Selected References:

• Bandoli G, et al. 2010 Potentially modifiable risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol; 163(2):334-339. 
• Ben-David G, et al. 2008. Pregnancy outcome in women with psoriasis. J Reprod Med; 53(3):183-187.  
• Berman M, et al. 2018. The effect of pregnancy on disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol; 45(12):1651-1655. 
• Bobotsis R, et al. 2016. Psoriasis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review of observational studies. Br J Dermatol; 175(3):464-472.  
• Bröms G, et al. 2018. Effect of maternal psoriasis on pregnancy and birth Outcomes: A population-based cohort study from Denmark and Sweden. Acta Derm Venereol; 98(8):728-734. 
• Butler DC, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part II. Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol; 70(3):417.e1-10; quiz 427.  
• Caldarola G, et al. 2017. Untreated psoriasis impairs male fertility: A case-control study. Dermatology; 233(2-3):170-174. 
• Carman WJ, et al. 2017. Pregnancy and infant outcomes including major congenital malformations among women with chronic inflammatory arthritis or psoriasis, with and without etanercept use. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 26(9):1109-1118. 
• Cohen-Barak E, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcomes in women with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol; 25(9):1041-1047.  
• Eudy AM, et al. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes, fertility, and family planning in with psoriatic arthritis. Obstet Med; 13(2)70-75. 
• Gladman DD, et al. 2005. Psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcome. Ann Rheum Dis; 64 Suppl 2:ii14-17. 
• Harder E, et al. 2014. No increased risk of fetal death or prolonged time to pregnancy in women with psoriasis. Invest Dermatol; 34(6):1747-1749. 
• Huerta C, et al. 2007. Incidence and Risk Factors for Psoriasis in the General Population. Arch Dermatol; 143(12):1559-1565. 
• Johansen CB, et al. 2022. Psoriasis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A nationwide case-control study in 491,274 women in Denmark. JAAD; Int  7: 146–155. 
• Kerola AM, et al. 2024. Patterns of reproductive health in inflammatory rheumatic diseases and other immune-mediated diseases: a nationwide registry study. Rheumatology (Oxford). keae122. PMID: 38503536. 
• Kimball AE et al. 2021. Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis From the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR) JAMA Dermatol; 157(3): 1–6. 
• Meissner Y, et al. 2021. Pregnancy in women with psoriatic arthritis: A systematic literature review of disease activity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Semin Arthritis Rheum; 51(3):530-538. 
• Meserve J, et al. 2021. Paternal Exposure to Immunosuppressive and/or Biologic Agents and Birth Outcomes in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases. Gastroenterology; 161(1):107-115. 
• Lima XT, et al. 2012. The impact of psoriasis on pregnancy outcomes. J Invest Dermatol; 132(1):85-91.  
• McMullan P, et al. 2024. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: An Update – Part I: Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; S0190-9622(24)00109-9.  
• Murase JE, et al. 2005. Hormonal effect on psoriasis in pregnancy & post-partum. Arch Dermatol; 141(5):601-606. 
• Murase JE, et al. 2014. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: Part I. Pregnancy. J Am Acad Dermatol; 70(3):401.e1-14. 
• Ostensen M. 1992. The effect of pregnancy on ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol; 28(3-4):235-237. 
• Polachek A, et al. 2018. Outcome of pregnancy in women with psoriatic arthritis compared to healthy controls. Clinic Rheum; 38: 895-902. 
• Rademaker M, et al. 2018. Psoriasis in those planning a family, pregnant or breast-feeding. The Australasian Psoriasis Collaboration. Australas J Dermatol; 59(2):86-100. 
• Rahmati S, et al. 2023. Impact of maternal psoriasis on adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth; 23(1):703.  
• Raychaudhuri SP, et al. 2003. Clinical course of psoriasis during pregnancy. Int J Dermatol; 42(7):518-20. 
• Remaeus K, et al. 2019. Maternal and infant pregnancy outcomes in women with psoriatic arthritis: a Swedish nationwide cohort study. BJOG; 126(10):1213-1222. 
• Secher AEP, et al. 2025. Preterm birth in women with psoriatic arthritis: what are the risks and risk factors? A collaborative cohort study from Sweden, Denmark and Norway. RMD Open; 11(4):e005614.  
• Seeger JD, et al. 2007. Pregnancy and pregnancy outcome among women with inflammatory skin diseases. Dermatol; 214(1)32-39.  
• Smith C, et al. 2020. Birth outcomes and disease activity during pregnancy in a prospective cohort of women with psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Amer Col Rheum; 72(7):1029-1037 
• Tuğrul Ayanoğlu B, et al. 2018. Diminished ovarian reserve in patients with psoriasis. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol; 57(2):227-230.  
• Ursin K, et al. 2018. Disease activity of psoriatic arthritis during and after pregnancy: A prospective multicenter study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken); 71(8):1092-1100. 
• Yaghi M, et al. 2024. Safety of Dermatologic Medications in Pregnancy and Lactation: An Update – Part II: Lactation. J Am Acad Dermatol; S0190-9622(24)00110-5.  
• Yang YW, et al. 2011. Psoriasis and pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol; 64(1):71-77.  
• Yiu ZZ, et al. 2014. Safety of biological therapies for psoriasis: effects on reproductive potential and outcomes in male and female patients. Br J Dermatol; 171(3):485-491. 
• Yiu ZZ, et al. 2015. Safety of conventional systemic therapies for psoriasis on reproductive potential and outcomes. J Dermatolog Treat; 30:1-6.  

Selected References:

• Coppola D, et al. 2007. Evaluating the postmarketing experience of risperidone use during pregnancy: pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Drug Saf; 30(3):247-264. 
• Cho H, et al. 2025. Antipsychotic use during pregnancy and outcomes in pregnant individuals and newborns. J Affect Disord; 373:495-504. 
• Damkier P and Videbech P. 2018. The Safety of Second-Generation Antipsychotics During Pregnancy: A Clinically Focused Review. CNS Drugs; 32:351-366. 
• Eberhard J., et al. 2007. Prolactin level during 5 years of risperidone treatment in patients with psychotic disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica; 115(4), 268-276. 
• Ennis ZN and Damkier P. 2014. Pregnancy Exposure to Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Risperidone, Aripiprazole and Risk of Congenital Malformation. A Systemic Review. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology; 116:315-320. 
• Elstein Y, et al. 2004. Pregnancies in Gaucher disease: a 5 -year study. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 190:435-441. 
• Habermann F, et al. 2013. Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs and Pregnancy Outcome: A Prospective, Cohort Study. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 33:453-462. 
• Huybrechts KF, et al. 2016. Antipsychotic Use in Pregnancy and the Risk for Congenital Malformations. JAMA Psychiatry; 73(9): 938-946. 
• National Library of Medicine. 2026. Drug labeling information (section 8.2). DailyMed. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a6767972-2d3f-482b-80bd-ac93e28fdd05&type=display#section-8.2 
• McAllister-Williams RH, et al. 2017.  British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017.  J Psychopharmacol; 31(5): 519-552. 
• Park Y, et al. 2018. Continuation of Atypical Antipsychotic Medication During Early Pregnancy and the Risk of Gestational Diabetes. Am J Psychiatry; 175(6):564-574. 
• Petersen I, et al. 2016. Risks and Benefits of Psychotropic Medication in Pregnancy: Cohort Studies based on UK Electronic Primary Care Health Records. Health Technol Assess; 20:1-176 
• Straub L, et al. 2022. Association of antipsychotic drug exposure in pregnancy with risk of neurodevelopmental disorders: a national birth cohort study. JAMA Intern Med; 182(5):522-533.  
• Uguz F. 2016. Second-Generation Antipsychotics During the Lactation Period. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 36(3):244-252. 
• Uguz F. 2019. Adverse events in a breastfed infant exposed to risperidone and haloperidol. Breastfeed Med; 14:683–684. 
• Vigod SN, et al. 2015. Antipsychotic Drug Use In Pregnancy: High Dimensional, Propensity Matched, Population Based Cohort Study. BMJ; 350:h2298. 
• Wang E, et al. 2025. Comparative safety of antipsychotic medications and mood stabilizers during pregnancy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of congenital malformations and prenatal outcomes. CNS Drugs; 39(1):1-22. 

Selected References:

• ACOG Committee Opinion No 804. 2020. Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Obstet Gynecol; 135(4):e178-188.  
• ACOG. 2022. Exercise During Pregnancy. Frequently asked questions. Available at: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/exercise-during-pregnancy [Accessed 3/2026]. 
• Artal R. 2016. Exercise in Pregnancy: Guidelines. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 59(3):639-644. 
• Barakat R, Perales M. 2016. Resistance Exercise in Pregnancy and Outcome. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 59(3):591-599. 
• Claiborne, A, et al. 2023. A narrative review of exercise dose during pregnancy. Birth Defects Res. 115(17):1581–1597. 
• Clapp III JF, et al. 1999. Neonatal behavioral profile of the offspring of women who continued to exercise regularly throughout pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 180(1):91-94.  
• Clapp III JF, et al. 2002. Continuing regular exercise during pregnancy: Effect of exercise volume on fetoplacental growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 186(1):142-147. 
• Cordero Y, et al. 2015. Exercise is associated with a reduction in gestational diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 47(7):1328-1333. 
• Fly AD, et al. 1998. Major mineral concentrations in human milk do not change after maximal exercise testing. Am J Clin Nutr. 68(2):345-349. 
• Kennelly MM, et al. 2002. Exercise-related changes in umbilical and uterine artery waveforms as assessed by Doppler ultrasound scans. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187(3):661-666. 
• Kennelly MM, et al. 2002. Fetal heart rate response to strenuous maternal exercise: not a predictor of fetal distress. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 187(3):811-816. 
• Kołomańska-Bogucka D, Mazur-Bialy AI. 2019. Physical Activity and the Occurrence of Postnatal Depression-A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas). 55(9):560.  
• Lederman SA, et al. 1999. Maternal body fat and water during pregnancy: Do they raise infant birth weight? Am J Obstet Gynecol; 180(1):235-240. 
• Gascoigne EL, et al. 2023. Physical activity and pregnancy outcomes: an expert review. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM; 5(1):100758. 
• Gavard J & Artal R. 2008. Effect of Exercise on Pregnancy Outcome. Clin Obstet Gynecol; 51(2):467-480.  
• Gregg VH & Ferguson JE. 2017. Exercise in Pregnancy. Clin Sports Med; 36(4):741-752. 
• Greydanus DE & Patel DR. 2002. The female athlete. Before and beyond puberty. Pediatr Clin North Am. 49(3):553-580. 
• Hicks LE, et al. 2025. Prenatal exercise and its effects on postpartum mental health: systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Womens Ment Health. 28(3):515-524. 
• Madsen M, et al. 2007. Leisure time physical exercise during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. BJOG; 114(11):1419-1426. 
• McLachlan ML, et al. 2026. Case Report: Hyperlactation and Sport Performance in an Elite Marathon Runner. Clin J Sport Med. Jan 22. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000001399. Online ahead of print. 
• Minguez-Alarcon L, et al. 2014. Physical activity is not related to semen quality in young healthy men. Fertil Steril. 102(4): 1103-1109.  
• Moolyk AN, et al. 2025. Maternal and fetal responses to acute high-intensity resistance exercise during pregnancy. Br J Sports Med. 59(3):159-166.  
• Mottola MF, et al. 2018. No. 367-2019. Canadian Guideline for Physical Activity throughout Pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can; 40(11):1528-1537. 
• Mussawar M, et al. 2023. The effect of physical activity on fertility: a mini-review. F S Rep; 4(2):150-158. 
• Oxnard KL, et al. 2026. Patterns in exercise behaviour across pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study of physically active individuals from pre-conception to postpartum. Eur J Appl Physiol. Feb 25. doi: 10.1007/s00421-026-06160-6. Online ahead of print. 
• Prevett C, et al. 2025. Resistance training in pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy, delivery, fetal and pelvic floor outcomes and call to action. Br J Sports Med. 59(16):1173-1182. 
• Price BB, et al. 2012. Exercise in pregnancy: effect on fitness and obstetric outcomes-a randomized trial. Med Sci Sports Exerc; 44(12):2263-2269. 
• Redondo-Delgado P, et al. 2025. Effects of strength training on quality of life in pregnant women: A systematic review. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 104(7):1231-1243. 
• Saccone G, et al. 2026. Exercise in Pregnancy and Risk of Postpartum Depression: A Randomised Controlled Trial. BJOG. 133(2):211-217. 
• Sanabria-Martínez G, et al. 2019. Effects of physical exercise during pregnancy on mothers’ and neonates’ health: a protocol for an umbrella review of systematic reviews and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open; 9(9):e030162. 
• Sobal J & Marquart LF. 1994. Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: a review of literature. Int J Sport Nutr; 4(4):320-334. 
• Sujan MJ, et al. 2025. Time restricted eating and exercise training before and during pregnancy for people with increased risk of gestational diabetes: single centre randomised controlled trial (BEFORE THE BEGINNING). BMJ. 390:e083398.  
• Stafne SN, Salvesen et al. 2012. Regular exercise during pregnancy to prevent gestational diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 119(1):29-36. 
• Tomic V, et al. 2013. The effect of maternal exercise during pregnancy on abnormal fetal growth. Croat Med J. 54(4):362-368. 
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2018. Physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: DHHS. Available at: https://health.gov/paguidelines/second-edition/. [Accessed March 2026].  
• Zourtadani A, et al. 2015. The effect of physical exercise on postpartum fitness hormone and lipid levels: a randomized controlled trial in primiparous, lactating women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 291(3): 525-530. 

Selected References:

• Ambresin G, et al. 2004. Olanzapine excretion into breast milk: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 24(1):93-95. 
• Aydin B, et al. 2015. Olanzapine and quetiapine use during breastfeeding: Excretion into breast milk and safe breastfeeding strategy. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 35:206-208. 
• Betcher HK, et. al 2020. Psychotropic Treatment During Pregnancy: Research Synthesis and Clinical Care Principles. J Womens Health 29(3):310-318. 
• Brunner E, et al. 2013. Olanzapine in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a review of data from global safety surveillance. BMC Pharmacology & Toxicology, 14, 1-8.  
• Croke S, et al. 2003. Olanzapine excretion in human breast milk: estimation of infant exposure. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol; 5:243-247. 
• Damkier P, et al. 2018. The safety of second-generation antipsychotics during pregnancy: a clinically-focused review. CNS Drugs 32:351-366. 
• Einarson A & Boskovic R. 2009. Use and safety of antipsychotics during pregnancy. Journal of Psychiatric Practice; 15, 183-192.  
• Eli Lilly and Company. 2025. Zyprexa product label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=d5051fbc-846b-4946-82df-341fb1216341. Accessed 31 March 2026.  
• Ellfolk M, et al. 2021. Second-generation antipsychotic use during pregnancy and risk of congenital malformations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 77(11): 1737–1745. 
• Ennis ZN, et al. 2014. Pregnancy exposure to Olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, aripiprazole and risk of congenital malformations: A systemic review.  Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology; 116(4), 315-320.   
• Friedman SH, et al. 2017. Atypical antipsychotic use and outcomes in an urban maternal mental health service. Int J Psychiatry Med; 51(6): 521-533. 
• Gilad O, et al. 2011. Outcome of infants exposed to olanzapine during breastfeeding. Breastfeeding Medicine; 6, 55-58. 
• Habermann F, et al. 2013. Atypical antipsychotic drugs and pregnancy outcome: a prospective, cohort study. J Clin Psychopharmacol; 33(4):453-462.  
• Heinonen E, et al. 2022. Antipsychotic Use During Pregnancy and Risk for Gestational Diabetes: A National Register‑Based Cohort Study in Sweden. CNS Drugs; 36:529-
• 539. Huybrechts KF, et al. 2016. Antipsychotic use in pregnancy and the risk for congenital malformations. JAMA Psychiatr; 73(9):938-946. 
• Johnson KC et al. 2012. Prenatal antipsychotic exposure and neuromotor performance during infancy.  Arch Gen Psychiatry; 69(8):787-794. Kallen B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy.  Pharmaceuticals. 6(10): 1221-1286. 
• Kolli P, et al. 2023. Olanzapine Pharmacokinetics: A Clinical Review of Current Insights and Remaining Questions. Pharmgenomics Pers Med; 16:1097-1108. 
• Manouilenko I, et al. 2018. Long-acting olanzapine injection during pregnancy and breastfeeding: a case report. Arch Womens Ment Health; 21(5):587-589 
• McKenna K, et al. 2005. Pregnancy outcome of women using atypical antipsychotic drugs: a prospective comparative study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 4, 444-449.  
• Miller DE, Sebastian CS. 2005. Olanzapine-induced hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea reversed with addition of bromocriptine: a case report. J Clin Psychiat; 66:269-270. 
• Newport DJ, et al 2007. Atypical antipsychotic administration during late pregnancy: placental passage and obstetrical outcomes. Am J Psychiatry; 164(8):1214-20.  
• Pacchiarotti I, et al. 2016. Mood stabilizers and antipsychotics during breastfeeding: Focus on bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol; 26:1562-1578. 
• Park Y, et al. 2018. Continuation of atypical antipsychotic medication during early pregnancy and the risk of gestational diabetes. Psychiatry; 175(6):564-574. 
• Reutfors J, et al. 2020 Antipsychotic drug use in pregnancy: A multinational study from 10 countries. Schizophr Res; 220:106-115. 
• Rubakowski J, et al. 2019. Recommendations of the Poliksh Psychiatric Association regarding the treatment of affective disorders in women of childbearing age. Part II: Bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Pol; 53(2):263-276. 
• Shao P, et al. 2015. Effects of Clozapine and other Atypical Antipsychotics on Infants Development Who Were Exposed to as Fetus: A Post-Hoc Analysis. PLoS One; 10(4). 
• Teodorescu A, et al. 2017. Dilemma of treating schizophrenia during pregnancy: a case series and a review of literature. BMC Psychiatry; 17(1):311.  
• Vigod SN, et al. 2015. Antipsychotic drug use in pregnancy: high dimensional, propensity matched, population based cohort study. BMJ; 350:h2298.  

Selected References:

• Aljazaf K, et al. 2003. Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 56(1):18- 24.  
• Anastasio GD, et al. 1992. Fetal tachycardia associated with maternal use of pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter oral decongestant. J Am Board Fam Pract; 5(5):527-528.  
• Dor S, et al. 2025. Exposure to pseudoephedrine during pregnancy and major congenital malformations: Findings from a large population-based cohort of pregnancies. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 91(6):1834-1841. 
• Eglash A. 2014. Treatment of maternal hypergalactia. Breastfeed Med; 9:423-425. 
• Findlay JW, et al. 1984. Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine in plasma and breast milk of nursing mothers. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 18(6):901-906.  
• Głowacka K, et al. 2021. Pseudoephedrine-Benefits and Risks. Int J Mol Sci; 22(10):5146.  
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: John Wright-PSG. pp 345-356.  
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168(5):1393-1399.  
• Miller RK. 1992. From the pages of Teratology: vitamin A to pseudoephedrine issues in patient counseling. Teratology; 45(4):341-343.  
• Pseudoephedrine Drug Label. 2022. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1056d9da-8a3f-4b7a-878e-7f8d45d298cd&audience=consumer. Accessed 24 March 2026. 
• Rosa F. 1993. Personal communication. Cited in: Briggs GG, et al. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Seventh Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.  
• Schatz M, et al. 1997. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol; 24(2):407-432.  
• Smith CV, et al. 1990. Effect of a single dose of oral pseudoephedrine on uterine and fetal Doppler blood flow. Obstet Gynecol; 76(5 Pt 1):803-806.  
• Smith J, et al. 1994. Drugs of choice for pregnant women. In: Koren G. Maternal-fetal Toxicology. A Clinician’s Guide. 1994. Second Edition. New York NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.  
• Soussan C, et al. 2014. Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 70:1361-1366. 
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).  2025. “Ask ACOG: What medicine can I take for allergies while I’m pregnant?” Available at: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/what-medicine-can-i-take-for-allergies-while-im-pregnant. Accessed 24 March 2026.  
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). 2000. The use of newer asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol; 84(5):475-480. 
• Torfs CP, et al. 1996. Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology 54(2):84-92.  
• Yau W-P, et al. 2013. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol; 178(2):198-208. 
• Werler MM, et al. 2003. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology; 14(3):349-354.  
• Werler MM, et al. 1992. First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology; 45(4):361-367.  
• Werler MM, et al. 2002. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol; 155(1):26-31.  
• Werler MM, et al. 2004. Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol; 70(6):389-395.