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• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2003. Guidelines for Infection Control in Dental Health-Care Settings. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). 52(RR17):1-61.  
• CDC. 2021. Summary of Infection Prevention Practices in Dental Settings: Basic Expectations for Safe Care. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/infectioncontrol/summary-infection-prevention-practices/index.html https://www.cdc.gov/dental-infection-control/hcp/summary/index.html 
• CDC. 2011. Immunization of Health-Care Personnel: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR); 60 (RR07):1-45. 
• Ericson A, Kallen B. 1989. Pregnancy outcome in women working as dentists, dental assistants or dental technicians. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 61:329-33. 
• Glick M, Goldman HS. 1993. Viral infections in the dental setting: potential effects on pregnant HCWs. J Am Dent Assoc. 124(6):79-86. 
• Heggland I, et al. 2011. Pregnancy outcomes among female dental personnel-a registry-based retrospective cohort study. Scand J Work Environ Health; 37(6): 539-546. 
• Knill-Jones RP, et al. 1975. Anaesthetic practice and pregnancy. Lancet; 2:807-9. 
• LeBeau J. 2015. Laser Safety in the Dental Office. https://www.aldadmin.org/index.cfm/patients/ALD_Blog/show/blogPost/LaserSafetyInTheDentalOffice [last accessed May 2026]. 
• Lindbohm ML, et al. 2007.Occupational exposure in dentistry and miscarriage. Occup Environ Med; 64:127-133. 
• Mann A, et. al. 2020. Considerations for pregnant dental and health care workers amid COVID-19. JDR Clin Trans Res 5(4):300-306. 
• Marklund S, et al. 2019. Work ability and productivity among dentists: associations with musculoskeletal pain, stress, and sleep. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. PMID: 31654126 
• Nagpal N, et al. 2017. A Review of Mercury Exposure and Health of Dental Personnel. Saf Health Work. 8(1): 1-10. 

• Naimi-Akbar A, et al. 2012. Cognitive function among sons of women who worked in dentistry. Scand J Work Environ Health. 38(6):546-552. 
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Dentistry Hazard Recognition, Control and Prevention: Available at: https://www.osha.gov/dentistry/hazard-control-prevention [Accessed 6/2025]. 
• OSHA. Laser/Electrosurgery Plume. https://www.https://www.osha.gov/laser-electrosurgery-plume [Accessed May 2026].  
• OSHA. Mercury OSHA Standards. https://www. https://www.osha.gov/mercury/standards [Accessed May 2026]. 
• Olfert SM. 2006. Reproductive outcomes among dental personnel: a review of selected exposures. J Can Dent Assoc. 72(9):821-5. 
• Romano F, et al. 2017. Electrosurgical Smoke: Ultrafine Particle Measurements and Work Environment Quality in Different Operating Theatres. Int J Environ Res Public Health; 14(2): 137.  
• Rowland A et al. 1995. Nitrous oxide and spontaneous abortion in female dental assistants. Am J Epidemiol. 141(6):531-8. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117468. PMID: 7900720. 
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• Warwick D, et al. 2019. Mercury vapor volatilization from particulate generated from dental amalgam removal with a high-speed dental drill – a significant source of exposure. Jrnl of Occ Med & Tox. 14,22. 
• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2017. About Dental Amalgam Fillings.  https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/dental-devices/dental-amalgam-fillings [Accessed May 2026]. 

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• Donahue M, et al. 2017. Notes from the Field: Complications of Mumps During a University Outbreak Among Students Who Had Received 2 Doses of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine – Iowa, July 2015-May 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 66(14):390-391.  
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• Hviid A, et al. Mumps. Lancet; 371(9616):932-44. 
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• McPherson TD, et al. 2020. Mumps Cases Disproportionately Affecting Persons Living with HIV Infection and Men Who Have Sex with Men – Chicago, Illinois, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep; 69(28):909-912. 
• Ornoy A, Tenenbaum A. 2006. Pregnancy outcome following infections by coxsackie, echo, measles, mumps, hepatitis, polio and encephalitis viruses. Reprod Toxicol; 21:446–457.  
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• De Santis M, et al. 2005. Failure of the emergency contraceptive levonorgestrel and the risk of adverse effects in pregnancy and on fetal development: an observational cohort study. Fertility and Sterility; 84(2):296–299. 
• Endler M, et al. 2022. Effect of levonorgestrel emergency contraception on implantation and fertility: A review. Contraception; 109:8-18.  
• Gainer E, et al. 2007. Levonorgestrel pharmacokinetics in plasma and milk of lactating women who take 1.5 mg for emergency contraception. Hum Reprod; 22(6):1578-84. 
• Leelakanok N. & Methaneethorn J. 2020. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the adverse effects of levonorgestrel emergency oral contraceptive. Clinical Drug Investigation; 40(5):395–420. 
• Mierzejewska A, et al. 2024. Emergency contraception – a narrative review of literature. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol; 299:188-192. 
• Polakow-Farkash S et al. 2013. Levonorgestrel used for emergency contraception during lactation-A prospective observational cohort study on maternal and infant safety. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 26:219-221.  
• Shohel M, et al. 2014. A systematic review of effectiveness and safety of different regimens of levonorgestrel oral tablets for emergency contraception. BMC Women’s Health; 14(54).  
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• Shaaban OM et al. 2019. Levonorgestrel emergency contraceptive pills use during breastfeeding; effect on infants’ health and development. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med; 32:2524–2528.  
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• von Hertzen H, et al. 2002. Low dose mifepristone and two regimens of levonorgestrel for emergency contraception: a WHO multicentre randomised trial. Lancet; 360(9348):1803-1810. 
• Zhang J, et al. 2015. Association between levonorgestrel emergency contraception and the risk of ectopic pregnancy: a multicenter case-control study. Sci Rep; 5(8487).  

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• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). 2018. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 733: Employment Considerations During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. Obstet Gynecol; 131(4):e115-e123, reaffirmed 2023.  
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• Holland MG, et al. 2016. Workplace Lead Exposure. J Occup Environ Med. 58(12):e371-e374.  
• Occupational Safety and Health (OSHA) Reproductive Hazards Overview: https://www.osha.gov/reproductive-hazards [Last accessed May 2026]. 
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• Davidson PW, et al. 2006. Prenatal methylmercury exposure from fish consumption and child development: A review of evidence and perspectives from the Seychelles Child Development Study. Neurotoxicology 27:1106-1109.  
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