​​Etodolac (Lodine®)​

Selected References:  

  • ANI Pharmaceuticals. 2024. Etodolac product labeling. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=420c7b62-3bea-4d6b-82e0-ab1c176c7f1e. Accessed 21 July 2025.
  • Choi E-Y, et al. 2023. Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med, 20(2):e1004183.
  • Dawood MY. 1993. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169(5):1255-1265.
  • Daniel S, et al. 2012. Major Malformations Following Exposure to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs During the First Trimester of Pregnancy. J Rhuematol 39(11) 2163-2169.
  • Daniel S, et al. 2014. Fetal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and spontaneous abortion. Can Med Assoc J 186(5):E177-E182.
  • Daniel S, et al. 2015. NSAIDs and spontaneous abortions – true effect or an indication bias? Br J Clin Pharmacol, 80(4):750-754.
  • Dathe K, et al. 2018. No evidence of adverse pregnancy outcome after exposure to ibuprofen in the first trimester—Evaluation of the national Embryotox cohort. Reproductive Toxicology, 79: 32-38.
  • Ericson A and Kallen BA. 2001. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in early pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol, 15:371-
  • Janssen NM and Genta MS. 2000. The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medication on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med, 160:610-619.
  • Nezvalova-Henriksen K et al. 2013. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study. BJOG, 120(8):948-959.
  • Nielsen GL, et al. 2001. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ, 322(7281):266-270.
  • Nielsen GL, et al. 2004. Danish group reanalyses miscarriage in NSAID users. BMJ, 328(7431):109.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. FDA recommends avoiding use of NSAIDs in pregnancy at 20 weeks or later because they can result in low amniotic fluid. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-recommends-avoiding-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20-weeks-or-later-because-they-can-result-low-amniotic. Accessed 21 July 2025.


​​Etodolac (Lodine®)​

Selected References

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  • Benitez L, et al. 2024. Maternal lifestyle and prenatal risk factors for childhood leukemia: a review of the existing evidence. Fetal Diagn Ther51(4):395-410.  
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  • Bommarito PA, et al. 2204. Prenatal exposure to nonpersistent chemicals and fetal-to-childhood growth trajectories. Epidemiology35(6):874-884.   
  • Buckley JD, et al. 2000. Pesticide exposures in children with non- Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 89(11):2315-21.
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  • Contreras HR, et al. 1999. Morphological alterations in mouse testis by a single dose of malathion. J Exp Zool 284:355-9.
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  • Hamed MA, et al. 2023. Impact of organophosphate pesticides exposure on human semen parameters and testosterone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne);14:1227836.  
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​​Etodolac (Lodine®)​

Selected References:

  • Brooks C, et al. 1977. Linear growth of children with limb deformities following exposure to thalidomide in utero. Acta Paediatr Scan, 66:673-675.  
  • Castilla E, et al. 1996. Thalidomide, a current teratogen in South America. Teratology, 54:273-277.  
  • Gao S, et al. 2020. Recent advances in the molecular mechanism of thalidomide teratogenicity. Biomed Pharmacother, 127:110114.  
  • Guo L, et al. 2023. Inflammatory bowel disease can reduce ovarian reserve function in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 102(11):e33113.  
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  • Ito T, et al. 2020. Molecular mechanisms of thalidomide and its derivatives. Proc Jpn Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci, 96(6):189-203. 
  • Klein-Weigel PF, Ding-Greiner C. 2025. Cardiovascular manifestations of thalidomide embryopathy. Vasa, 54(5):299-304.  
  • Mahesri M, et al. 2024. Trends in use and evidence of adherence to risk evaluation and mitigation strategy pregnancy testing requirements for thalidomide, lenalidomide, and pomalidomide in the USA, 2000-2020. Drug Saf, 47(9):909-919.  
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​​Etodolac (Lodine®)​

Selected References:

  • Bateman BT, et al. 2015. Statins and congenital malformations: cohort study. BMJ,350:h1035. 
  • Boyle AK, et al. 2019. Repurposing simvastatin as a therapy for preterm labor: evidence from preclinical models. FASEB J, 33:2743–2758.  
  • Chang J, et al. 2021. Perinatal outcomes after statin exposure during pregnancy. JAMA Netw Open, 4(12):e2141321.  
  • Cleary KL, et al. 2014. Challenges of studying drugs in pregnancy for off-label indications: pravastatin for preeclampsia prevention. Semin Perinatol, 38(8):523-527. 
  • Constantine MM, Cleary K. 2013. Pravastatin for the prevention of preeclampsia in high-risk pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol, 121(2 Pt 1):349-353. 
  • Döbert M, et al. 2021. Pravastatin versus placebo in pregnancies at high risk of term preeclampsia. Circulation, 144(9):670-679. 
  • Hirsch A, et al. 2022. The effect of statins exposure during pregnancy on congenital anomalies and spontaneous abortions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol, 13.  
  • Jay RH, et al. 1991. Effects of pravastatin and cholestyramine on gonadal and adrenal steroid production in familial hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 32(4):417–422. 
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  • Kay HY, et al. 2025. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes after fetal exposure to statins among women with dyslipidemia: a nationwide cohort. Eur J Pediatr, 184(6):340. 
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​​Etodolac (Lodine®)​

Selected References:

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  • Einarson A, et al. 2003. A multicentre prospective controlled study to determine the safety of trazodone and nefazodone use during pregnancy. Can J Psychiatry 48(2):106-110.  
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  • Khazaie H, et al. 2013. Insomnia treatment in the third trimester of pregnancy reduces postpartum depression symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Psychiatry Res. 210(3):901-5.  
  • McElhatton PR, et al. 1996. The outcome of pregnancy in 689 women exposed to therapeutic doses of antidepressants. A collaborative study of the European Network of Teratology Information Services (ENTIS). Reprod Toxicol 10:285-94. 
  • Misri S and Sivertz K. 1991. Tricyclic drugs in pregnancy and lactation: a preliminary report. Int J Psychiatry Med 21:157-171. 
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  • Verbeeck RK, et al. 1986. Excretion of trazodone in breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 22(3):367-370.