Selected References:

• Asada H. 2022. Recent topics in the management of herpes zoster. J Dermatol. 50(3):305-310. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Shingles: Signs & Symptoms. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/signs-symptoms/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/shingles/about/symptoms.html 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. Shingles: Breastfeeding and Special Circumstances. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/maternal-or-infant-illnesses/shingles.html.  
• Frederick IB, et al. 1986. Excretion of varicella-herpes zoster in breast milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 154:1116-7. 
• Hayward K, et al. 2018. Management of herpes zoster (shingles) during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol 38(7):887-894.  
• Ion A, et al. 2025. Varicella Zoster Virus Infection and Pregnancy: An Optimal Management Approach. Pathogens. 14(2):151.  
• Nanthakumar MP, et al. 2021. Varicella Zoster in pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 258:283-287. 
• Rosamilia LL. 2020. Herpes Zoster Presentation, Management, and Prevention: A Modern Case-Based Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 21(1):97-107.  
• Schafer R, et.al. Herpes Zoster in Pregnancy. 2019 J Midwifery Womens Health. Mar;64(2):230-235.  
• Singal A, et al. 2024. Herpes zoster infection in pregnancy: features and consequences. Arch Dermatol Res. 316(4):107.  
• Werner RN, et al. 2017. European consensus-based (S2k) Guideline on the Management of Herpes Zoster – guided by the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) in cooperation with the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (EADV), Part 2: Treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 31(1):20-29.  

Selected References:

• Barcz E, et al. 2007. Influence of Echinacea purpurea intake during pregnancy on fetal growth and tissue angiogenic activity. Folia Histochemica et Cytobiologica 45:Supp. 1; 35-39.
• Chow G, et al. 2006. Dietary echinacea purpurea during murine pregnancy: Effect on maternal hemopoiesis and fetal growth. Biol Neonate; 89: 133-138.
• Gallo M, et al. 2000. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to echinacea. Arch Intern Med. 160:3141-3143.
• Heitmann K, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcome after prenatal exposure to echinacea: The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 72(5): 623-630.
• Huntley AL, et al. 2005. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species. Drug Saf 28(5):387-400.
• Lewicka A, et al. 2019. Supplementation of plants with immunomodulatory properties during pregnancy and lactation—maternal and offspring health effects. Nutrients 11(8):1958.
• Linde K, et al. 2009. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2(2):CD000530
• Matthias A, et al. 2008. Bioavailability of Echinacea alkamides in human breast milk. Planta Med; 74-SL59.
• Natural Standard (Ed). Herbs & Supplements – Echinacea (E. angustifolia DC, E. pallida, E. purpurea). Nature Medicine Quality Standard. [Retrieved on November 2014]. naturalstandard.com
• Ondrizek RR, et al. 1999. Inhibition of human sperm motility by specific herbs used in alternative medicine. J Assist Reprod Genet. 16(2):87-91.
• Perri D, et al. 2006. Safety and efficacy of echinacea (Echinacea angustifolia, E. purpurea and E. pallida) during pregnancy and lactation. Can J Clin Pharmacol 13(3):e261-7.
• Peprah P, et al 2019. ‘We are nothing without herbs’: a story of herbal remedies use during pregnancy in rural Ghana. BMC 19(1):65.
• Sarecka-Hujar B, Szulc-Musioł B. 2022 Herbal Medicines—Are They Effective and Safe during Pregnancy? Pharmaceutics; 14(1):171.

Selected References:

• Chuang H et al. 2024. Concomitant use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines during pregnancy and associated risk of congenital malformations: a population-based cohort study in Taiwan. The Lancet Psychiatry 8: 601-10.
• Estazolam. Product labeling. 8/2022. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=a1e3b4bf-22e9-430a-a768-4d86ae886c9e&type=display.  

Selected References:

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2017. Update on immunization and pregnancy: tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccination. Committee Opinion no. 718.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. Maternal Immunization. Committee Opinion no. 741.
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2019. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Committee Opinion no. 732.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2022. Guidelines for vaccinating pregnant women. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pregnancy/hcp-toolkit/guidelines.html
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2023. Vaccines During Pregnancy FAQs. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/vaccines-during-pregnancy.html
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. Vaccinations: breastfeeding guidelines & recommendations. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special-circumstances/vaccinations-medications-drugs/vaccinations.html
• Etti M, et al. 2022. Maternal vaccination: a review of current evidence and recommendations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Apr;226(4):459-474.
• Giles ML, et al. 2019. The safety of inactivated influenza vaccines in pregnancy for birth outcomes: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother 15(3):687-699.
• Keller-Stanislawski B, et al. 2014. Safety of immunization during pregnancy: a review of the evidence of selected inactivated and live attenuated vaccines. Vaccine. 32(52):7057-64.
• Ohfuji S, et al. 2020. Safety of influenza vaccination on adverse birth outcomes among pregnant women: A prospective cohort study in Japan. Int J Infect Dis 93:68-76.
• Shafiee A, et al. 2023. COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. Jan 20;23(1):45
• Vygen-Bonnet S, et al. 2020. Safety and effectiveness of acellular pertussis vaccination during pregnancy: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 20(1):136.
• Zhang C, et al. 2018. A systematic review and meta-analysis of fetal outcomes following the administration of influenza A/H1N1 vaccination during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 141(2):141-150.

Selected References:  

• Ahmadi R, et al. 2015. International conference of social science, medicine and nursing, Istanbul, Turkey.  
• Altshuler LL, et al. 1996. Pharmacologic management of psychiatric illness during pregnancy: Dilemmas and guidelines. Am J Psychiatry. 153:592-606. 
• Ang MS, et al. 1990. Maternal lithium therapy and polyhydramnios. Obstet Gynecol. 76(3 Pt 2):517-519. 
• Cohen LS, et al. 1994. A reevaluation of risk of in utero exposure to lithium. JAMA. 271(2):146-150.  
• Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2014. Pregnancy outcome following in utero exposure to lithium: a prospective, comparative, observational study. Am Journal of Psychiatry. 171:785-794.  
• Di Florio A, et al. 2017. Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. N Engl J Med. 377(9):893.  
• Forsberg L, et al. 2017. Maternal mood disorders and lithium exposure in utero were not associated with poor cognitive development during childhood. Acta Paediatr. Doi:10.1111/apa.14152. 
• Goodnick PJ, et al. 1982 Differences in lithium kinetics between bipolar and unipolar patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2:48-50. 
• Hastie R, et al. 2021. Maternal lithium use and the risk of adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes: a Swedish population-based cohort study. BMC Med. 19(1):291. 
• Jacobsen SJ. et al. 1992. Prospective multicentre study of pregnancy outcome after lithium exposure during first trimester. Lancet. 339:530-533.  
• Khan SJ, et al. 2016. Bipolar disorder in pregnancy and postpartum: principles of management. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 18(2):13.  
• Kozma C. 2005. Neonatal toxicity and transient neurodevelopmental deficits following prenatal exposure to lithium: Another clinical report and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 132A:441-444. 
• Krause S, et al. 1990. Polyhydramnios with maternal lithium treatment. Obstet Gynecol. 75(3 Pt 2):504-6. 
• Kummerlowe MN, et al. 2024. Retrospective review of postpartum lithium use including during lactation. Breastfeed Med. 19(10):796-800. 
• Lithium FDA Full Prescribing Information. 2018. Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/017812s033,018421s032,018558s027lbl.pdf.   
• Molenaar NM, et al. 2021, Management of lithium dosing around delivery: an observational study. Bipolar Disord. 23(1):49-54. 
• Morrell P. et al. 1983. Lithium toxicity in the neonate. Arch Dis Child. 58:539-541.  
• Newport DJ, et al. 2005. Lithium placental passage and obstetrical outcome: implications for clinical management during date pregnancy. Am J Psychiatry. 162(11):2162-2170.  
• Patorno E, et al. 2017.  Lithium use in pregnancy and the risk of cardiac malformations. N Engl J Med. 376(23):2245-54.  
• Poels EMP, et al. 2020. Lithium use during pregnancy and the risk of miscarriage. J Clin Med. 9(6). 
• Poels EMP, et al. 2022. The effect of prenatal lithium exposure on the neuropsychological development of the child. Bipolar Disord. 24(3):310-319. 
• Raoof NT, et al. 1989. Lithium inhibits human sperm motility in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmac. 28, 715-717. 
• Robert E. et al. 1990. Comments on teratogen update on lithium by J. Warkany. Teratology. 42:205. 
• Schmidt CT, et al. 2023. Transfer of anticonvulsants and lithium into amniotic fluid, umbilical cord blood & breast milk: A systematic review & combined analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 8;124:110733. 
• Schou M. 1990. Lithium treatment during pregnancy, delivery, and lactation: an update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 51(10):410-413.  
• Smith CJ, Payne VM. 2024. Epidemiology studies on effects of lithium salts in pregnancy are confounded by the inability to control for other potentially teratogenic factors. Hum Exp Toxicol. 43:9603271241236346. 
• Stoppa A, et al. 2024. A case of pregnancy with severe polyhydramnios related to long-term use of lithium. Bipolar Disord. 26(4):405-408. 
• Van der Lugt NM, et al. 2012. Fetal, neonatal and developmental outcomes of lithium-exposed pregnancies. Early Hum Dev. 88(6):375-378. 
• Viguera AC, et al. 2000. Risk of recurrence of bipolar disorder in pregnant and nonpregnant women after discontinuing lithium maintenance. Am J Psychiatry. 157(2):179-184.  
• Viguera AC, et al.2007. Risk of recurrence in women with bipolar disorder during pregnancy: prospective study of mood stabilizer discontinuation. Am J Psychiatry. 164(12):1817-1824. 
• Viguera AC, et al. 2007. Lithium in breast milk and nursing infants: clinical implications. Am J Psychiatry 164(2):342-345. 
• Zivanovic O. 2017. Lithium: A classic drug frequently discussed, but, sadly, seldom prescribed! Aust N Z J Psychiatry 4867417695889.