Selected References:

• Abde M, et al. 2024. Association between asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy- and births outcomes. A systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 302:116-124.
• Abdulla SR, et al. 2023. Vaginal microbiota profile in first-trimester miscarriage cases. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 69(8):9-17.
• Belgundkar B, et al. 2024. A cross-sectional comparative study of vaginal microbiota and spontaneous abortion at a tertiary care hospital in North Karnataka, India. Nurse Womens Health, 28(5):375-380.
• Bower J. 1999. Foodborne diseases: shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC). Pediatr Infect Dis J, 18(10):909-910.
• Chalupka S. 2005. Tainted water on tap: what to tell patients about preventing illness from drinking water. Am J Nurs, 105(11):40-52.
• Chatterton B, et al. 2024. Fetal gas gangrene: a rare and critical case. Cureus, 16(6):e61833.
• Choi YS, et al. 2023. Abnormal vaginal flora in cervical incompetence patients – the impact of Escherichia coli. Reprod Sci, 30(10):3010-3018.
• Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. 2018-2021. Red Book: 2018-2021 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics.
• Faisal SF, et al. 2023. The influence of vaginal dysbiosis on intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Arch Razi Inst, 8(1):227-232.
• Folliero V, et al. 2022. Impact of Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles on sperm function. Pathogens, 11(7):782.
• Gad, A, et al. 2024. Associations between maternal bacteremia during the peripartum period and early-onsent neonatal sepsis: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr, 24(1):526.
• Gaither K, Ardite A, and Mason TC. 2005. Pregnancy complication by emphysematous pyelonephrosis. J Natl Med Assoc, 97(10):1411-1413.
• Gerety MK, et al. 2024. Systemic inflammation, enteropathogenic E. Coli, and micronutrient insufficiencies in the first trimester as possible predictors of preterm birth in rural Bangladesh: a prospective study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 24(1):82.
• Goldenberg RL, et al. 2023. The PURPOSe cause of death study in stillbirths and neonatal deaths in India and Pakistan: a review. BJOG, 130 Suppl 3:26-35.
• Goldenberg RL, Thompson C. 2003. The infectious origins of stillbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 189(3):861-73.
• Guo J, et al. 2024. Evaluation of microbiological epidemiology and clinical characteristics of maternal bloodstream infection: a 10 years retrospective study. Front Microbiol, 14:1332611.
• Harakuni SU, et al. 2023. BJOG. Pathogens identified in the internal tissues and placentas of stillbirths: results from the prospective, observational PURPOSe study. BJOG, 130(10):1238-1246.
• He Y, et al. 2024. Effects of embryo microbial contamination on ART and neonatal outcomes. Infect Drug Resist, 17:4137-4148.
• Jones B, et al. 2004. Escherichia coli: a growing problem in early onset neonatal sepsis. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 44:558-561.
• Klimek HI, et al. 2024. Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity as a risk factor for threatened miscarriage. Ginekol Pol, 95(2):123-125.
• Knowles SJ, et al. 2014. Maternal sepsis incidence, aetiology and outcome for mother and fetus: a prospective study. BJOG, 122(5):663-671.
• Lakhe G, et al. 2024. Bacteriospermia-related male infertility: a case report on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Cureus, 16(6):e62973.
• Mayomba C, et al. 2024. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and its associated fetomaternal outcomes among pregnant women delivering at Bugando Medical Centre in Mwanza, Tanzania. PLoS One, 19(10):e0303772.
• Page JM, et al. 2019. Stillbirth associated with infection in a diverse US Cohort. Obstet Gynecol, 134(6):1187-1196.
• Palmeira P, et al. 2005. Colostrum form healthy Brazilian women inhibits adhesion and contains IgA antibodies reactive with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Eur J Pediatr, 164(1):37-43.
• Rettedal S, et al. 2015. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among pregnant women in Norway: prevalence and maternal-neonatal transmission. J Perinatol. Nov, 35(11):907-912.
• Rittenschober-Boehm J, et al. 2024. Intrauterine detection of ureaplasma species after vaginal colonization in pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Neonatology, 121(2):187-194.
• Sáez-López E, et al. 2016. Vaginal versus obstetric infection Escherichia coli isolates among pregnant women: antimicrobial esistance and genetic virulence profile. PLoS One, 11(1):e0146531.
• Saftawy EAE, et al. Impact of Escherichia coli, Candida non-albicans, and Trichomonas vaginalis on semen chemical and functional parameters: an in-vitro study. Discov Med, 36(184):959-970.
• Schraq SJ, et al. 2006. Risk factors for invasive, early-onset Escherichia coli infections in the era of widespread intrapartum antibiotic use. Pediatrics, 118(2):570-576.
• Schultz M, et al 2019. Monocyte-derived extracellular trap (MET) formation induces aggregation and effects motility of human spermatozoa in vitro. Syst Biol Reprod Med, Oct;65(5):357-366
• Sharma J, et al. 2024. Vaginal microflora in high vaginal swab in prelabour of membrane: a descriptive cross-sectional study. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc, 62(276):532-535.
• Steetskamp J, et al. 2024. Does vaginal bacterial colonization contribute to preterm birth in women with asymptomatic shortened cervix? Arch Ghnecol Obstet, 310(1):121-127.
• Stoll BJ, et al; 2020. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Early-onset neonatal sepsis 2015 to 2017, the rise of Escherichia coli, and the need for novel prevention strategies. JAMA Pediatr, 174(7):e200593. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). E. coli. General Information. https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/. Accessed 11/2024.
• Wang XR, et al. 2023. Preterm birth and detection of common respiratory pathogens among pediatric pneumonia. iScience, 26(9):107488.
• Wen Y, et al. 2021. Analysis of risk factors, pathogenic bacteria of maternal sepsis in term pregnant women with positive blood culture during hospitalization. Medicine (Baltimore), 100(7):e24847.
• Xu J, et al. 2020. Fertility factors affect the vaginal microbiome in women of reproductive age. Am. J Reprod Immunol, 83(4):e13220.

Selected References:

• Akmal A, Kung J. 2014. Propylthiouracil, and methimazole, and carbimazole-related hepatotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Saf 13(10):1397-1406.  
• Alexander EK, et al. 2017. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid 27(3):315-389. 
• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecology. 2020. Thyroid disease in pregnancy. ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 223. Obstet Gynecol 135(6):e261-e274. 
• Andersen SL, et al. 2013. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98(11):4374-4381.  
• Andersen SL, et al. 2017. Birth Defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: A Swedish nationwide study. Euro J Endocrinol 177(4):369-378. 
• Andersen SL and Andersen S. 2020. Antithyroid drugs and birth defects. Thyroid Res. 13:11. 
• Bahn RS, et al. 2009. The role of propylthiouracil in the management of Graves’ disease in adults: Report of a meeting jointly sponsored by the American Thyroid Association and the Food and Drug Administration. Thyroid 19(7):673-674.  
• Bhagat M, et al. 2023. Effects of Methimazole vs Propylthiouracil in Newborns: A Comparative Review. Cureus. 15(7):e41505.  
• Burrow GN, et al. 1968. Children exposed in utero to propylthiouracil. Subsequent intellectual and physical development. Am J Dis Child 116: 161-166 
• Burrow GN et al. 1978. Intellectual Development in Children Whose Mothers Received Propylthiouracil During Pregnancy. Yale J Biol Med. 51(2): 151–156. 
• Burrow GN, Boro ES. 1978. Hyperthyroidism during Pregnancy. N Engl J Med 298(3):150-153. 
• Chen CH, et al. 2011. Risk of adverse outcomes with antithyroid treatment during pregnancy: A nationwide population-based study. BJOG. 118:1365-1373, 
• Cuff, RD. 2019. Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy: A clinical approach. Clin Obstet Gynecol 62(2):320-329.  
• Einstein Z, et al. 1992. Intellectual capacity of subjects exposed to methimazole or propylthiouracil in utero. Eur J Pediatr 151:558-559.  
• Gianetti E, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcome in women treated with methimazole or propylthiouracil during pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest 38(9):977-985.  
• Glinoer D, Cooper DS. 2012. The propylthiouracil dilemma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 19(5):402-407.  
• Heidari R, et al. 2015. An overview on the proposed mechanisms of antithyroid drug-induced liver injury. Adv Pharm Bull 5(1):1-11.  
• Howley MM, et al. 2017. Thyroid medication use and birth defects in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Birth Defects Res 109(18):1471-1481.  
• Hudzik B, Zubelewicz-Szkodzinska B. 2016. Antithyroid drugs during breastfeeding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 85(6):827-830.  
• Kancherla V, et al. 2014. Descriptive and risk factor analysis for choanal atresia: The National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2007. Eur J Med Genet 57(5):220-229.  
• Liu Y, et al. 2023. Comparison of the safety between propylthiouracil and methimazole with hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 18(5):e0286097. 
• Miao Y, et al. 2022. Efficacy of propylthiouracil in the treatment of pregnancy with hyperthyroidism and its effect on pregnancy outcomes: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 17(3): e0265085.  
• Miyamura T, et al. 2013. Acute liver failure associated with propylthiouracil in a pregnant 26-year-old woman. Case Rep Gastroenterol 7(2):240-244.  
• Prunty JJ, et al. 2016. Graves’ disease pharmacotherapy in women of reproductive age. Pharmacotherapy 36(1):64-83.  
• Romeo AF and Obican SG. 2020. Teratogen Update: Antithyroid Medications. Birth Defects Res. 112(15):1150-1170. 
• Rosenfeld H, et al. 2009. Pregnancy outcomes, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 68(4):609-617. 
• Schurmann L, et al. 2016. Pregnancy outcomes after fetal exposure to antithyroid medications or levothyroxine. Early Human Development 101:73-77. 
• Seo GH, et al. 2018. Antithyroid drugs and congenital malformations: A nationwide Korean cohort study. Ann Intern Med 168(6):405-413.  
• Sequeira E, et al. 2011. Severe propylthiouracil-induced hepatotoxicity in pregnancy managed successfully by liver transplantation: A case report. J Med Case Rep 5:461.  
• Taylor P, et al. 2012. A case of propylthiouracil-induced hepatitis during pregnancy. Eur Thyroid J 1(1)41-44.  
• Tonacchera M, et al. 2020. Treatment of Graves’ hyperthyroidism with thionamides: a position paper on indications and safety in pregnancy. J Endocrinol Invest. 43(2):257-265. 

Selected References:

• Auyeung-Kima DJ, et al. 2009. Developmental and peripostnatal study in cynomolgus monkeys with belimumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against B-lymphocyte stimulator. Reproductive Toxicology, 28:443-455.
• Beaulieu DB, et al. 2018. Use of biologic therapy by pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease does not affect infant response to vaccines. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 16(1):99–105.
• Benlysta® Prescribing Information. 2023. Available online at https://gskpro.com/content/dam/global/hcpportal/en_US/Prescribing_Information/Benlysta/pdf/BENLYSTA-PI-MG-IFU.PDF.
• 2013. Use of intravenous (IV) benlysta in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). As cited in Ostensen M. 2014. Safety issues of biologics in pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci, 1317:32-38.
• Julsgaard M, et al. 2016. Concentrations of adalimumab and infliximab in mothers and newborns, and effects on infection. Gastroenterology, 151:110-119.
• Kathpalia P, et al. 2016. Detectable drug levels in infants exposed to biologics: so what? Gastroenterology, 151:25–26.
• Kao JH, et al. 2021. Pregnancy outcomes in patients treated with belimumab: report from real-world experience. Semin Arthritis Rheum, 51(5):963-968.
• Martin Bortlik, et al. 2014. Impact of anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha antibodies administered to pregnant women with inflammatory bowel disease on long-term outcome of exposed children. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, 20(3):495–501.
• Miller RK, et al. 2014. ABSTRACT. Preliminary data from the Belimumab Pregnancy Registry: international prospective cohort study of pregnancy outcomes. OTIS/ENTIS meeting, Toronto, Canada.
• Peart E, Clowse MEB. 2014. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy outcomes: an update and review of the literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 26:118-123.
• Sandhu VK, et al. 2015. Monoclonal antibodies, systemic lupus erythematosus, and pregnancy. J Rheumatol, 42:728-730.
• Skorpen, GC. et al. 2016. The EULAR points to consider for use of antirheumatic drugs before pregnancy, and during pregnancy and lactation. Ann Rheum Dis, 75(5):795-810.
• Vela-Casasempere, P, et al. 2024. Considering belimumab during pregnancy: a more viable option over time. Lupus 33(7): 700-715.

Selected References:

• Ching, NS, et al. 2019. Prospective surveillance of pediatric invasive group A streptococcus infection. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 8:46-52.
• Hamilton SM, et al. 2013. Pregnancy-Related Group A Streptococcal Infections: Temporal Relationships Between Bacterial Acquisition, Infection Onset, Clinical Findings, and Outcome. Clin Infect Dis 57(6): 870-876.
• Harris K, et al. 2023. Outcomes and management of pregnancy and puerperal group A streptococcal infections: A systematic review. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 102(2): 138-157.
• Jawa G, et al. Recurrent late-onset group B Streptococcus sepsis in a preterm infant acquired by expressed breastmilk transmission: a case report. Breastfeed Med. 8(1):134-6.
• Kim SY, Yi DY. 2020. Analysis of the human breast milk microbiome and bacterial extracellular vesicles in healthy mothers. Exp Mol Med 52(8): 1288-1297.
• Knowles SJ, et al. 2015. Maternal sepsis incidence, aetiology and outcome for mother and fetus: a prospective study. BJOG 122(5): 663-671.
• Olver WJ, et al. 2000. Neonatal group B streptococcal disease associated with infected breast milk. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 83:F48-49.
• Saito R, et al. 2017. Late onset neonatal sepsis caused by group A streptococcus. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 78(3):170-171.
• Sherwood E, et al. 2022. Invasive group A streptococcal disease in pregnant women and young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 22(7): 1076-1088.
• Sindi AS, et al. 2023. Characterisation of human milk bacterial DNA profiles in a small cohort of Australian women in relation to infant and maternal factors. PLoS One 18(1): e0280960.
• Sokou R, et al. 2023. Group A Streptococcus Infection in Neonatal Population: A Systematic Review of The Literature. J Clin Med 12(22): 6974.
• Wong NX, et al. 2019. A cluster of pediatric invasive group A streptococcus disease in Melbourne, Australia, coinciding with a high-burden influenza season. J Pediatr Infect Dis 14:213-218.
• Zayek MM, et al. 2002. Breast milk as a major source for “late onset” GBS infection in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 51:304A.

Selected References:

• No authors listed. 2024. Bimekizumab (Bimzelx) for psoriasis. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 22;66(1694):11-13.
• Product Information: BIMZELX(R) subcutaneous injection, bimekizumab subcutaneous injection. UCB Inc (per FDA), Smyrna, GA, 2023. https://www.bimzelx.com/prescribing-information.pdf.