Topical Tretinoin

Selected References:

  • Camera G and Pregliasco P. 1992. Ear malformation in baby born to mother using isotretinoin cream. Lancet, 339:687.
  • De Wals P. et al. 1991. Association between holoprosencephaly and exposure to topical retinoids: results of the EUROCAT survey. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol, 5:445-447.
  • Jick S, et al. 1993. First trimester topical tretinoin and congenital disorders. Lancet, 341:1181-1182.
  • Kaplan YC, et al. 2015. Pregnancy outcomes following first-trimester exposure to topical retinoids: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dematol, 173:1132-1141.
  • Loureiro KD, et al. 2005. Minor malformations characteristic of the retinoic acid embryopathy and other birth outcomes in children of women exposed to topical tretinoin during early pregnancy. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 136A:117-121.
  • Lipson AH, et al. 1993. Multiple congenital defects associated with maternal use of topical tretinoin. Lancet, 341:1352-1353.
  • MacDonald SC, et al. 2019. Identifying pregnancies in insurance claims data: Methods and application to retinoid teratogenic surveillance. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 28(9):1211-1221.
  • Panchaud A, et al. 2012. Pregnancy outcome following exposure to topical retinoids: a multicenter prospective study. J Clin Pharmacol, 52:1844-1851.
  • Ross SA, et al. 2000. Retinoids in embryonal development. Physiol Rev, 80(3):1021-1054.
  • Selcen D, et al. 2000. Otocerebral anomalies associated with topical tretinoin use. Brain Dev 22:218-220.
  • Shapiro L, et al. 1997. Safety of first trimester exposure to topical tretinoin: prospective cohort study. Lancet, 350:1143-1144.
  • Veraldi S, et al. 2016. Are topical retinoids teratogenic? G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 151(6):700-705.
  • Williams AL et al. 2020. Teratogen update: Topical use and third-generation retinoids. Birth Defects Res, 112(15):1105-1114.


Topical Tretinoin

Selected References:

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  • Czeizel AE, et al. 1999. A population-based case-control teratological study of three parenteral penicillins G. Congenital Anomalies 39:117-126.
  • Dencker BB, et al. 2002. Birth outcome of 1886 pregnancies after exposure to phenoxymethylpenicillin in utero. Clin Microbiol Infect 8:196-201.
  • Gallager, JS. 1988. Anaphylaxis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 71:491-493.
  • Greene H, et al. 1946. Excretion of penicillin in human milk following parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 51:732-733.
  • Heinonen OP, et al. 1977. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Publishing Sciences Group: 299-313, 435.
  • Jepsen P, et al. 2003. A population-based study of maternal use of amoxicillin and pregnancy outcome in Denmark. Br J Clin Pharmacol 55(2):216-221.
  • Kosim H. 1959. Intrauterine fetal death as a result of anaphylactic reaction to penicillin in a pregnant woman. Dapim Refuiim 18:136-137.
  • Meeraus WH, et al. 2015. Association between antibiotic prescribing in pregnancy and cerebral palsy or epilepsy in children born at term: a cohort study using the health improvement network. PLoS One 10(3): e0122034.
  • Nahum GG, et al. 2006. Antibiotic use in pregnancy and lactation: what is and is not known about teratogenic and toxic risks. Obstet Gynecol 107(5):1120-38.
  • Njotto LL, et al. 2023. Maternal and early-life exposure to antibiotics and the risk of autism and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in childhood: a Swedish population-based cohort study. Drug Saf. 46(5):467-478.
  • Ortqvist AK, et al. 2014. Antibiotics in fetal and early life and subsequent childhood asthma: nationwide population based study with sibling analysis. BMJ. 349:g6979.
  • Ravid R & Toaff R. 1972. On the possible teratogenicity of antibiotic drugs administered during pregnancy – a prospective study. Drugs and Fetal Development: 505-510.
  • Simons & Schatz. 2012. Anaphylaxis during pregnancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130(3): 597-606.


Topical Tretinoin

Selected References:

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  • Cao S, et al. 2020. Changes in children’s asthma prevalence over two decades in Lanzhou: effects of socioeconomic, parental and household factors. J Thorac Dis 12(10):6365-6378.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. General Information about Mold. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/mold-health/about/index.html
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2004. Investigation of acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants – Massachusetts, December 2002-June 2003. MMWR 53:817-820.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020. Natural Disasters and Severe Weather. Mold after a Disaster. Available from URL: https://www.cdc.gov/disasters/mold/.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000. Update: pulmonary hermorrhage/hemosiderosis among infants – Cleveland, Ohio, 1993-1996. MMWR 49:180-184.
  • DiPaolo JA, et al. 1967. Teratogenic response by hamsters, rats and mice to aflatoxin B1. Nature 215:638-9.
  • Etzel RA, et al. 1998. Acute pulmonary hemorrhage in infants associated with exposure to Stachybotrys atra and other fungi. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 152:757-762.
  • Gallant MJ, et al. 2020. Prenatal and early-life exposure to indoor air-polluting factors and allergic sensitization at 2 years of age. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 124(3):283-287.
  • Hayes AW, et al. 1974. Teratogenic effects of ochratoxin A in mice. Teratology 9:93-7.
  • Korpinen E. 1974. Studies on Stachybotrys alternans: effect of low doses of stachybotrys toxins on pregnancy of mice. Acta Path Microbiol Scand 82:457-464.
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  • Magoha H, et al. 2014. Association between aflatoxin M1 exposure through breast milk and growth impairment in infants from Northern Tanzania. World Mycotoxin J 7(3): 277-284.
  • Magoha H, et al. 2014. Fumonisin B1 contamination in breast milk and its exposure in infants under 6 months of age in Rombo, Northern Tanzania. Food Chem Toxicol 74:112-116.
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  • Reddy CS, et al. 1981. Teratogenicity of secalonic acid D in mice. J Toxicol Environ Health 7:445-55.
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Topical Tretinoin

Selected References:

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  • Andersen JB, et al. Pregnancy-Related and Perinatal Outcomes in Women With Multiple Sclerosis: A Nationwide Danish Cross-sectional Study. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021 Aug;11(4):280-290.
  • Arafa A, et al. Does multiple sclerosis increase the risk of preeclampsia? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertens Pregnancy. 2021 Aug;40(3):180-185.
  • Ashtari F, et al. Investigating the interaction between fertility, pregnancy, and multiple sclerosis. J Educ Health Promot. 2021 Jun 30;10:220.
  • Berenguer-Ruiz L, et al. 2019. Relapses and obstetric outcomes in women with multiple sclerosis planning pregnancy. J Neurol 266(10):2512-2517.
  • Bove R. 2016. Women’s Issues in Multiple Sclerosis. Semin Neurol. 36(2):154-62.
  • Bsteh G, et al. 2020. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis in the DMT era: A cohort study in Western Australia. Mult Scler. 26(1): 69-78.
  • Carta A, et al. Maternal multiple sclerosis is not a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin. 2021 May 28;7(2).
  • Coyle PK. 2016. Management of women with multiple sclerosis through pregnancy and after childbirth. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. May;9(3):198-210.
  • Cuello JP, et al. 2017. Multiple sclerosis and pregnancy: a single-centre prospective comparative study. Neurologia. 32(2):92-98.
  • D’Amico E, et al. Male fertility in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab and ocrelizumab: A prospective case-control study. Mult Scler. 2021 Dec;27(14):2284-2287.
  • Eid K, et al. Perinatal Depression and Anxiety in Women With Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Neurology. 2021 Jun 8;96(23):e2789-e2800.
  • Fragoso YD, et al. 2013. The effects of long-term exposure to disease-modifying drugs during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis, Clin Neurol Neurosurg. Feb;115(2): 154-9.
  • Houtchens MK, et al. 2018. Pregnancy rates and outcomes in women with and without MS in the United States. Neurology 2018;91:e1559–69.
  • Hughes SE, et al. 2014. Predictors and dynamics of postpartum relapses in women with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 20(6) 739–746.
  • Jokubaitis VG, et al; MS Base Study Group. 2016. Predictors of long-term disability accrual in relapse-onset multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 80(1):89-100.
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  • Langer-Gould A. 2019. Pregnancy and family planning in multiple sclerosis. Continuum 25(3):773-792.
  • Lu E, et al. 2014. Birth outcomes of pregnancies fathered by men with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Feb;20(9):1260-1264.
  • Mahlanza TD, et al. Prospective growth and developmental outcomes in infants born to mothers with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2021 Jan;27(1):79-89.
  • Massarotti C, et al. Effect of Multiple Sclerosis and Its Treatments on Male Fertility: Cues for Future Research. J Clin Med. 2021 Nov 19;10(22):5401.
  • Moccia M, et al. 2023. Fertility, pregnancy and childbirth in women with multiple sclerosis: a population-based study from 2018 to 2020. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 94:689-697.
  • Neuteboom RF, et al. 2012. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: clinical and self-report scales. J Neurol. 259(2):311-7.
  • Paidas PJ, et al. 2012. Pregnancy and multiple sclerosis (MS): A beneficial association. Possible therapeutic application of embryo-specific Pre-implantation Factor (PIF*). Am J Reprod Immunol 68(6):456-64.
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Topical Tretinoin

Selected References:

  • Abdel-Aleem H, et al. 2003. The pharmacokinetics of the prostaglandin E1 analogue misoprostol in plasma and colostrum after postpartum oral administration. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 108(1):25-8.
  • Abdelshafy A, et al. 2019. Sublingual vs vaginal misoprostol for completion of first trimester missed abortion: a randomised controlled trial. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 12: 1-6.
  • Ameri A, et al. 2024. Effect of misoprostol versus oxytocin on delivery outcomes after labour induction in pregnant women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 292:75-88.
  • Auffret M, et al. 2016. Misoprostol exposure during the first trimester of pregnancy: Is the malformation risk varying depending on the indication? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 207:188-192.
  • Bernard N, et al. 2013. Continuation of pregnancy after first-trimester exposure to mifepristone: an observational prospective study. BJOG; 120:568-575.
  • Bord I, et al. 2014. Misoprostol treatment for early pregnancy failure does not impair future fertility. Gynecol Endocrinol; 30(4):316-9.
  • Brasil R, et al. 2000. Misoprostol and congenital anomalies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf; 9(5):401-3.
  • Brown SE, et al. 2001. Vaginal misoprostol enhances intrauterine insemination. Hum Reprod 2001; 16(1):96-101.
  • Coelho KE, et al. 2000. Misoprostol embryotoxicity: clinical evaluation of fifteen patients with arthrogryposis. Am J Med Genet; 95(4):297-301.
  • da Silva Dal Pizzol T, et al. 2006. Prenatal exposure to misoprostol and congenital anomalies: systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol; 22(4):666-71.
  • Dal Pizzol Tda S, et al. 2008. Exposure to misoprostol and hormones during pregnancy and risk of congenital anomalies. Cad Saude Publica; 24(6):1447-53.
  • Genest DR, et al. 1999. Terminal transverse limb defects with tethering and omphalocele in a 17 week fetus following first trimester misoprostol exposure. Clin Dysmorphol; 8(1):53-8.
  • Gonzalez CH, et al. 1993. Limb deficiency with or without Möbius sequence in seven Brazilian children associated with misoprostol use in the first trimester of pregnancy. Am J Med Genet; 47(1):59-64.
  • Gonzalez CH, et al. 1998. Congenital abnormalities in Brazilian children associated with misoprostol misuse in first trimester of pregnancy. Lancet; 351(9116):1624-7.
  • Holmes LB, et al. 2018. Malformations attributed to the process of vascular disruption. Birth Defects Res; 110(2):98-107.
  • Kandahari N, et al. 2023. Fetal heart rate patterns and the incidence of adverse events after oral misoprostol administration for cervical ripening among low-risk pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 36(1):2199344.
  • Kim C, et al. 2017. Medical treatments for incomplete miscarriage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 1(1):CD007223.
  • Orioli IM, Castilla EE. 2000. Epidemiological assessment of misoprostol teratogenicity. BJOG; 107(4):519-23.
  • Ozbasli E, et al. 2022. Labor induction with intravaginal misoprostol versus spontaneous labor: maternal and neonatal outcomes. Biomed Res Int. 2022:2826927.
  • Pastuszak AL, et al. 1998. Use of misoprostol during pregnancy and Möbius’ syndrome in infants. N Engl J Med; 338(26):1881-5.
  • Patel F, Cusack J. 2019. Möbius sequence with central hypoventilation in a neonate after failed elective medical termination of pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed; 104(1):F49.
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  • Schuler L, et al. 1999. Pregnancy outcome after exposure to misoprostol in Brazil: a prospective controlled study. Reprod Toxicol; 13:147-151.
  • Shimizu T, et al. 1992. Prostaglandin E1, E2, and F2 alpha in human milk and plasma. Biol Neonate; 61:222–5.
  • Song J. 2000. Use of misoprostol in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol Surv; 55(8):503-10.
  • van Look PF, von Hertzen H. 1995. Misoprostol and birth defects. BMJ; 310(6972):128.
  • Vargas FR, et al. 2000. Prenatal exposure to misoprostol and vascular disruption defects: a case-control study. Am J Med Genet; 95(4):302-6.
  • Vauzelle C, et al. 2013. Birth defects after exposure to misoprostol in the first trimester of pregnancy: Prospective follow-up study. Reprod Toxicol; 36:98-103.
  • Vendramini-Pittoli S, et al. 2013. Clinical findings in children with congenital anomalies and misoprostol intrauterine exposure: a study of 38 cases. J Pediatr Genet. 2013 Dec;2(4):173-80.
  • Vogel D, et al. 2004. Misoprostol versus methylergometrine: pharmacokinetics in human milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol; 191:2168-73.
  • Yip SK, et al. 2000. Misoprostol’s effect on uterine arterial blood flow and fetal heart rate in early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol; 95(2):232-5.