Selected References:

• Abel EL. Maternal alcohol consumption and spontaneous abortion. 1997. Alcohol Alcohol. May-Jun;32(3):211-9.  
• Adams J, et al. 2002. Statement of the Public Affairs Committee of the Teratology Society on the fetal alcohol syndrome. Teratology. 66(6):344-347.  
• Akison LK, et al. 2019. Adverse health outcomes in offspring associated with fetal alcohol exposure: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical studies with a focus on metabolic and body composition outcomes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 43(7):1324-1343. 
• Akison LK, et al. 2019. Adverse reproductive outcomes associated with fetal alcohol exposure: a systematic review. Reprod Camb Engl. 157(4):329-343. 
• Anderson K, et al. 2010 Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment – A review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 50(1):8-20.  
• Bandoli G, et al. 2022. Trajectories of prenatal alcohol exposure and behavioral outcomes: Findings from a community-based sample. Drug Alcohol Depend 1;233:109351.  
• Broccia M, et al. 2023. Heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and overall morbidities: a Danish nationwide cohort study from 1996 to 2018. Lancet 8(1):e36-346.  
• Carter RC, et al. 2016. Fetal alcohol growth restriction and cognitive impairment. Pediatrics 138(2): e20160775 
• Carter RC, et al. 2022. Gestational weight gain and dietary energy, iron, and choline intake predict severity of fetal alcohol growth restriction in a prospective birth cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 4;116(2):460-469.  
• Coles CD, et al. 1984. Neonatal ethanol withdrawal: characteristics in clinically normal, nondysmorphic neonates. J Pediatr 105(3):445-451. 
• Coles, CD, et al.  2024.  Prenatal alcohol exposure and health at midlife: self-reported health outcomes in two cohorts.  Alcohol: Clin Exp Res, 48 (11), 2045-2059, doi.org/10.1111/acer.15441 
• de Angelis C, et al. 2020. Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and female fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE. 18:21  
• Easey KE, et al. 2019. Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring mental health: A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend 197:344-353. 
• Eisenberg, M.L, et al. (2024). Preconception alcohol consumption in both partners and risk of miscarriage. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 104698. 
• Fuglestad AJ, et al. 2014. Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 38(9):2502-8.  
• Halling-Overgaard A-S, et al. 2018. Atopic dermatitis and alcohol use – a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol JEADV 32(8):1238-1245.  
• Ho E, et al. 2001. Alcohol and breast feeding: calculation of time to zero level in milk. Biol Neonate.80(3):219-222.  
• Hon KL, et al. 2018. An overview of exposure to ethanol-containing substances and ethanol intoxication in children based on three illustrated cases. Drugs Context; 7:212512.  
• Huang I, et al. 2019. A systematic review of associations between maternal exposures during pregnancy other than smoking and antenatal fetal measurements. Environ Res 173:528-538. 
• Jacobson, JL, et al. 2024. A dose-response analysis of the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on cognitive development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 48 (4): 623-639.  
• Jarmasz JS, et al. 2017. Human Brain Abnormalities Associated with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol; 76(9):813-833 
• Jones KL, et al. 1973. Pattern of malformation in offspring of chronic alcoholic mothers. Lancet 1(7815):1267-1271.  
• Lewis CE, et al. 2016. Prospective Memory Impairment in Children with Prenatal Alcohol Exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 40(5):969-78. 
• Little RE, et al. 1989. Maternal alcohol use during breast-feeding and infant mental and motor development at one year. N Engl J Med. 321:425- 430.  
• Little RE, et al. 2002. Alcohol, breastfeeding, and development at 18 months. Pediatrics. 109:e72-77.  
• Matteson SN, et al. 2010. Toward a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1;34(9):1640-1650. 
• May PA, et al. 2016. Breastfeeding and maternal alcohol use: Prevalence and effects on child outcomes and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Reprod Toxicol. 63:13-21.  
• Muthusami KR and Chinnaswamy P. 2005. Effect of chronic alcoholism on male fertility hormones and semen quality. Fertil Steril. 84(4):919- 924.  
• Naik VD, et al. 2022. Effects of nutrition and gestational alcohol consumption on fetal growth and development. Nutr Rev 9;80(6):1568-1579.  
• Niclasen J, et al. 2014. Prenatal exposure to alcohol, and gender differences on child mental health at age seven years. J Epidemiol Community Health. 68(3):224-32.  
• Nykjaer C, et al. 2014. Maternal alcohol intake prior to and during pregnancy and risk of adverse birth outcomes: evidence from a British cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 68(6):542-9.  
• OLeary CM. 2004. Fetal alcohol syndrome: diagnosis, epidemiology, and developmental outcomes. J Paediatr Child Health.40(1-2):2-7.  
• Perez da Silva Pereira P, et al. 2019. Maternal exposure to alcohol and low birthweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Bras Ginecol E Obstetrícia 41(5):333-347. 
• Pfinder M. 2014. Anthropometric and health-related behavioral factors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11(1):849-865.  
• Phillips NL, et al. 2022. Impact of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder on families. Arch Dis Child 107(8):755-757. 
• Rasmussen C. 2005. Executive functioning and working memory in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29(8):1359-1367.  
• Roozen S, et al. 2018. Systematic literature review on which maternal alcohol behaviours are related to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). BMJ Open 8(12):e022578. 
• Sambo D, Goldman D. 2023. Genetic influences on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Genes 14(1):195. 
• Sansone A, et al. 2018. Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and male fertility. Reprod Biol Endocrinol RBE 16(1):3. 
• Sayal K, et al. 2014. Prenatal exposure to binge pattern of alcohol consumption: mental health and learning outcomes at age 11. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 23(10):891-9.  
• Saxov, KR, et al. 2023. Maternal alcohol consumption and the risk of miscarriage in the first and second trimesters; A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 102 (7),821-832. 
• Spohr H-L,et al. 2007. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders in young adulthood. J Pediatr 150(2):175-179.  
• Strandberg-Larsen K, et al. 2008. Binge drinking in pregnancy and risk of fetal death. Obstet Gynecol 111(3):602-609.  
• Subramoney S, et al. 2018. The early developmental outcomes of prenatal alcohol exposure: A review. Front Neurol 2018;9. 
• Sundermann AC, et al. 2019. Alcohol use in pregnancy and miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 43(8):1606-1616. 
• Sundermann AC, et al. 2020. Week-by-week alcohol consumption in early pregnancy and spontaneous abortion risk: A prospective cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Published online July 13, 2020. 
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Understanding binge drinking. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Retrieved from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/brochures-and-fact-sheets/binge-drinking. 
• Wang T, et al. 2022. Effect of maternal alcohol consumption during the pre-pregnancy/early-pregnancy period on congenital heart disease: A prospective cohort study in Central China. Prev Med 155:106963. 
• Warren KR and Li T-K. 2005. Genetic polymorphisms: impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 73(4):195-203.  
• Wetherill L, et al. 2018. Meta-Analyses of externalizing disorders: genetics or prenatal alcohol exposure? Alcohol Clin Exp Res; 42(1):162-172. 
• Yin X, et al. 2019. Maternal alcohol consumption and oral clefts: a meta-analysis. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019;57(9):839-846 

Selected References:  

• Althagafi H, et al. 2022. Effect of hidradenitis suppurativa on obstetric and neonatal outcomes. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 35(25):8388-8393.  
• Chellappan B, et al. 2022. Dermatologic Management of Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Impact on Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. Cutis; 109(3):160-162.   
• Collier E, et al. 2020. Special considerations for women with hidradenitis suppurativa. Int J Womens Dermatol; 6(2):85-88.  
• Fitzpatrick L, et al. 2022. Adverse pregnancy and maternal outcomes in women with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol; 86(1):46-54. 
• Li K, et al. 2024. Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Maternal and Offspring Outcomes. JAMA Dermatol. 160(12):1297-1303.  
• Lotan P, et al. 2023. Association between Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Abnormalities in Semen Parameters and Sexual Function: A Pilot Study. Acta Derm Venereol; 103:adv11603.  
• Lyons AB, et al. 2020. Evaluation of Hidradenitis Suppurativa Disease Course During Pregnancy and Postpartum. JAMA Dermatol; 156(6):681-685. 
• Lyons AB, et al. 2020. Retrospective cohort study of pregnancy outcomes in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol; 183(5):945-947.   
• Oumeish OY, Al-Fouzan AW. 2006. Miscellaneous diseases affected by pregnancy. Clin Dermatol; 24(2):113-7.  
• Özbek L, et al. 2025. Hidradenitis Suppurativa Treatment During Pregnancy and Lactation: Navigating Challenges. Int J Dermatol; 64(7):1173-1185. 
• Prens LM, et al. 2021. Hidradenitis suppurativa disease course during pregnancy and postpartum: a retrospective survey study. Br J Dermatol; 185(5):1072-1074. 
• Sakya SM, et al. 2022. Outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth in women with hidradenitis suppurativa. J Am Acad Dermatol; 86(1):61-67. 
• Seivright JR, et al. 2022. Impact of Pregnancy on Hidradenitis Suppurativa Disease Course: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dermatology; 238(2):260-266. 
• Tzur Bitan D, et al. 2021. The association between hidradenitis suppurativa and male and female infertility: A population-based study. Australas J Dermatol; 62(2):e223-e227. 
• Vossen AR, et al. 2017. Menses and pregnancy affect symptoms in hidradenitis suppurativa: A cross-sectional study. J Am Acad Dermatol; 76(1):155-156.  
• Walsh DP. 2025. Pregnancy Outcomes in Hidradenitis Suppurativa Patients. AMIA Annu Symp Proc; 2024:1169-1175.  

Selected References:

• Abboud TK, et al. 1983. Lack of adverse neonatal neurobehavioral effects of lidocaine. Anesth Analg; 62:473-475.  
• Abboud TK, et al. 1984. Continuous infusion epidural analgesia in parturients receiving bupivacaine, chloroprocaine, or lidocaine – maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. Anesth Analg; 63:421-428.  
• Actavis Pharma, Inc. 2019. Lidocaine and Prilocaine Cream Drug Label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1972d657-2d5a-4697-bba9-80caffc2f2d7. Accessed 29 July 2025.   
• Baradari AG, et al. 2017. Bolus administration of intravenous lidocaine reduces pain after an elective caesarean section: Findings from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Obstet Gynaecol. 37(5):566-570.  
• da Cunha YGM et al. 2025. The Use of Different Local Anesthetics in Pregnant Women in Dentistry: A Systematic Review. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol. Apr 21. doi: 10.2174/0127724328349965250407082245. Online ahead of print. 
• Demeulemeester V, et al. 2018. Transplacental lidocaine intoxication. J Neonatal-Perinatal Med; 11:439-441. 
• Dryden RM, Lo MW. 2000. Breast milk lidocaine levels in tumescent liposuction. Plast Reconstr Surg; 105:2267-2268. 
• Favero V, et al. 2021. Pregnancy and Dentistry: A Literature Review on Risk Management during Dental Surgical Procedures. Dent J (Basel). 9(4):46. 
• Fujinaga M, Mazze RI. 1986. Reproductive and teratogenic effects of lidocaine in Sprague-Dawley rats. Anesthesiology. 65:626-632. 
• Heinonen OP. et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Publishing Sci Group, Littleton, MA. 
• Kuhnert BR, et al. 1984. Effects of maternal epidural anesthesia on neonatal behavior. Anesth Analg; 63:301-308. 
• Kuhnert BR, et al. 1986. Lidocaine disposition in mother, fetus, and neonate after spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg 65:139-144. 
• Lebedevs TH, et al. 1993. Excretion of lignocaine and its metabolite monoethylglycinexylidide in breast milk following its use in a dental procedure. A case report. J Clin Periodontol 20: 606-608.  
• Li JE, et al. 2019. Cutaneous Surgery in Patients Who Are Pregnant or Breastfeeding. Dermatol Clin. 37(3):307-317.  Murzaku EC, et al. 2021. Surgical management and practices in pregnancy and lactation: A survey of United States dermatologic surgeons. J Am Acad Dermatol. 84(4):1134-1136.
• Ortega D, et al. 1999. Excretion of lidocaine and bupivacaine in breast milk following epidural anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand; 43:394-397. 
• Silveira MPT, et al. 2020. Breastfeeding and risk classification of medications used during hospitalization for delivery: 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 23:e200026. 
• Watson PD, Ott MA. 1982. Lidocaine and mepivacaine in cord blood. Ped Pharm; 2:341-348. 
• Wikland, M., Evers, H., Jakobsson, A.-H., Sandqvist, U., & Sjöblom, P. (1990). The concentration of lidocaine in follicular fluid when used for paracervical block in a human IVF-ET programme. Human Reproduction, 5(8), 920–923 
• Zeisler JA, et al. 1986. Lidocaine excretion in breast milk. Drug Intell Clin Pharm; 20:691-693. 

Selected References:

• Dentsply Pharmaceutical, Inc. 2021. Prilocaine injection drug label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=db23a56f-1e41-4843-9220-1b2e3059db41. [Accessed 8/2025].
• Fougera & Co. 2024. Lidocaine and prilocaine cream drug label. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=833cd52c-6470-49c4-937f-1393971f4db9. [Accessed 8/2025].
• Erol S, et al. 2017. Transient methemoglobinemia in three neonates due to maternal pudendal anesthesia. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 27(12):783-784.
• Guay J. 2009. Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes. Anesth Analg. 108(3):837-45.
• Kirschbaum M, et. al. 1991. [Fetal methemoglobinemia caused by prilocaine–is use of prilocaine for pudendal block still justified?]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 51(3):228-30.
• Uslu S, Comert S. 2013. Transient neonatal methemoglobinemia caused by maternal pudendal anesthesia in delivery with prilocaine: report of two cases. Minerva Pediatr. 65(2):213-7.

Selected References:

• Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85(2):137-150.
• Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the literature. Expert opinion on drug safety. 13.12: 1667-98.
• Hansen Craig, et al. 2020. Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011. Birth defects research16: 1234-52.
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1393-9.
• Kallen B, Mottet I. 2003. Delivery outcome after the use of meclozine in early pregnancy. Eur J Epidemiol. 18:665-669.
• Katselou M, et al. 2018. A fully validated method for the simultaneous determination of 11 antihistamines in breast milk by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 32(8):e4260.
• Lenz W. 1966. Malformations caused by drugs in pregnancy. Am J Dis Child 112:99-106.
• Messinis IE, et al. 1985. Histamine H1 receptor participation in the control of prolactin secretion in postpartum. J Endocrinol Investig 8:143-6.
• Michaelis J, et al. 1983. Prospective study of suspected associations between certain drugs administered during early pregnancy and congenital malformations. Teratology 27:57-64.
• Mondillo C, et al. 2018. Potential negative effects of anti-histamines on male reproductive function. Reproduction. 155.5: R221-7.