Selected References:

• Ahuja S, Gharde PM. 2023. A narrative review of maternal and perinatal outcomes of dengue in pregnancy. Cureus; 15(11): e48640. 
• Arragain L, et al. 2017. Vertical transmission of dengue virus in the peripartum period and viral kinetics in newborns and breast milk: new data. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc; 6:324-331. 
• Barkham TM, et al. 2006. The performance of RT-PCR compared with a rapid serological assay for acute dengue fever in a diagnostic laboratory. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg; 100:142-148. 
• Basurko C, et al. 2018. A prospective matched study on symptomatic dengue in pregnancy. PloS One; 13:e0202005.  
• Basurko C, et al. 2018. Estimating the risk of vertical transmission of dengue: a prospective study. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 98(6): 1826-1832. 
• Brar R, et al. 2021. Maternal and fetal outcomes of dengue fever in pregnancy: a large prospective and descriptive observational study. Arch Gynecol Obstet; 304:91–100.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. About a Dengue Vaccine. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/vaccine/index.html.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2026. Areas with Risk of Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/areas-with-risk/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/about/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Clinical Testing Guidance for Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/hcp/diagnosis-testing/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Dengue Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know. Accessed June 2026 from  https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dengue/public/index.html.  
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. How Dengue Spreads. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2025. Preventing Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/prevention/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024. Preventing Mosquito Bites. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/prevention/index.html. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Your Infant has Dengue. Accessed June 2026 from https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/media/pdfs/protect-your-baby.pdf. 
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. N.d. https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/training/cme/ccm/page45893.html#:~:text=Lifelong%20type%2Dspecific%20immunity.,about%202%20to%206%20months. 
• Cerqueira-Silva T, et al. 2025. Perinatal outcomes of symptomatic chikungunya, dengue and Zika infection during pregnancy in Brazil: a registry-based cohort study. Nat Commun; 16(1):7207. 
• Charlier C, et al. 2017. Arboviruses and pregnancy: maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects. Lancet Child Adolesc Health; 1:134–146. 
• Chigateri S, et al. 2025. Dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) in pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep; 18(3):e263274. 
• Garavito-Pérez PA, et al. 2025. Fatal Outcome in a Pregnant Woman with HELLP Syndrome and Dengue. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 113(2):344-346.  
• Goicochea-Ríos EDS, et al. 2025. Dengue infection during pregnancy and the occurrence of pathological neonatal outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. F1000Res; 13:1523. 
• Hcini N, et al. 2024. Arboviruses and pregnancy: are the threats visible or hidden?. Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines; 10(1), 4.  
• Iannetta M, et al. 2017. Persistent detection of dengue virus in vaginal secretions of a woman returning from Srin Lanka to Italy. Euro Surveill; 22(34).  
• Lalle E, et al. 2018. Prolonged detection of dengue virus RNA in the semen of a man returning from Thailand to Italy. Euro Surveill; 23(18). 
• Lee C, Lee H. 2018. Probable female to male sexual transmission of dengue virus infection. Infect Dis (Lond):1-3. 
• Mons J, et al. 2022. Effects of Acute Dengue Infection on Sperm and Virus Clearance in Body Fluids of Men. Emerging infectious diseases; 28(6), 1146–1153. 
• Nascimento LB, et al. 2017. Symptomatic dengue infection during pregnancy and livebirth outcomes in Brazil, 2007–13: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis; 17:949–956.  
• Paixão ES, et al. 2016. Dengue during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis; 16:857–865. 
• Paixão ES, et al. 2018. Symptomatic dengue during pregnancy and congenital neurologic malformations. Emerg Infect Dis; 24:1748–1750. 
• Pouliot SH, et al. 2010. Maternal dengue and pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review. Obstet Gynecol Surv; 65(2):107-118. 
• Pourzangiabadi M, et al. 2025. Dengue virus: etiology, epidemiology, pathobiology, and developments in diagnosis and control – a comprehensive review. Infect Genet Evol; 127:105710. 
• Rathore SS, et al. 2022. Maternal and foetal-neonatal outcomes of dengue virus infection during pregnancy, Trop. Med. Int. Health: 27(7):619–629. 
• Ribero CF, et al. 2016. Dengue during pregnancy: Association with Low Birth Weight and Prematurity. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo; 58:8. 
• Shabil M, et al. 2024. Dengue infection during pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Med Virol; 34(5):e2582.   
• Sinha R, Datta MR. 2023. Dengue in Early Pregnancy: A Neglected Problem?. Cureus; 15(5):e38740. 
• Smith A, et al. 2024. Exposure to dengue virus during pregnancy: incidence and impact on maternal and child outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg; 112(2):396-402.  
• Sondo KA, et al. 2019. Dengue infection during pregnancy in Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis; 19:997. 
• Tan PC, et al. 2008. Dengue infection in pregnancy: prevalence, vertical transmission, and pregnancy outcome, Obstet. Gynecol; 111(5):1111–1117. 
• U E, Sivakumar T, et al. 2025. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Maternal Dengue Infection and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Cureus; 17(11):e96888.  
• Vélez Jaramillo Y, et al. 2025. Maternal and foetal outcomes in women with gestational Dengue: A systematic review. Infez Med; 33(1):15-28. 
• World Health Organization. 2024. Dengue and severe dengue. Retrieved May 2024 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue. 
• Xiong YQ, et al. 2017. Dengue virus infection during pregnancy increased the risk of adverse fetal outcomes? An updated meta-analysis. J Clin Virol; 94:42.

Selected References:

• Anderson PO. 2021. Monoclonal antibodies during breastfeeding. Breastfeed Med. 16(8): 591-593. 
• Dernoncourt A., et al. 2023. Fetal and Neonatal Adverse Drug Reactions Associated with Biologics Taken During Pregnancy by Women with Autoimmune Diseases: Insights from an Analysis of the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database (VigiBase®). BioDrugs. 37(1):73-87.  
• Jeong YD, et al. 2025. Biologics Use for Psoriasis during Pregnancy and Its Related Adverse Outcomes in Pregnant Women and Newborns: Findings from WHO Pharmacovigilance Study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 186(6):579-593.  
• Kimball AB. 2020. Pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to guselkumab: Experience from the clinical development program. J Am Acad Dermatol. 83(6):AB27.  
• Lin CB, Geldhof A, Ballina MR, Patel H. Fakharzadeh S, Li H. Pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to guzelkumab: Review of cases reported to the manufacturer’s global safety database. BJD 2024;191[Suppl 3]:iii38-iii39 https://academic.oup.com/bjd/article/191/Supplement_3/ljae360.077/7916181 
• Mahadevan U, et al. 2025. Global Consensus Statement on the Management of Pregnancy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 23(11S):S1-S60.  
• McMullan P et al. 2024. Safety of dermatologic medications in pregnancy and lactation: An Update-Part I: Pregnancy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 
• Owczarek W, et al. 2020. The use of biological drugs in psoriasis patients prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy and lactation: a review of current clinical guidelines. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 37(6):821-830.  
• Tremfya® Prescribing Information. Available online at http://www.janssenlabels.com/package-insert/product-monograph/prescribing-information/TREMFYA-pi.pdf. Accessed on May 28, 2024. 
• Wolfe C et al., 2024. A Retrospective Review of Pregnancies in our Psoriasis Biologics Cohort. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. llae106.  
• Yeung J, et al. 2020. Management of Plaque Psoriasis With Biologic Therapies in Women of Child-Bearing Potential Consensus Paper. J Cutan Med Surg. 24(1_suppl):3S-14S.  

Selected References:

• Aronne LJ. 1998. Obesity. Womens Health Issues 82(1):161- 181.  
• Chang JJ, Lathi RB, Kim SH. 2020. A retrospective study examining phentermine on preconception weight loss and pregnancy outcomes. Endocrine Practice;26(9):990-996. https://doi.org/10.4158/EP-2019-0609 
• Food and Drug Administration. 2012. Prescribing information for ADIPEX-P®. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/085128s065lbl.pdf . Accessed 21 July 2026. 
• Food and Drug Administration. 2013. Prescribing information for SUPRENZATM. Available at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/202088s005lbl.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2026. 
• Food and Drug Administration. 2023. Prescribing information for Qsymia®. Available at https://qsymia.com/patient/include/media/pdf/prescribing-information.pdf. Accessed 21 July 2026. 
• Hale TW. 2008. Medications and Mothers’ Milk, 13th ed. Amarillo, TX: Hale Publishing.  
• Johnson KA, et al. 1998. Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to Fen/Phen [abstract]. Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Annual Meeting, June 1998.  
• Jones KL, et al. 2002. Pregnancy outcomes after first trimester exposure to phentermine/fenfluramine. Teratology 65:125-130.  
• No authors listed. 2013. Topiramate + phentermine. An excessively dangerous appetite-suppressant combination. Prescrire Int 22(136):61-4. 
• Robert E, et al. 1995. Neural tube defects and maternal weight reduction in early pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 9(1):57-59.  
• Silverstone, T. 1982. Drugs and Appetite. New York: Academic Press.  
• Stein AD, et al. 1995. Third-trimester pregnancy weight gain and intrauterine growth: The Dutch Famine Birth Cohort Study. Hum Biol 67(1):135-150.  
• Winick M. 1989. Nutrition, Pregnancy, and Early Infancy. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins.  

Selected References:  

• American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Genetics. 2020. Management of women with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency (phenylketonuria). Obstet Gynec 135(4): e167-e-170.  
• Alabdulrazzaq F, Koren G. 2012. Topical corticosteroid use during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 58(6): 643–644. 
• Alhussien AH, et al. 2018. Safety of intranasal corticosteroid sprays during pregnancy: an updated review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 275(2): 325–333. 
• Battista MC, et al. 2016. Maternal inhaled fluticasone propionate intake during pregnancy is detected in neonatal cord blood. Bioanalysis, 8(14): 1441–1450. 
• Bjørn AMB, et al. 2015. Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids in pregnancy and the risk of malformations or miscarriage. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 116(4): 308–314. 
• Blais L, et al. 2009. High doses of inhaled corticosteroids during the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital malformations. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 124(6): 1229-1234.e4. 
• Charlton RA, et al. 2015. Safety of fluticasone propionate prescribed for asthma during pregnancy: A UK population-based cohort study. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 3(5): 772-9.e3. 
• Clifton VL, et al. 2006. Effect of inhaled glucocorticoid treatment on placental 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity and neonatal birthweight in pregnancies complicated by asthma. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 46(2): 136–140. 
• Cossette B, et al. 2014. Relative perinatal safety of salmeterol vs formoterol and fluticasone vs budesonide use during pregnancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 112(5): 459–464. 
• Dombrowski MP, et al. 2008. ACOG practice bulletin: clinical management guidelines for obstetrician-gynecologists number 90, February 2008: asthma in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 111(2 Pt 1): 457-464. 
• Edwards M J, et.al. 2003. Case-control study of cleft lip or palate after maternal use of topical corticosteroids during pregnancy. Am J Med Genet 120A(4): 459–463. 
• Ellegård EK, et al. 2001. Fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray in pregnancy rhinitis. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 26(5): 394–400. 
• Källén B, Otterblad Olausson P. 2007. Use of anti-asthmatic drugs during pregnancy. 3. Congenital malformations in the infants. Eur J of Clin Pharmacol, 63(4): 383–388. 
• Middleton PG ,et al. 2020. ERS/TSANZ Task Force Statement on the management of reproduction and pregnancy in women with airways diseases. Eur Respir J 55(2): 1901208. 
• Mygind N, et al. 2001. Mode of action of intranasal corticosteroids. J Allergy Clin Immunol 108(1 Suppl): S16-25. 
• Park-Wyllie L, et.al. 2000. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratol, 62(6): 385–392. 
• Pradat P, et al. 2003. First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 67(12): 968–970. 
• Rahimi R, et al. 2006. Meta-analysis finds use of inhaled corticosteroids during pregnancy safe: a systematic meta-analysis review. Hum Exp Toxicol 25(8): 447–452. 
• Robijn AL, et al. 2019. Inhaled corticosteroid use during pregnancy among women with asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Allergy  49(11): 1403–1417. 
• Rocklin R. 2011. Asthma, asthma medications and their effects on maternal/fetal outcomes during pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 32(2): 150. 
• Rodríguez-Pinilla E, Martínez-Frías ML. 1998. Corticosteroids during pregnancy and oral clefts: a case-control study. Teratol, 58(1): 2–5. 
• Tegethoff M, et.al. 2012. Inhaled glucocorticoids during pregnancy and offspring pediatric diseases: a national cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 185(5): 557–563. 
• Van Zutphen AR, et al. 2015. Maternal asthma medication use during pregnancy and risk of congenital heart defects: Asthma Medication Use and Congenital Heart Defects. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 103(11): 951–961. 
• Zaidi S, et al. 2019. Fetal concentrations of budesonide and fluticasone propionate: A study in mice. 
  AAPS J 21(4): 53. 

Selected References:  

• ANI Pharmaceuticals. 2024. Fenoprofen product labeling. Available at: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm. Accessed 16 June 2026.  
• Choi E-Y, et al. 2023. Neonatal and maternal adverse outcomes and exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during early pregnancy in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med, 20(2):e1004183.  
• Dawood MY. 1993. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 169(5):1255-1265.  
• Daniel S, et al. 2012. Major Malformations Following Exposure to Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs During the First Trimester of Pregnancy. J Rhuematol 39(11) 2163-2169.  
• Daniel S, et al. 2014. Fetal exposure to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and spontaneous abortion. Can Med Assoc J 186(5):E177-E182. 
• Daniel S, et al. 2015. NSAIDs and spontaneous abortions – true effect or an indication bias? Br J Clin Pharmacol, 80(4):750-754. 
• Dathe K, et al. 2018. No evidence of adverse pregnancy outcome after exposure to ibuprofen in the first trimester—Evaluation of the national Embryotox cohort. Reproductive Toxicology, 79: 32-38. 
• Ericson A and Kallen BA. 2001. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in early pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol, 15:371-  
• Janssen NM and Genta MS. 2000. The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medication on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med, 160:610-619.  
• Nezvalova-Henriksen K et al. 2013. Effects of ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, and piroxicam on the course of pregnancy and pregnancy outcome: a prospective study. BJOG, 120(8):948-959.  
• Nielsen GL, et al. 2001. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. BMJ, 322(7281):266-270.  
• Nielsen GL, et al. 2004. Danish group reanalyses miscarriage in NSAID users. BMJ, 328(7431):109.  
• U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Drug Safety Communication – Avoid Use of NSAIDs in Pregnancy at 20 Weeks or Later. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-drug-safety-communication-avoid-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20. Accessed 16 June 2026.