Dermatol. 34(3):368-77.  
• Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part 1 Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 70(3):401.e1-14.  
• Patel VM, et al. 2017. Topical antiviral and antifungal medications in pregnancy: a review of safety profiles. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(9):1440-1446. 
• Quindós G, et al. 2025. The future of non-invasive azole antifungal treatment options for the management of vulvovaginal candidiasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 23(8):571-584.  
• Rotem R, et al., 2018. Risk of major congenital malformations following first-trimester exposure to vaginal azoles used for treating vulvovaginal candidiasis: a population-based retrospective cohort study. BJOG. 125(12):1550-1556.  
• Wu J, et al. 2025. Effects of bacterial vaginosis treatment during pregnancy on maternal-fetal outcome: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 307:175-183.