Clorazepate
Selected References:
- Athinarayanan P, et al. 1976. Chlordizaepoxide withdrawal in the neonate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124:212-3.
- Brunaud M, et al. 1970. Pharmacological, toxicological, and teratological studies on dipotassium-7-chloro-3-carboxy-1, 3-dihydro-2, 2-dihydroxy-5-phenyl-2H-1, 4-benzodiazepine-cloraz-epate (dipotassium chlorazepate, 4306 CB), a new tranquilizer. Arzneim Forsch 20:123-5.
- Cole AP, Hailey DM: Diazepam and active metabolites in breast milk and their transfer to the neonate. Arch Dis Child 50:741, 1975.
- Corwin H, DeMyer W. 1980. Failure of chlorazepate to cause malformations or fetal wastage in the rat. Arch Neurol 37:347-9.
- Rey E, et al. 1979. Pharmacokinetics of the placental transfer and distribution of clorazepate and its metabolite nordiazepam into the feto-placental unit and in the neonate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 15:181-5.
- Wesson DR, et al. 1975. Diazepam and desmethyldiazepam in breast milk. J Psychoactive Drugs 17:55-6.
Clorazepate
Selected References:
- ACOG Committee Opinion 90: Asthma in Pregnancy, December 2008
- Baker ER,Flanagan MF. 1997. Fetal atrial flutter associated with maternal beta-sympathomimetic drug exposure. Obstet Gynecol 89:861.
- Freysz H, et al. 1977. A long term evaluation of infants who received a beta-mimetic drug while in utero. J Perinat Med 5:94-99.
- Howley MM, et al. (2020). Asthma medication use and risk of birth defects: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. J Allergy Clin Immunol 8(10):3490-3499.
- Kirkland SW, et al. 2017. Combined inhaled beta-agonist and anticholinergic agents for emergency management in adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 1(1):CD001284.
- Kallen B, Otterblad Olausson P. 2007 Use of anti-asthmatic drugs during pregnancy. 3. Congenital malformations in the infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 63(4):383-388.
- Lin S, et al. 2012. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Maternal asthma medication use and the risk of selected birth defects. Pediatrics 129 (2):e317-324.
- Munsie JPW, et al. 2011. Maternal bronchodilator use and the risk of orofacial clefts. Hum Reprod 26(11):3147-3154.
- National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Working Group. 2004. Report on managing asthma during pregnancy: Recommendations for pharmacologic treatment. Update 2004. NIH publication NO.05-5236. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
- Rayburn WF, et al. 1994. Short-term effects of inhaled albuterol on maternal and fetal circulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 171:770-773.
- Sottas CE, et al. 2016. Salbutamol has rapid onset pharmacodynamics as a bronchodilator. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 60(9):1328-31.
- Schatz M, et al. 1998. The safety of inhaled (beta)- agonist bronchodilators during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 82:686-695.
- Van Zutphen AR, et al. 2015. Maternal asthma medication use during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 103(11):951-61.
Clorazepate
Selected References
- Agache I, et al. 2020. Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals (benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, omalizumab and reslizumab) for severe eosinophilic asthma. A systematic review for the EAACI Guidelines – recommendations on the use of biologicals in severe asthma. Allergy. 75(5):1023-1042.
- Manetz S, et al. 2020. Successful pregnancy in setting of eosinophil depletion by benralizumab. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. S2213-2198(20)31335-0.
- Middleton PG, et al. 2020. ERS/TSANZ Task Force Statement on the management of reproduction and pregnancy in women with airways diseases. Eur Respir J. 55:1901208.
- National Center for Biotechnology Information. « PubChem Compound Summary for , Benralizumab » PubChem, Accessed 7 Oct 2024.
- S. Food and Drug Administration. 2024. Fasenra® Prescribing Information. Available online at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/761070s000lbl.pdf. Accessed on 9 Dec 2024.
Clorazepate
Selected References:
- Anh, N., et al. 2020. Ginger on Human Health: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of 109 randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients. 6:12(1):157.
- Briggs GG, Freeman RK. 2014. The reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk: Drugs in pregnancy and lactation. Wolters Kluwer, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health.
- Choi JS, et al. 2015. Assessment of fetal and neonatal outcomes in the offspring of women who had been treated with dried ginger (Zingiberis rhizome siccus) for a variety of illnesses during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol. 35(2): 125-130.
- Fischer-Rasmussen, et al. 1991. Ginger treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 38(1):19-24.
- Heitmann K, et al. 2013. Safety of ginger use in pregnancy: results from a large population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 69(2):269-77.
- Laekeman GM, et al. 2021 Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root Extract During Pregnancy: A Clinical Feasibility Study. Planta Med. 87(10-11):907-912.
- Matthews, A, et al. 2014. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3.
- McLay JS, et al. 2017. Pregnancy, prescription medicines and the potential risk for herb-drug interactions: a cross-sectional survey. BMC Complement Altern Med 17(1):543.
- Shalaby MA and Hamowieh AR. 2010. Safety and efficacy of Zingiber officinale roots on fertility of male diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 48(10):2920-4.
- Tiani K, et al. 2024. The Use of Ginger Bioactive Compounds in Pregnancy: An Evidence Scan and Umbrella Review of Existing Meta-Analyses. Advances in Nutrition, 15(11), 100308
- Tiran D. 2012. Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2012 Feb;18(1):22-5.
- Viljoen, E., et. al. 2014. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect and safety of ginger in the treatment of pregnancy-associated nausea and vomiting. Nutr J. 13(20):1-14.
- Weidner, M. S., and Sigwart, K. 2000. Investigation of the teratogenic potential of a Zingiber officinale extract in the rat. Reproductive Toxicology, 15(1):75-80.
Clorazepate
Selected References:
- Allotey J, et al. 2020. Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: living systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 370:m3320.
- American Society of Hematology. 2022. COVID-19 and VTE/anticoagulation: frequently asked questions. Available at URL: https://www.hematology.org/covid-19/covid-19-and-vte-anticoagulation
- Angelidou A, et al. 2021. Association of maternal perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection with neonatal outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts. JAMA Netw Open Apr 1;4(4):e217523.
- Auger N, et al. Congenital anomalies during Covid-19: artifact of surveillance or a real TORCH? Eur J Epidemiol. 39(6):613-621.
- Carlson J, et al. Pre-Delta, Delta, and Omicron periods of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and health outcomes during delivery hospitalization. Obstet Gynecol. 143(1):131-138.
- Chambers, et al. 2020. Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from 18 infected women. JAMA 324(13):1347-1348.
- Che BW, et al. Effects of mild/asymptomatic COVID-19 on semen parameters and sex-related hormone levels in men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Androl. 25(3):382-388.
- Chen H, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 395(10226):809-815.
- Delahoy MJ, et al. 2020. Characteristics and maternal and birth outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 — COVID-NET, 13 states, March 1–August 22, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1347–1354.
- DeSisto C, et al. 2021. Risk for stillbirth among women with and without COVID-19 at delivery hospitalization – United States, March 2020-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1640–1645.
- Edlow AG, et al. 2022. Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 1 year in infants of mothers who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open 5(6):e2215787.
- Edlow AG, et al. 2023. Sex-specific neurodevelopmental outcomes among offspring of mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 1;6(3):e234415.
- Ellington S, et al. 2020. Characteristics of women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–June 7, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:769–775.
- Engjom HM, et al. 2024. Perinatal outcomes after admission with COVID-19 in pregnancy: a UK national cohort study. Nat Commun. 15;15(1):3234.
- Fajardo-Martinez V, et al. 2024. Neurodevelopmental delay in children exposed to maternal SARS-CoV-2 in-utero. Sci Rep. 24;14(1):11851.
- Firestein MR, et al. 2023. Assessment of neurodevelopment in infants with and without exposure to asymptomatic or mild maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open. 6(4):e237396.
- Galang RR, et al. 2021. Risk factors for illness severity among pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection – Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Mothers and Babies Network, 22 state, local, and territorial health departments, March 29, 2020 -March 5, 2021. Clin Infect Dis May 22:ciab432.
- Gilbert G.G. et al. 2021. Sperm quality and absence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in semen after COVID-19 infection: a prospective, observational study and validation of the SpermCOVID test. Fertility and Sterility 117(2):287-296.
- Gulersen M, et al. 2020. Clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the viable preterm period. Am J Perinatol 37(11): 1077-1083.
- Gurol-Urganci I, et al. 2021. Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: national cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol May 20:S0002-9378(21)00565-2.
- Harel L, et al. 2021. Does the presence of symptoms affect pregnancy outcomes in third trimester in women with SARS-CoV-2. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 35(25):7582–7589.
- Hernández-Díaz S, et al. 2022. First trimester COVID-19 and the risk of major congenital malformations–international registry of coronavirus exposure in pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 1;114(15):906-914.
- Holtmann N, et al. 2020. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 in human semen – a cohort study. Fertility and Sterility 114 (2):233-238.
- Huynh A, et al. 2022. SARS-CoV-2 placentitis and intraparenchymal thrombohematomas among COVID-19 infections in pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open 5(3):e225345.
- Jaswa EG, et al. 2024. In utero exposure to maternal COVID-19 and offspring neurodevelopment through age 24 months. JAMA Netw Open. 7(10):e2439792.
- Jering K, et al. 2021. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized women giving birth with and without COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med 181(5):714-717.
- Karasek D, et al. 2021. The association of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy with preterm birth: A retrospective cohort study in California. The Lancet Regional Health – Americas Volume 2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100027
- Khoury R, et al. 2020. MD Characteristics and outcomes of 241 births to women with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection at five New York City medical centers. Obstetrics & Gynecology 136(2):273-282.
- Krogstad P, et al. 2022. No infectious SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from a cohort of 110 lactating women. Pediatr Res. Published online January 19, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-021-01902-y
- Kummer J, et al. 2024. Covid-19 during pregnancy – Histopathological lesions of the placenta. Z Geburtshilfe Neonatol. 228(1):49-56.
- Lai J, et al. 2021. SARS-CoV-2 and the subsequent development of preeclampsia and preterm birth: evidence of a dose-response relationship supporting causality. AJOG 225(6):689-693.e1.
- Lau M, 2023. Observational study on the neonatal outcome during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Acta Paediatr. 112(9):1892-1897.
- Li Y, et al. 2020. Lack of vertical transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, China. Emerg Infect Dis 26(6):1335-1336.
- Ludvigsson JF, et al. 2024. Three Scandinavian countries did not see the same increase in foetal situs inversus observed in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. Acta Paediatr. 113(4):751-752.
- Maeda MFY, et al. 2021. Vertical transmission of SARS-CoV2 during pregnancy: a high-risk cohort. Prenat Diag Jul;41(8):998-1008.
- Magnus MC, et al. 2024. Covid-19 infection and vaccination during first trimester and risk of congenital anomalies: Nordic registry based study. BMJ. 386:e079364.
- Metz TD, et al. 2022. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with serious maternal morbidity and mortality from obstetric complications. JAMA 327(8):748-759.
- Neelam V, et al. 2022. Pregnancy and infant outcomes by trimester of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy – SET-NET, 22 jurisdictions, January 25, 2020 - December 31, 2020. Birth Defects Research, 1– 15.
- Newton SM, et al. Preterm birth among pregnant persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection. J Perinatol 42:1328–1337.
- Norman M, et al. 2021. Association of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy with neonatal outcomes. JAMA May 25;325(20):2076-2086.
- Piekos SN, et al. 2022. The effect of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection timing on birth outcomes: a retrospective multicentre cohort study. Lancet 4(2):E95-E104.
- Reeves EL, et al. 2024. Pregnancy and infant outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy during delta variant predominance – Surveillance for Emerging Threats to Pregnant People and Infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 6(2):101265.
- Ren H, et al. 2024. The association of increased incidence of congenital heart disease in newborns with maternal COVID-19 infection during pregnancy. Sci Rep. 22;14(1):24866.
- Rosen H, et al. 2021. Fetal and perinatal outcome following first and second trimester COVID-19 infection: evidence from a prospective cohort study. J Clin Med May 16;10(10):2152.
- Salvatore CM, et al. 2020. Neonatal management and outcomes during the COIVD-19 pandemic: an observation cohort study. Lancet Child & Adol Health 4(10):721-727.
- Santos CAD, et al. 2024. Developmental impairment in children exposed during pregnancy to maternal SARS-COV2: A Brazilian cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 139:146-152.
- Sardinha TG, et al. 2024. The effect of body mass index on maternal and perinatal outcomes in COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and postpartum: Secondary analysis from the REBRACO cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 164(3):1019-1027.
- Scalia B, et al. 2024. Cranial ultrasonographic findings in newborns exposed to SARS-CoV-2: a single-centre cross-sectional analysis. Ital J Pediatr. 5;50(1):257.
- Schulte A, et al. 2024. COVID-19 in pregnancy: prevalence, management, and outcomes in a single large health system. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 37(1):2409360.
- Shlomai NO, et al. 2021. Neonatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in breastfeeding mothers. Pediatrics May;147(5):e2020010918.
- Shuffrey LC, et al. 2021. Association of birth during the COVID-19 pandemic with neurodevelopmental status at 6 months in infants with and without in utero exposure to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. JAMA Pediatr 176(6):e215563.
- Smith ER, et al. 2023. Adverse maternal, fetal, and newborn outcomes among pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an individual participant data meta-analysis. BMJ Glob Health 8(1):e009495.
- Stock S, et al. 2022. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland. Nat Med 28, 504–512.
- van Baar JAC, et al: PregCOV-19 Living Systematic Review Consortium. 2024. COVID-19 in pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk and prevalence of pregnancy loss. Hum Reprod Update. 1;30(2):133-152.
- Villar J, et al. 2021. Maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality among pregnant women with and without COVID-19 infection: the INTERCOVID multinational cohort study. JAMA Pediatr Apr 22:e211050.
- Vivanti AJ, et al. 2020. Transplacental transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 11,
- Wei SQ, et al. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Apr 19;193(16):E540-E548.
- Wang Y, et al. 2023. Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection during early weeks of gestation with situs inversus. N Engl J Med. 2;389(18):1722-1724.
- Wesselink A, et al. 2022. A prospective cohort study of COVID-19 vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and fertility. American Journal of Epidemiology 191(8):1383–1395.
- Wong YP, et al. 2021. The effects of COVID-19 on placenta and pregnancy: what do we know so far? Diagnostics (Basel) Jan 8;11(1):94.
- Zambrano LD, et al. 2020. Update: characteristics of symptomatic women of reproductive age with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by pregnancy status — United States, January 22–October 3, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:769–75.
- Zeng L, et al. 2020. Neonatal early-onset infection with SARS-CoV-2 in 33 neonates born to mothers with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Pediatr 174(7):722-725.
- Zhou SM, et al. 2024. COVID-19 and pregnancy: a comprehensive study of comorbidities and outcomes. BMC Public Health. 24(1):3157.