Selected References:

• Aljazaf K, et al. 2003. Pseudoephedrine: effects on milk production in women and estimation of infant exposure via breastmilk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 56(1):18- 24.  
• Anastasio GD, et al. 1992. Fetal tachycardia associated with maternal use of pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter oral decongestant. J Am Board Fam Pract; 5(5):527-528.  
• Dor S, et al. 2025. Exposure to pseudoephedrine during pregnancy and major congenital malformations: Findings from a large population-based cohort of pregnancies. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 91(6):1834-1841. 
• Eglash A. 2014. Treatment of maternal hypergalactia. Breastfeed Med; 9:423-425. 
• Findlay JW, et al. 1984. Pseudoephedrine and triprolidine in plasma and breast milk of nursing mothers. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 18(6):901-906.  
• Głowacka K, et al. 2021. Pseudoephedrine-Benefits and Risks. Int J Mol Sci; 22(10):5146.  
• Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: John Wright-PSG. pp 345-356.  
• Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breast-fed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 168(5):1393-1399.  
• Miller RK. 1992. From the pages of Teratology: vitamin A to pseudoephedrine issues in patient counseling. Teratology; 45(4):341-343.  
• Pseudoephedrine Drug Label. 2022. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=1056d9da-8a3f-4b7a-878e-7f8d45d298cd&audience=consumer. Accessed 24 March 2026. 
• Rosa F. 1993. Personal communication. Cited in: Briggs GG, et al. 2005. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk. Seventh Edition. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.  
• Schatz M, et al. 1997. Asthma and allergy in pregnancy. Clin Perinatol; 24(2):407-432.  
• Smith CV, et al. 1990. Effect of a single dose of oral pseudoephedrine on uterine and fetal Doppler blood flow. Obstet Gynecol; 76(5 Pt 1):803-806.  
• Smith J, et al. 1994. Drugs of choice for pregnant women. In: Koren G. Maternal-fetal Toxicology. A Clinician’s Guide. 1994. Second Edition. New York NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.  
• Soussan C, et al. 2014. Drug-induced adverse reactions via breastfeeding: a descriptive study in the French Pharmacovigilance Database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol; 70:1361-1366. 
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).  2025. “Ask ACOG: What medicine can I take for allergies while I’m pregnant?” Available at: https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/ask-acog/what-medicine-can-i-take-for-allergies-while-im-pregnant. Accessed 24 March 2026.  
• The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI). 2000. The use of newer asthma and allergy medications during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol; 84(5):475-480. 
• Torfs CP, et al. 1996. Maternal medications and environmental exposures as risk factors for gastroschisis. Teratology 54(2):84-92.  
• Yau W-P, et al. 2013. Use of decongestants during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. Am J Epidemiol; 178(2):198-208. 
• Werler MM, et al. 2003. Association of vasoconstrictive exposures with risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Epidemiology; 14(3):349-354.  
• Werler MM, et al. 1992. First trimester maternal medication use in relation to gastroschisis. Teratology; 45(4):361-367.  
• Werler MM, et al. 2002. Maternal medication use and risks of gastroschisis and small intestinal atresia. Am J Epidemiol; 155(1):26-31.  
• Werler MM, et al. 2004. Vasoactive exposures, vascular events, and hemifacial microsomia. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol; 70(6):389-395.  

Selected References:

• Anderson KN, et al., 2020. Maternal use of specific antidepressant medications during early pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects. JAMA psychiatry, 77(12):1246–1255.  
• Bellantuono C, et al. 2015. The safety of serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a comprehensive review. Hum Psychopharmacol. 30(3):143-51. 
• Berard A, et al. 2017. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk of major congenital malformations in a cohort of depressed pregnant women: An updated analysis of the Quebec Pregnancy Cohort. BMJ Open;7: e013372. 
• Berle JO, et al. 2004. Breastfeeding during maternal antidepressant treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors: infant exposure, clinical symptoms, and cytochrome P450 genotypes. J Clin Psychiatry. 65(9):1228-1234. 
• Chambers CD, et al. 2006. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. N Engl J Med. 354:579-587. 
• Dandjinou M, et al. 2019. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. BMJ Open 9(9): e025908. 
• Das N, Chadda RK. 2020. Hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea associated with cefpodoxime in a patient with recurrent depressive disorder on venlafaxine monotherapy: A case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 40:635–6. 
• Desai PH, et al. 2019. Risk of congenital heart disease in newborns with prenatal exposure to anti-depressant medications. Cureus 11(5): e4673. 
• de Santi F, et al. 2021. Venlafaxine-induced damage to seminiferous epithelium, spermiation, and sperm parameters in rats: A correlation with high estrogen levels. Andrology. 9(1):297-311.  
• Einarson A, et al. 2001. Pregnancy outcome following gestational exposure to venlafaxine: a multicenter prospective controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 158(10):1728-1730. 
• Ferreira E, et al. 2007. Effects of selective reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine during pregnancy in term and preterm neonates. Pediatrics. 119(1):52-59. 
• Furu K, et al. 2015. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in early pregnancy and risk of birth defects: population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ. 350:h1798. 
• Grzeskowiak LE, et al. 2022. Perinatal antidepressant use and breastfeeding outcomes: Findings from the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 101:344–54 
• Grigoriadis S, et al. 2013. The effect of prenatal antidepressant exposure on neonatal adaptation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry.74(4): e309-20. 
• Holland J, Brown R. 2017. Neonatal venlafaxine discontinuation syndrome: A mini-review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 21(2):264-8. 
• Ilett KF, et al. 2002. Distribution of venlafaxine and its o-desmethyl metabolite in human milk and their effects in breastfed infants. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 53:17-22. 
• Kieviet N, et al. 2015. Risk factors for poor neonatal adaptation after exposure to antidepressants in utero. Acta Paediatr.104(4):384-91. 
• Kolding L, et al. 2021. Antidepressant use in pregnancy and severe cardiac malformations: Danish register-based study. BJOG 128(12):1949-1957. 
• Lassen D, et al., 2016. First-trimester pregnancy exposure to venlafaxine or duloxetine and risk of major congenital malformations: A systematic review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 118(1):32-6. 
• Lennestal R and Kallen B. 2007. Delivery outcome in relation to maternal use of some recently introduced antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 27(6):607-613. 
• Levinson-Castiel R, et al. 2006. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after in utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in term infants. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 160:173-176. 
• Marks C, et al. 2021. Comparing newborn outcomes after prenatal exposure to individual antidepressants: A retrospective cohort study. Pharmacotherapy. 41(11):907-914. 
• Matthys A, et al. 2014. Psychotropic medication use during pregnancy and lactation: Role of ultrasound assessment. Donald Sch J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 8:109-21. 
• Newport DJ, et al. 2009. Venlafaxine in human breast milk and nursing infant plasma: determination of exposure. J.Clin Psychiatry. 70(9):1304-10. 
• Newport DJ, et al. 2016. Prenatal psychostimulant and antidepressant exposure and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry. 77(11):1538-45. 
• Nulman I, et al. 2012. Neurodevelopment of children following prenatal exposure to venlafaxine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, or untreated maternal depression. Am J Psychiatry. 169(11):1165-74. 
• Polen KN, et al., National Birth Defects Prevention Study. 2013. Association between reported venlafaxine use in early pregnancy and birth defects, national birth defects prevention study, 1997-2007. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol.97(1):28-35. 
• Rai D, et al. 2017. Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population-based cohort study. BMJ 358:j2811,  
• Richardson JL, et al. 2019. Pregnancy outcomes following maternal venlafaxine use: a prospective observational comparative cohort study. Reprod Toxicol 84:108-113, 
• Schoretsanitis G, et al. 2019. Antidepressants in breastmilk: comparative analysis of excretion ratios. Arch Womens Ment Health 22(3):383-390. 
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2023. Effexor XR Drug Label. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2023/020699s118lbl.pdf. Accessed 5 March 2026.  
• Wang XY, et al. 2023. Antidepressant use during pregnancy and the risk for gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 36(1):2162817,  
• Wartko PD, et al. 2019. Antidepressant continuation in pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 28(9): 1194-1203. 
• Westin AA, et al. 2017. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and venlafaxine in pregnancy: Changes in drug disposition. PLoS One. 12(7):e0181082. 
• Yue M, et al. 2023. Pharmacokinetics of Antidepressants in Pregnancy. J Clin Pharmacol. 63 Suppl 1: S137-S158. 

Selected References:

• Adeniyi AA, et al. 2024. Oral Health, Anxiety, Depression, and Stress in Pregnancy: A Rapid Review of Associations and Implications for Perinatal Care. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 22(1):32.  
• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 
• Anderson PO. 2024. Anxiety Disorders and Breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 19(3):152-154. 
• Arvanitidou O, et al. 2023. The Impact of Stress and Depression on the Outcome of Human Gestation. Cureus.15(11):e48700.  
• Bhongade M, et al. 2015. Effect of psychological stress on fertility hormones and seminal quality in male partners of infertile couples. Andrologia. 47(3):336–342. 
• Bodunde EO, et al. 2025. Pregnancy and birth complications and long-term maternal mental health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG.132(2):131-142.  
• Bolea-Alamañac B, et al. 2018. Do mothers who are anxious during pregnancy have inattentive children? J Affect Disord. 236:120-126. 
• Clinkscales N, et al. 2023. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for anxiety in the perinatal period: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Psychother. 96(2):296–327.  
• Dabb C, et al. 2023. Paternal pregnancy-related anxiety: Systematic review of men’s concerns and experiences during their partners’ pregnancies. J Affect Disord. 323:640–658. 
• Dean DC, et al. 2018. Association of prenatal maternal depression and anxiety symptoms with infant white matter microstructure. JAMA Pediatr. 172(10):973-981. 
• Ding X-X, et al. 2014. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Affect Disord. 159:103–110. 
• Dunkel Schetter C, et al. 2022. Anxiety in pregnancy and length of gestation: Findings from the healthy babies before birth study. Health psychology: official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association 41(12):894–903. 
• George A, et al. 2013. Anxiety symptoms and coping strategies in the perinatal period. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 13:233. 
• Gimbel LA, et al. 2022. Pregnancy outcomes and anxiety in nulliparous women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 35(25):8681-8690.  
• Göbel A, et al. 2018. The association between maternal-fetal bonding and prenatal anxiety: An explanatory analysis and systematic review. J Affect Disord. 239:313-327. 
• Goodman J, et al. 2014. Anxiety disorders during pregnancy: A systematic review. J Clin Psychiatry. 75(10):e1153-e1154. 
• Grigoriadis S, et al. 2018. Maternal Anxiety During Pregnancy and the Association with Adverse Perinatal Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 79(5):17r12011. 
• Hadfield K, et al. 2022. Measurement of pregnancy-related anxiety worldwide: a systematic review. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 22(1):331. 
• Koerner A, et al. 2024. Are Providers Adequately Screening for Anxiety Symptoms During Pregnancy? Nurs Womens Health. 28(2):109-116.  
• Korja R, et al. 2024. Trajectories of maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms and child’s socio-emotional outcome during early childhood. J Affect Disord. 349:625–634. 
• Magnus MC, et al. 2021. Risk of miscarriage in women with psychiatric disorders. Br J Psychiatry. 219(3):501-506. 
• Malm H, et al. 2015. Pregnancy complications following prenatal exposure to SSRIs or maternal psychiatric disorders: Results from population-based National Register data. Am J Psychiatry. 172(12):1224-1232. 
• Misri S, et al. 2015. Perinatal generalized anxiety disorder: assessment and treatment. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 24(9):762–770. 
• Mughal MK, et al. 2019. Trajectories of maternal distress and risk of child developmental delays: Findings from the All Our Families (AOF) pregnancy cohort. J Affect Disord. 248:1-12. 
• Navaratne P, et al. 2016. Impact of a high Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score on obstetric and perinatal outcomes. Sci Rep. 6:33544. 
• Ossola P, et al. 2021. Anxiety, depression, and birth outcomes in a cohort of unmedicated women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 34(10):1606-1612.  
• Pan Y, et al. 2022. Association between generalized anxiety symptoms and semen quality in infertile men: A multicentre study in North China. Andrologia. 54(8):e14449. Pavlov M, et al. 2014. Obstetric and neonatal outcome in patients with anxiety disorders. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 27:(13) 1339-1342. 
• Pezley L, et al. 2022. Efficacy of behavioral interventions to improve maternal mental health and breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review. Int Breastfeed J. 17(1):67. 
• Purkiewicz A, et al. 2025. Breastfeeding: The Multifaceted Impact on Child Development and Maternal Well-Being. Nutrients. 17(8):1326.  
• Ramos I, et al. 2022. Pregnancy anxiety, placental corticotropin-releasing hormone and length of gestation. Biol Psychol. 172:108376. 
• Ravid E, et al. 2018. Is there an association between maternal anxiety propensity and pregnancy outcomes? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 18(1):287. 
• Rogers A, et al. 2020. Association Between Maternal Perinatal Depression and Anxiety and Child and Adolescent Development: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 174(11):1082-1092. 
• Rooney KL, Domar AD. 2018. The relationship between stress and infertility. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 20(1):41-47. 
• Salehi F, et al. 2016. Comparison of group cognitive behavioral therapy and interactive lectures in reducing anxiety during pregnancy: A quasi experimental trial. Medicine (Baltimore). 95(43):e5224. 
• Schetter CD, et al. 2022. Anxiety in pregnancy and length of gestation: Findings from the healthy babies before birth study. Health Psychol. 41(12):894–903. Shi Y, Han
• Q. 2024. Does maternal anxiety and depression increase the risk of asthma in the offspring? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 28(3):1066–1076. 
• Smith CA, et al. 2019. The effect of complementary medicines and therapies on maternal anxiety and depression in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 245:428-439. 
• Veleminsky M, et al. 2024. Depression and Anxiety. Depression and anxiety in women during physiological pregnancy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 45(7-8):523-538. 
• Yang Z, et al. 2023. Trajectory of prenatal anxiety and depression and its association with fetal growth development. Early Hum Dev. 187:105875. 
• Yonkers KA, et al. 2017. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 74(11):1145-1152. 
• Zhang T, et al. 2023. The impact of maternal depression, anxiety, and stress on early neurodevelopment in boys and girls. J Affect Disord. 321:74–82. 
• Zhou J, et al. 2023. Maternal anxiety during pregnancy and children’s asthma in preschool age: The Ma’anshan birth cohort study. J Affect Disord. 340:312–320. 
• Zhou J, et al. 2023. Maternal pregnancy-related anxiety and children’s physical growth: the Ma’anshan birth cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 23(1):384. 

Selected References:

• Alhazmi AM, Albulushi A. 2025. Targeted antihypertensive therapy after hypertensive pregnancy: Lactation-safe choices, treatment thresholds, and outcomes (2015-2025). Curr Probl Cardiol. 50(12):103191. 
• Bateman BT, et al. 2016. Late pregnancy β Blocker exposure and risks of neonatal hypoglycemia and bradycardia. Pediatrics. 138(3):e20160731. 
• Beau A-B, et al. 2014. Safety of oseltamivir during pregnancy: a comparative study using the EFEMERIS database. BJOG. 121(7):895-900.  
• Berger AA, et al. 2025. Peripartum antihypertensive use and the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia and postpartum uterine atony: a retrospective cohort study. Pregnancy Hypertens. 41:101232. 
• Caton AR, et al. 2009.  Antihypertensive medication use during pregnancy and the risk of cardiovascular malformations. Hypertension. 54(1):63-70. 
• Chan WS, et al. 2010. Neurocognitive development of children following in-utero exposure to labetalol for maternal hypertension: a cohort study using a prospectively collected database. Hypertens Pregnancy. 29(3):271-83.  
• Clark SM, et al. 2015. A review of oral labetalol and nifedipine in mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy. Seminars in perinatology. 39(7):548–555. 
• Crooks B, et al. 1998. Adverse neonatal effects of maternal labetalol treatment. Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. 79(2):F150–F151. 
• Davis RL, et al. 2011. Risks of congenital malformations and perinatal events among infants exposed to calcium channel and beta-blockers during pregnancy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 20(2):138-45.  
• Duan L, et al. 2017. β-Blocker exposure in pregnancy and risk of fetal cardiac anomalies. JAMA Internal Medicine. 177(6):885–887. 
• Firoz T, et al. 2014. Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Working Group. Oral antihypertensive therapy for severe hypertension in pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review. BJOG. 121(10):1210-8. 
• Freppel R, et al. 2024. Beta-blockers and breastfeeding: a real-life prospective study. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 80(12):1937–1943. 
• Lam MTC, Dierking E. 2017. Intensive care unit issues in eclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 7:136–141 
• Magee LA, et al. 2022. The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy hypertension. 27:148-169. 
• Magee LA, et al. 2015. Labetalol for hypertension in pregnancy. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 14(3):453–461. 
• Magnus MC, et al. 2021. Risk of miscarriage in women with chronic diseases in Norway: A registry linkage study. PLoS Med. 18(5):e1003603. 
• Nunez-Pellot C, et al. 2025. Lactation safety of cardiovascular medications. Am Heart J Plus. 55:100552. 
• O’Meara J, White WB. 1988. Ejaculatory failure and urinary dysfunction secondary to labetalol. J Urol. 139:371-2.  
• Pasker-de Jong PC, et al. 2010. Antihypertensive treatment during pregnancy and functional development at primary school age in a historical cohort study. BJOG. 117(9):1080-6. 
• Ramlakhan KP, et al; ROPAC Investigators. 2024. Perinatal outcomes after in-utero exposure to beta-blockers in women with heart disease: Data from the ESC EORP registry of pregnancy and cardiac disease (ROPAC). Int J Cardiol. 410:132234. 
• Reddy S, Jim B. 2019. Hypertension and pregnancy: Management and future risks. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 26(2):137–145.  
• Ruys TP, et al. 2014. Cardiac medication during pregnancy, data from the ROPAC. Int J Cardiol. 177(1):124-8.  
• Tanaka K, et al. 2016. Beta-blockers and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women with cardiovascular disease. Circ J. 80(10):2221-6. 
• U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (Revised 4/2024). Labetalol hydrochloride drug label. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/018716s036lbl.pdf. [Accessed 1/2026]. 
• Van Zutphen AR, et al.  2014. Maternal hypertension, medication use, and hypospadias in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.  Obstet Gynecol. 123:309-317. 
• Xie RH, et al. 2014. Association between labetalol use for hypertension in pregnancy and adverse infant outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 175:124-8. 
• Xie RH, et al. 2014. Beta-blockers increase the risk of being born small for gestational age or of being institutionalized during infancy. BJOG. 121(9):1090-6. 
• Yakoob MY, et al.  2013. The risk of congenital malformations associated with exposure to β-blockers early in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Hypertension. 62(2):375–381. 
• Yang X, et al. 2019. Distinct outcomes of labetalol exposed infants: case reports and systematic review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 1–7. 

Selected References:

• Bieńkowski CA, et al. 2022. Analysis of preventable risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in pregnant women: case-control study. J Clin Med. 11(4):1005. 
• Buzby, JC, 2001. Children and Microbial Foodborne Illness. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service 24(2): 1-6. 
• Cavaliere AF, et al. 2023. Case report: vertical transmission of Plesiomonas shigelloides. Is it time to strengthen information on safety concerns for raw seafood dietary exposure in pregnancy? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 36(1):2220061.  
• Cerisola A, et al. 2025. Congenital toxoplasmosis. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 54:101203.  
• Craig AM, et al. 2019. Listeriosis in Pregnancy: A Review. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 74(6):362–368.  
• Illinois Department of Public Health. ND. Safe food handling. https://www.idph.state.il.us/public/hb/hbsafefood.htm/ Accessed 16 June 2026. 
• Jeffs E, et al. 2020. The epidemiology of listeriosis in pregnant women and children in New Zealand from 1997 to 2016: an observational study. BMC Public Health. 20(1):116.  
• Jones JL. 2011. Sushi in pregnancy, parasitic diseases – obstetrician survey. Zoonoses Public Health. 58(2):119-125.  
• Montoya JG, et al 2024. Toxoplasmosis. Lancet. 363(9425):1965-1976.  
• New York State Department of Health. 2014. Advice on Eating Game. https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/fish/health_advisories/advice_on_eating_game.htm. Accessed 16 June 2026. 
• Oyeyemi OT, et al. 2020. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: A neglected bane but a serious threat in Nigeria. Parasitology. 147(2):127–134. 
• Quinlan JJ. 2013. Foodborne illness incidence rates and food safety risks for populations of low socioeconomic status and minority race/ethnicity: a review of the literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 10(8): 3634-3652. 
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Listeria infection. https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/about/index.html. Accessed 16 June 2026.  
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. About Bacterial Meningitis. https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/about/bacterial-meningitis.html. Accessed 16 June 2026. 
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Salmonella Infection. https://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/about/index.html. Accessed 16 June 2026.  
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2025. About Toxoplasmosis. https://www.cdc.gov/toxoplasmosis/about/index.html. Accessed 16 June 2026. 
• U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2024. About Vibrio infection. https://www.cdc.gov/vibrio/about/index.html/ Accessed 16 June 2026.  
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2025. Safe Minimum Internal Temperature Chart. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/food-safety-basics/safe-temperature-chart. Accessed 16 June 2026.