Iron

Selected References:

  • Alwan NA, et al. 2015. Maternal iron status in early pregnancy and birth outcomes: insights from the Baby’s Vascular health and Iron in Pregnancy study. Br J Nutr 113(12):1985-1992.
  • Baker et al, 2010. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Pediatrics 126(5):1040-1050.
  • Blot I, et al. 1999. Iron deficiency in pregnancy: effects on the newborn. Curr Oin Hematol 6:65-70.
  • Chavarro JE, et al. 2006. Iron intake and risk of ovulatory infertility. Obstet Gynecol 108:1145-1152.
  • Georgieff MK, et al. 1994. Reduced neonatal liver iron stores following prenatal uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI). Pediatr Res 35:312A.
  • Haider BA, et al. 2013. Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 346:f3443.
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy, Littleton, Publishing Sciences Group.
  • Kasperczyk A, et al. 2016. Influence of iron on sperm motility and selected oxidative stress parameters in fertile males – a pilot study. Ann Agric Environ Med 23(2):292-296.
  • Kullander S, Kallen B. 1976. A prospective study of drugs and pregnancy. 4. Miscellaneous drugs. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 55:287-295.
  • Kundak AA, et al. 2017. Do toxic metals and trace elements have a role in the pathogenesis of conotruncal heart malformations? Cardiol Young 27(2): 312-317.
  • Martinex-Galiano JM, et al. 2019. Maternal iron intake during pregnancy and the risk of small for gestational age. Matern Child Nutr 15(3): e12814.
  • McElhatton PR, et al. 1991. The consequences of iron overdose and its treatment with desferrioxamine in pregnancy. Hum Exp Toxicol 10:251-259.
  • National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. 2023. Iron: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. Available at: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/. Accessed 22 July 2024.
  • Nelson MM, Forfar Jo. 1971. Associations between drugs administered during pregnancy and congenital anomalies of the fetus. Br Med J 1:523-527.
  • Olenmark M, et al. 1987. Fatal iron intoxication in late pregnancy. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 25:347-360.
  • Singla PN, et al. 1996. Fetal iron status in maternal anemia. Acta Paediatr 85: 1327-1330.
  • Tran T, et al. 2000. Intentional iron overdose in pregnancy–management and outcome. J Emerg Med 18:225-228.
  • United States Department of Agriculture. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference Legacy for Iron. Available at: https://www.nal.usda.gov/sites/default/files/page-files/iron.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2024.
  • World Health Organization. Guideline: Daily Iron Supplementation in adult women and adolescent girls. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/204761/9789241510196_eng.pdf. Accessed 22 July 2024.

Iron

Selected References:  

  • Ban L, et al. 2014. First trimester exposure to anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs and the risks of major congenital anomalies: a United Kingdom population-based cohort study. PLoS One; 9(6):e100996. 
  • Dusci LJ, et al. 1990. Excretion of diazepam and its metabolites in human milk during withdrawal from combination high dose diazepam and oxazepam. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 29:123-6.  
  • Kanto JH. 1982. Use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy, labour and lactation, with particular reference to pharmacokinetic considerations. Drugs 23:354-80.  
  • Kargas GA, et al. 1985. Perinatal mortality due to interaction of diphenhydramine and temazepam. N Eng J Med 313:1417-8. 
  • Kelly LE, et al. Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 161:448-51. 
  • Lebedevs TH, et al. 1992. Excretion of temazepam in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol; 33:204-6. 
  • Restoril Prescribing Information. Available online at www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/018163s064lbl.pdf. [Accessed May 2025]. 
  • Sheehy O, et al. 2019. Association between incident exposure to benzodiazepines in early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion. JAMA psychiatry, 76(9): 948-57.
  • Szpunar MJ, et al. 2022. Risk of major malformations in infants after first‐trimester exposure to benzodiazepines: Results from the Massachusetts General Hospital National Pregnancy Registry for Psychiatric Medications. Depression and Anxiety 39.12: 751-9. 

 

 

Iron

Selected References:  

  • Aldridge TD, et al. 2014. First-trimester antihistamine exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion or preterm birth. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf, 23(10):1043-50.
  • Aselton P, et al. 1985. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol 65(4):451-455. 
  • Diav-Citrin O, et al. 2003. Pregnancy outcome after gestational exposure to loratadine or antihistamines: a prospective controlled cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 111(6):1239-1243. 
  • Etwel F, et al. 2017. The Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcome After First Trimester Exposure to H1 Antihistamines: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Drug Saf, 40(2):121-132. 
  • Gilboa SM, et al. 2014. Antihistamines and birth defects: a systematic review of the literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf, 13(12):1667-98. 
  • Gilboa SM, et al. 2009. National Birth Defects Prevention Study: Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and isolated major malformations. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 85(2):137-150.  
  • Hansen C, et al. 2020. Use of antihistamine medications during early pregnancy and selected birth defects: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Birth Defects Res, 112(16):1234-1252. 
  • Hellbom E. 2005. Chlorpheniramine, selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and over-the-counter (OTC) treatment. Med Hypotheses. ;66(4):689-90. 
  • Ito S, et al. 1993. Prospective follow-up of adverse reactions in breastfed infants exposed to maternal medication. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 168:1393-1399. 
  • Jick H, et al. 1981: First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. JAMA 246(4):343-346. 
  • Koh YP, et al. 2019. New Change in pregnancy and lactation labeling: Review of dermatologic drugs. Int’l J of Women’s Dermatology, 5(4):216-226 
  • Li Q et al. 2013. Assessment of antihistamine use in early pregnancy and birth defects. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 1(6):666-74.  
  • Nelson MM and Forfar JJ. 1971. Associations between drugs administered during pregnancy and congenital abnormalities of the fetus. Br Med J. 1;523-527.   
  • Ngo E, et al. 2022. Antihistamine use during breastfeeding with focus on breast milk transfer and safety in humans: A systematic literature review. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol, 130(1):171-181.

Iron

Selected References:

  • Arango O, et al. 1996. Reversible azoospermia in a patient treated with triazolam. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care; 1:293-4.
  • Bagger NT, et al. 2023. Perinatal outcomes after therapeutic rest in the latent phase of labor: A cohort study. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 102(9), 1210–1218.
  • Halcion Prescribing Information. Available online at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2016/017892s049lbl.pdf. [Accessed Jan 2025]
  • Kallen B, et al. 2013. The use of central nervous system active drugs during pregnancy. Pharmaceuticals 6(10):1221-1286.
  • Kelly LE, et al. 2012. Neonatal benzodiazepines exposure during breastfeeding. J Pediatr; 161(3):448-51.
  • Matsuo A, et al. 1979. Reproduction studies of triazolam in rats and rabbits. Iyakuhin Kenkyu 10:52-67.
  • Noh Y, et al. 2022. First-trimester exposure to benzodiazepines and risk of congenital malformations in offspring: A population-based cohort study in South Korea. PLoS Med; 19(3):e1003945.
  • Sakai T, et al. 1996. Triazolam (Halcion) intoxication in a neonate–a first report [letter]. Eur J Pediatr; 155:1065-6.

Iron

Selected References:

  • Aselton P, et al. 1984. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. Obstet Gynecol,65(4):451- 455.
  • Brigstocke S, et.al 2022. Review of the Safety Profiles of Laxatives in Pregnant Women. J Clin Gastroenterol, 56(3):197-203.
  • Greenhalf JO, Leonard HS. 1973. Laxatives in the treatment of constipation in pregnant and breast-feeding mothers. Practitioner; 210:259-63.
  • Hale, TW. 2012. Medications and Mothers’ Milk. Fifteenth Edition. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing L.P.
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, Mass.: John Wright-PSG, pp 385, 442.
  • Jick H, et al. 1981. First-trimester drug use and congenital disorders. JAMA,246(4):343-346.
  • Laden S. 2019. OTC Medication Use in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding. US Pharmacist, 44(9):16-19
  • Lameris AL, et al. 1979. Drug induced alterations in Mg2+ homeostasis. Clinical Science,123(1):1.
  • MacKenzie K, et al. 1990. Three-generation reproduction study with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol,15:53-62.
  • Mahadevan U, & Kane S. 2006. American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on the use of gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy. Gastroenterology,131(1):283-311.
  • Rungsiprakarn P, et al. 2015. Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Sep 4;2015(9):CD011448
  • Schindler AM. 1984. Isolated neonatal hypomagnesaemia associated with maternal overuse of stool softener. Lancet,2:822.
  • Thorpe PG, et al. 2013. Medications in the first trimester of pregnancy: most common exposures and critical gaps in understanding fetal risk. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Safe, 22(9): 1013-1018.
  • Zielinski R, et al. 2015. Gastrointestinal distress in pregnancy: prevalence, assessment, and treatment of 5 common minor discomforts. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs, 29(1):23-31.
Iron
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